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U.S. History I - Seventeenth Century Colonial Settlements

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Study GuideU.S. History I–Seventeenth Century ColonialSettlements1.New England ColoniesThe New England colonies were primarily founded forreligious reasons, but the ideals of religiousfreedom were limited and often applied only to those who shared the founders’ beliefs.1.1Religious Motivation and Puritan Ideals•The main settlers werePuritans, who wanted to“purify” the Church of Englandfrompractices they considered too Catholic.•Puritans supported acongregationalist church structure, where each church was largelyself-governing, rather than the hierarchical episcopal system of England.•Separatists, a more radical group, wanted acomplete break from the Anglican Church.They first moved to the Netherlands for tolerance but later sailed to North America aboard theMayflower in 1620, becoming thePilgrims.1.2Plymouth Colony•Pilgrims landed insouthern Massachusetts, outside the Virginia Company’s jurisdiction.•They signed theMayflower Compact, establishing a civil government under the English king.•Plymouth faceddisease, starvation, and harsh conditions.•Relations with Native Americans weremixed; while the “First Thanksgiving” is rememberedas peaceful, the Pilgrims sometimes used force to control local tribes.•Plymouth grew slowly, trading furs and raising maize.

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Study Guide1.3Massachusetts Bay Colony•Founded byNon-Separatist Puritansbetween1630–1640as part of theGreat Migration(over 20,000 people).•Led byJohn Winthrop, who envisioned the colony as“a city upon a hill”, a model of piety.•Churches operated undercongregationalist principles, controlled finances, and hiredministers.•Membership was restricted to“saints”, those who passed rigorous spiritual examinations.•Educationwas vital for literacy and Bible study; Harvard College was founded in1636.1.4Religious Dissent and Rhode Island•Roger Williamsadvocated forseparation of church and stateand religious freedom; hefoundedProvidence, later Rhode Island.•Anne Hutchinsonchallenged clerical authority and gender norms; she was exiled and laterkilled in New Netherland.1.5Society, Law, and the Half-Way Covenant•Massachusetts Bay was atheocracy, with laws based on Puritan values.•Church membership was required for voting, and personal behavior was strictly regulated.•TheHalf-Way Covenant (1662)allowed baptized children of non-church-member parentslimited membership, addressing declining church participation.•1691 royal chartershifted voting rights to property owners and allowed religious toleration.1.6Salem Witch Trials•Witchcraft hysteria (1692–1693) led toover 100 imprisoned and 20 executed.•Causes includedfamily rivalries, social tensions, and conflicts with Puritan beliefs.

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Study Guide1.7Other New England Colonies•Connecticut (1636–1639): Founded by Thomas Hooker and others from Massachusetts; theFundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)established self-rule and voting for all freemen.•New Hampshire and Maine: Originally proprietary colonies; Massachusetts controlled NewHampshire until1679and Maine until1820.2. Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia and Maryland2.1Virginia: Tobacco and GovernmentBy1700, Virginia colonists had made their fortunes growingtobacco, a trend followed inMarylandand theCarolinas.•Religion:TheChurch of Englandwas the official church, supported by taxes. However,because there were few churches and clergy, religion was less important in daily life.•Government:Virginia’s government was modeled after English county courts. Aroyalgovernorappointed justices of the peace to set taxes and oversee public works like bridgesand roads.•In the1650s, Virginia created abicameral assembly:oHouse of Burgesses–elected lower houseoGovernor’s Council–appointed upper house2.2Maryland: A Haven for CatholicsMaryland was the firstproprietary colony, granted toCecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore.•Lord Baltimore named the colony afterQueen Henrietta Mariaand intended it as a safeplace forEnglish Catholics.•Few Catholics settled there; instead,Protestantscame for cheap land.•Large estates, similar to medieval manors, created theplantation system.•In1649, theAct of Religious Tolerationallowed freedom of worship for Christians. But by1654, Protestants repealed it, leading to near civil war until1658. Religious tension remainedfor years.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
U.S. History I
Subject
History

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