Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition

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4ContentsTestbankChapter 1 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control………………………………….……. 69Chapter 2 Crime Control Perspectives……………………………………………………… 85Chapter 3 Traditional Policing…………………………………………………………...…99Chapter 4 Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Other Advancements………………......113Chapter 5 Community Involvement in Policing………………………………………...… . 127Chapter 6 Prosecutors and Crime Control……………………………………………..…... 142Chapter 7 Crime Control through Legislation……...……………………………………...157Chapter 8 Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond.…………………………………........ 172Chapter 9 Sentencing…………………………………………………………………........ 187Chapter 10 Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions.……………………………….202Chapter 11 Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training………………………………..… 217Chapter 12 Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control…………………………... . 231Chapter 13 Crime Control in the Community and in Schools…………………………….. 245Chapter 14 Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation…… 259Chapter 15: Putting it all Together and Explaining Crime Trends…………………...… … 273

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69TextbankChapter 1Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control1.1Multiple Choice Questions1)Which of the following crimes causes the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans?A) white-collar crimesB) violent crimesC) property crimesD) morality crimesAnswer: BPage Ref: 4Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate2)Quantitative research typically involves ________.A) a conclusive legislative change in a lawB) descriptive and in-depth research on a specific group or locationC) diffusing salient issues between researchersD) less detailed research on a large number of casesAnswer: DPage Ref: 16Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Intermediate3)Who signed the Patriot Act into law following the events of September 11th?A) President ClintonB) Supreme Court Justice O'ConnorC) President BushD) Senator Ted KennedyAnswer: CPage Ref: 9Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Basic

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704)The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment means that ________.A) a true classical experiment is hard to create in some areas of crime controlB) legislators are highly effective in creating social policy to eliminate crimeC) social phenomena such as crime is relatively simple to measure and thus produces aconcrete field for studyD) criminologists lack the expertise to properly identify and study a macro-level crimeproblemAnswer: APage Ref: 14Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Difficult5)Crime control policies that push crime into other neighborhoods is a problem known as________.A) diffusionB) displacementC) redirectionD) confusionAnswer: BPage Ref: 17Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.Level: Basic6)Which of the following terms denotes researchers who have an interest in receiving fundingto research a hot topic?A) bandwagon scienceB) original researchC) academic crusaderD) cross-sectional researcherAnswer: APage Ref: 21Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.Level: Basic

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717)Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effortto deter more serious crime is known as the ________.A) fractured society theoryB) fragmented circle theoryC) broken windows theoryD) collapsed neighborhood theoryAnswer: CPage Ref: 4Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Basic8)A private foundation supplying a criminal justice agency with funding is providing________.A) solution fundingB) soft moneyC) hard moneyD) research shortage fundingAnswer: BPage Ref: 20Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.Level: Intermediate9)Which type of science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)program?A) soft sciencesB) determinate sciencesC) hard sciencesD) indeterminate sciencesAnswer: APage Ref: 14Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.Level: Basic10) A method used to determine whether an approach to the crime problem is a success orfailure is called ________.A) process evaluationB) learning outcomesC) methodology analysisD) outcome evaluationAnswer: DPage Ref: 13Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Basic

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7211) Micro-level crime control is ________.A) one that affects many peopleB) concerned with large numbers of individualsC) more isolated geographicallyD) seen as affecting an entire state or nationAnswer: CPage Ref: 16Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Intermediate12) Which of the following is not a type of displacement?A) spatialB) vectorC) tacticalD) targetAnswer: BPage Ref: 17Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.Level: Intermediate13) Science used by someone to advance his or her own political priorities is known as a(n)________.A) academic attention getterB) academic lobbyistC) academic crusade.D) academic biasAnswer: CPage Ref: 21Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.Level: Basic14) A person who evades paying taxes is committing what type of crime?A) white-collar crimeB) violent crimeC) property crimeD) morality crimeAnswer: APage Ref: 4Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.Level: Intermediate

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7315) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat orprecinct, is an example of ________.A) inputB) outputC) evaluation.D) summationAnswer: CPage Ref: 13Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Intermediate16) Which of the following seeks to use the most rigorous scientific methodology available toidentify and implement crime control techniques that are most likely to make best use oftaxpayer monies?A) bandwagon scienceB) methodology analysisC) evidence-based justiceD) hard checksAnswer: CPage Ref: 22Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice.Level: Intermediate17) There is a great deal that we can do to effectively control crime, and the odds are that________ will do the most to make society safer.A) vigilante forcesB) several approaches combined togetherC) one main approachD) tunnel visionAnswer: BPage Ref: 22Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice.Level: Difficult18) What type of legislation is intended to both prevent and control crime?A) preventativeB) maliciousC) Robert'sD) three-strikesAnswer: DPage Ref: 2Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.Level: Basic

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7419) If someone surveys several people today and finds that there is a relationship between fearof crime and prior victimization, this is a ________.A) cross-sectional designB) correlative quotientC) cognitive designD) quotient designAnswer: APage Ref: 20Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Intermediate20) The ________ is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findings can be carriedover to another location or series of locations.A) cross-sectional designB) methodology analysisC) generalization problemD) bandwagon approachAnswer: CPage Ref: 19Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Basic1.2True/False Questions1)The mass media heightens people's fear of crime.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 8Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Basic2)As crime rates decline, people tend to express less fear of being a crime victim.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 8Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate

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753)Public order crimes such as prostitution, pornography, gambling and substance abuse arecalled vice crimes.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 4Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.Level: Basic4)Tax evasion is a white-collar crime.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 4Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.Level: Basic5)Criminology is called a hard science.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 14Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Intermediate6)Longitudinal studies take place at a single point in time.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 20Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Intermediate7)An academic crusade involves the practice of convincing others that one approach to crimecontrol is superior to another.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 21Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Intermediate8)Decriminalization expands the number of activities that are defined as criminal.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 4Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.Level: Intermediate

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769)Three-strikes legislation is solely intended to control crime and not to prevent it.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 2Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.Level: Basic10) Crime reduction policies can cause criminal activity to be displaced.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 17Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.Level: Basic11) Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort todeter more serious crime is known as the Broken Windows Theory.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 4Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Basic12) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat orprecinct, is an example of evaluation.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 13Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Basic13) Violent crimes cause the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 3Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate14) The Generalization Problem is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findingscan be carried over to another location or series of locations.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 19Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Basic15) Hard science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program.

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77Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 14Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.Level: Basic1.3Short Answer Questions1)________ law constitutes the "bread and butter" of crime control.Answer: CriminalPage Ref: 9Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.Level: Difficult2)________ research involves number crunching and statistical analysis of data.Answer: QuantitativePage Ref: 16Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Difficult3)________ can drive crime problems into neighboring areas.Answer: DisplacementPage Ref: 17Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.Level: Intermediate4)________ knowledge can be considered tentative, because researchers use differentmeasures to represent the same phenomenon.Answer: ScientificPage Ref: 18Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Intermediate5)The funding of a police agency through the appropriations process is termed ________Money.Answer: HardPage Ref: 20Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.Level: Intermediate

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786)A researcher following the same group over a long period of time is conducting ________research.Answer: longitudinalPage Ref: 20Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Intermediate7)________ is a problem concerned with the extent to which researchers' findings can becarried over to a series of locations.Answer: GeneralizationPage Ref: 19Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.Level: Intermediate8)________ sectional research is a study that takes place at a single point in time.Answer: CrossPage Ref: 20Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.Level: Intermediate9)White-collar crime is ill defined but generally consists of crimes committed by peopleduring the course of their ________ careers.Answer: professionalPage Ref: 4Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate10) ________ distribution of crime is concerned with crime patterns over time.Answer: TemporalPage Ref: 5Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate

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791.4Matching QuestionsChoose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.A) A high level of fear with a correspondingly low likelihood of victimization.B) A method of determining whether a program or policy is operating as it should be.C) A method of determining whether some form of social action is a success or a failure.D) That which is likely to be affected by the solution.1)Victimization paradoxLevel: Basic2)Outcome (crime control)Level: Basic3)Outcome evaluationLevel: Basic4)Process evaluationLevel: BasicAnswers: 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) BChoose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.A)The social sciences fields that focus on the study of social phenomena in their naturalsettings.B)A largely exploratory method of inquiry characterized by in-depth research on a specificlocation or group of subjects.C)Scientific fields of study characterized by research that is usually conducted in tightlycontrolled laboratory settings.D)The gold standard for scientific research, a study that includes (1) a treatment group anda control group, (2) a pretest and a posttest, and (3) a controlled intervention.5)Soft sciencesLevel: Basic`

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806)Hard sciencesLevel: Basic7)Classical experimentLevel: Basic8)Qualitative researchLevel: BasicAnswers: 5) A 6) C 7) D 8) BChoose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.A)The spillover or movement of crime (in the case of crime control) into a surroundingarea not targeted by the intervention in question.B)A method of inquiry characterized by the analysis of numerical data designed torepresent concepts of interest.C)Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are more isolated geographically.D)Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are intended to have a dramatic anddesirable effect on crime in an entire neighborhood, city, or state or even across thenation.9)Quantitative researchLevel: Basic10) Macro-level crime controlLevel: Basic11) Micro-level crime controlLevel: Basic12) DisplacementLevel: BasicAnswers: 9) B 10) D 11) C 12) A

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811.5Essay Questions1)Explain what is meant by the term victimization paradox and describe its consequences.Answer: The term victimization paradox suggests that most people's fear of being thevictim of a violent crime is far greater than the actual likelihood of being victimized.Research has shown that although women and the elderly are least likely to be crimevictims, their fear of crime remains relatively high. Unfortunately, the fear of crime can havenegative consequences upon one's quality of life. Excessive fear causes people to withdrawfrom normal everyday interaction within the community they reside. Additionally, feardiscourages business development and can contribute to the deterioration of neighborhoods.Page Ref: 8-9Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.Level: Intermediate2)Define the term displacement and provide some examples of the various types.Answer: Research has suggested that even when crime control policy leads to a short-termreduction in crime, the policy might in fact be displacing the problem to anotherneighborhood. Not only can criminal activity be pushed from one neighborhood to another,displacement can cause a variety of other possible outcomes. These other outcomes mightinclude temporal displacement, which causes a criminal to change the time of day that theyplan to execute a crime. Another outcome of displacement might be tactical, wherein acriminal acquires a new method of operation for the purpose of committing a crime.Sometimes displacement causes offenders to select new property or persons to victimize.This is known as target displacement. Another form of displacement can result whencriminals are arrested and new offenders replace them, committing similar offences knownas perpetrator displacement.Page Ref: 17Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.Level: Intermediate

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823)Describe the elements of a classical experiment and explain why it is not commonly used inthe field of criminal justice.Answer: The classical experiment consists of three distinct elements. These elementsinclude: a) a treatment group and a control group, b) a pretest and a posttest, and c) acontrolled intervention. The treatment group is the one that will receive an intervention. Thecontrol group is the one that does not get exposed to the intervention. In other words, thisgroup will conduct "business as usual". Next the pretest and posttest are measured beforeand after the intervention. Finally, a controlled intervention is administered by theresearcher. Due to the inherent limitations in the social sciences, classical experiments arerare in criminal justice. Many times the difficulties associated with the classical experimentare too dangerous to be carried out. More specifically, death, injury, or even psychologicalcoercion may create too dangerous of an environment for experimentation. Studying thesocial phenomena of crime is a very challenging and complex task.Page Ref: 14Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.Level: Intermediate

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