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Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition

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    4 Contents Testbank Chapter 1 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control………………………………….……. 69 Chapter 2 Crime Control Perspectives……………………………………………………… 85 Chapter 3 Traditional Policing…………………………………………………………...… 99 Chapter 4 Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Other Advancements………………......113 Chapter 5 Community Involvement in Policing………………………………………...… . 127 Chapter 6 Prosecutors and Crime Control……………………………………………..…... 142 Chapter 7 Crime Control through Legislation……...……………………………………... 157 Chapter 8 Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond.…………………………………........ 172 Chapter 9 Sentencing…………………………………………………………………........ 187 Chapter 10 Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions.………………………………. 202 Chapter 11 Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training………………………………..… 217 Chapter 12 Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control…………………………... . 231 Chapter 13 Crime Control in the Community and in Schools…………………………….. 245 Chapter 14 Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation…… 259 Chapter 15: Putting it all Together and Explaining Crime Trends…………………...… … 273

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    69 Textbank Chapter 1 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following crimes causes the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans? A) white-collar crimes B) violent crimes C) property crimes D) morality crimes Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate 2) Quantitative research typically involves ________. A) a conclusive legislative change in a law B) descriptive and in-depth research on a specific group or location C) diffusing salient issues between researchers D) less detailed research on a large number of cases Answer: D Page Ref: 16 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Intermediate 3) Who signed the Patriot Act into law following the events of September 11th? A) President Clinton B) Supreme Court Justice O'Connor C) President Bush D) Senator Ted Kennedy Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Basic

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    70 4) The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment means that ________. A) a true classical experiment is hard to create in some areas of crime control B) legislators are highly effective in creating social policy to eliminate crime C) social phenomena such as crime is relatively simple to measure and thus produces a concrete field for study D) criminologists lack the expertise to properly identify and study a macro-level crime problem Answer: A Page Ref: 14 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Difficult 5) Crime control policies that push crime into other neighborhoods is a problem known as ________. A) diffusion B) displacement C) redirection D) confusion Answer: B Page Ref: 17 Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Level: Basic 6) Which of the following terms denotes researchers who have an interest in receiving funding to research a hot topic? A) bandwagon science B) original research C) academic crusader D) cross-sectional researcher Answer: A Page Ref: 21 Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Level: Basic

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    71 7) Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort to deter more serious crime is known as the ________. A) fractured society theory B) fragmented circle theory C) broken windows theory D) collapsed neighborhood theory Answer: C Page Ref: 4 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Basic 8) A private foundation supplying a criminal justice agency with funding is providing ________. A) solution funding B) soft money C) hard money D) research shortage funding Answer: B Page Ref: 20 Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Level: Intermediate 9) Which type of science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program? A) soft sciences B) determinate sciences C) hard sciences D) indeterminate sciences Answer: A Page Ref: 14 Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Level: Basic 10) A method used to determine whether an approach to the crime problem is a success or failure is called ________. A) process evaluation B) learning outcomes C) methodology analysis D) outcome evaluation Answer: D Page Ref: 13 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Basic

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    72 11) Micro-level crime control is ________. A) one that affects many people B) concerned with large numbers of individuals C) more isolated geographically D) seen as affecting an entire state or nation Answer: C Page Ref: 16 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Intermediate 12) Which of the following is not a type of displacement? A) spatial B) vector C) tactical D) target Answer: B Page Ref: 17 Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Level: Intermediate 13) Science used by someone to advance his or her own political priorities is known as a(n) ________. A) academic attention getter B) academic lobbyist C) academic crusade. D) academic bias Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Level: Basic 14) A person who evades paying taxes is committing what type of crime? A) white-collar crime B) violent crime C) property crime D) morality crime Answer: A Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Level: Intermediate

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    73 15) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or precinct, is an example of ________. A) input B) output C) evaluation. D) summation Answer: C Page Ref: 13 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Intermediate 16) Which of the following seeks to use the most rigorous scientific methodology available to identify and implement crime control techniques that are most likely to make best use of taxpayer monies? A) bandwagon science B) methodology analysis C) evidence-based justice D) hard checks Answer: C Page Ref: 22 Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice. Level: Intermediate 17) There is a great deal that we can do to effectively control crime, and the odds are that ________ will do the most to make society safer. A) vigilante forces B) several approaches combined together C) one main approach D) tunnel vision Answer: B Page Ref: 22 Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice. Level: Difficult 18) What type of legislation is intended to both prevent and control crime? A) preventative B) malicious C) Robert's D) three-strikes Answer: D Page Ref: 2 Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Level: Basic

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    74 19) If someone surveys several people today and finds that there is a relationship between fear of crime and prior victimization, this is a ________. A) cross-sectional design B) correlative quotient C) cognitive design D) quotient design Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Intermediate 20) The ________ is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findings can be carried over to another location or series of locations. A) cross-sectional design B) methodology analysis C) generalization problem D) bandwagon approach Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Basic 1.2 True/False Questions 1) The mass media heightens people's fear of crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 8 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Basic 2) As crime rates decline, people tend to express less fear of being a crime victim. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 8 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate

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    75 3) Public order crimes such as prostitution, pornography, gambling and substance abuse are called vice crimes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Level: Basic 4) Tax evasion is a white-collar crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Level: Basic 5) Criminology is called a hard science. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 14 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Intermediate 6) Longitudinal studies take place at a single point in time. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 20 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Intermediate 7) An academic crusade involves the practice of convincing others that one approach to crime control is superior to another. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 21 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Intermediate 8) Decriminalization expands the number of activities that are defined as criminal. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Level: Intermediate

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    76 9) Three-strikes legislation is solely intended to control crime and not to prevent it. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 2 Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Level: Basic 10) Crime reduction policies can cause criminal activity to be displaced. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 17 Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Level: Basic 11) Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort to deter more serious crime is known as the Broken Windows Theory. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Basic 12) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or precinct, is an example of evaluation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 13 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Basic 13) Violent crimes cause the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 3 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate 14) The Generalization Problem is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findings can be carried over to another location or series of locations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 19 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Basic 15) Hard science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program.

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    77 Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 14 Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Level: Basic 1.3 Short Answer Questions 1) ________ law constitutes the "bread and butter" of crime control. Answer: Criminal Page Ref: 9 Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Level: Difficult 2) ________ research involves number crunching and statistical analysis of data. Answer: Quantitative Page Ref: 16 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Difficult 3) ________ can drive crime problems into neighboring areas. Answer: Displacement Page Ref: 17 Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Level: Intermediate 4) ________ knowledge can be considered tentative, because researchers use different measures to represent the same phenomenon. Answer: Scientific Page Ref: 18 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Intermediate 5) The funding of a police agency through the appropriations process is termed ________ Money. Answer: Hard Page Ref: 20 Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Level: Intermediate

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    78 6) A researcher following the same group over a long period of time is conducting ________ research. Answer: longitudinal Page Ref: 20 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Intermediate 7) ________ is a problem concerned with the extent to which researchers' findings can be carried over to a series of locations. Answer: Generalization Page Ref: 19 Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Level: Intermediate 8) ________ sectional research is a study that takes place at a single point in time. Answer: Cross Page Ref: 20 Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Level: Intermediate 9) White-collar crime is ill defined but generally consists of crimes committed by people during the course of their ________ careers. Answer: professional Page Ref: 4 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate 10) ________ distribution of crime is concerned with crime patterns over time. Answer: Temporal Page Ref: 5 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate

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    79 1.4 Matching Questions Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. A) A high level of fear with a correspondingly low likelihood of victimization. B) A method of determining whether a program or policy is operating as it should be. C) A method of determining whether some form of social action is a success or a failure. D) That which is likely to be affected by the solution. 1) Victimization paradox Level: Basic 2) Outcome (crime control) Level: Basic 3) Outcome evaluation Level: Basic 4) Process evaluation Level: Basic Answers: 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) B Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. A) The social sciences fields that focus on the study of social phenomena in their natural settings. B) A largely exploratory method of inquiry characterized by in-depth research on a specific location or group of subjects. C) Scientific fields of study characterized by research that is usually conducted in tightly controlled laboratory settings. D) The gold standard for scientific research, a study that includes (1) a treatment group and a control group, (2) a pretest and a posttest, and (3) a controlled intervention. 5) Soft sciences Level: Basic `

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    80 6) Hard sciences Level: Basic 7) Classical experiment Level: Basic 8) Qualitative research Level: Basic Answers: 5) A 6) C 7) D 8) B Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. A) The spillover or movement of crime (in the case of crime control) into a surrounding area not targeted by the intervention in question. B) A method of inquiry characterized by the analysis of numerical data designed to represent concepts of interest. C) Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are more isolated geographically. D) Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are intended to have a dramatic and desirable effect on crime in an entire neighborhood, city, or state or even across the nation. 9) Quantitative research Level: Basic 10) Macro-level crime control Level: Basic 11) Micro-level crime control Level: Basic 12) Displacement Level: Basic Answers: 9) B 10) D 11) C 12) A

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    81 1.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain what is meant by the term victimization paradox and describe its consequences. Answer: The term victimization paradox suggests that most people's fear of being the victim of a violent crime is far greater than the actual likelihood of being victimized. Research has shown that although women and the elderly are least likely to be crime victims, their fear of crime remains relatively high. Unfortunately, the fear of crime can have negative consequences upon one's quality of life. Excessive fear causes people to withdraw from normal everyday interaction within the community they reside. Additionally, fear discourages business development and can contribute to the deterioration of neighborhoods. Page Ref: 8-9 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Level: Intermediate 2) Define the term displacement and provide some examples of the various types. Answer: Research has suggested that even when crime control policy leads to a short-term reduction in crime, the policy might in fact be displacing the problem to another neighborhood. Not only can criminal activity be pushed from one neighborhood to another, displacement can cause a variety of other possible outcomes. These other outcomes might include temporal displacement, which causes a criminal to change the time of day that they plan to execute a crime. Another outcome of displacement might be tactical, wherein a criminal acquires a new method of operation for the purpose of committing a crime. Sometimes displacement causes offenders to select new property or persons to victimize. This is known as target displacement. Another form of displacement can result when criminals are arrested and new offenders replace them, committing similar offences known as perpetrator displacement. Page Ref: 17 Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Level: Intermediate

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    82 3) Describe the elements of a classical experiment and explain why it is not commonly used in the field of criminal justice. Answer: The classical experiment consists of three distinct elements. These elements include: a) a treatment group and a control group, b) a pretest and a posttest, and c) a controlled intervention. The treatment group is the one that will receive an intervention. The control group is the one that does not get exposed to the intervention. In other words, this group will conduct "business as usual". Next the pretest and posttest are measured before and after the intervention. Finally, a controlled intervention is administered by the researcher. Due to the inherent limitations in the social sciences, classical experiments are rare in criminal justice. Many times the difficulties associated with the classical experiment are too dangerous to be carried out. More specifically, death, injury, or even psychological coercion may create too dangerous of an environment for experimentation. Studying the social phenomena of crime is a very challenging and complex task. Page Ref: 14 Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Level: Intermediate

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