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U.S. History I - The Civil War

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Study GuideU.S. History I–The Civil War1. Emancipation1.1. Early Union Policies on Slavery•Lincoln initially resisted immediate emancipationto keep theborder states(slave statesloyal to the Union) from seceding.•Some Union generals acted independently:oGeneral B. F. Butler (May 1861):Declared runaway slaves as “contraband” andrefused to return them.oGeneral John C. Frémont (Aug 1861):Freed slaves in Missouri and Kansas;Lincoln countermanded this order.•Congressional actions:oConfiscation Act (1861):Freed slaves used to support the Confederacy.oSlaveryabolished in D.C. (April 1862)and inU.S. territories (June 1862).oSecond Confiscation Act (July 1862):Gave real freedom to slaves of rebelsactively fighting against the Union.1.2. Lincoln and Gradual Emancipation•Lincoln proposedgradual emancipationas a long-term solution:oEncouraged states to abolish slaveryby 1900.oOwners loyal to the Union would becompensated.oOption toresettle freed blacks outside the U.S.(if they consented).•Goal: appeaseborder statesand address white fears about economic competition with freedslaves.

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Study Guide1.3. The Emancipation Proclamation•Preliminary Proclamation:Sept 22, 1862oDeclared freedom for slaves inConfederate statesas of Jan 1, 1863.oDid not apply toborder statesor Confederate areas that rejoined the Union early.•Formal Proclamation:Jan 1, 1863oFreed slaves inrebelling Confederate territoriesoUrged slaves toavoid violence except in self-defenseoAllowed African Americans toserve in the Union army and navy•Impact:oRedefined the war’s purpose: frompreserving the Uniontoending slaveryoNorth and South realized itsmoral and military significanceoMany slaves fled to Union lines, seekingfreedom1.4. African Americans in the Civil War•Nearly 200,000 African Americans served, mostly former slaves.•Initially assigned tosupport roles, later fought incombat.•Pay inequity:Blacks received lower pay until June 1864.•Casualties:~37,000 killed, a higher rate than white soldiers.•Confederacy:oUsed slaves for labor, cooking, and military supportoIn 1865, legislation was passed toenlist 300,000 slaves, but the war ended before ittook effectoIrony: slaves would have fought to defend a system committed to keeping themenslaved

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Study Guide2. Politics and Economics of the War:2.1 Republican Domestic Program (North)•Transcontinental Railroad:oPacific Railroad Act (1862):Authorized building a line from Omaha, Nebraska, andSacramento, California.oLand & Loans:Union Pacific and Central Pacific received 60+ million acres and $20million in loans.oCompleted in1869.•Homestead Act (1862):Granted 160 acres free to anyone working the land for 5 years.•Morrill Land Grant Act (1862):Public lands given to states to create colleges focused onagriculture and mechanical arts, laying the foundation for modern state universities.2.2 Financing the War (North & South)Union:•Revenue sources:Higher tariffs, excise taxes, first federal income tax.•Bureau of Internal Revenuecollected taxes.•Greenbacks:Paper money issued as legal tender.•Bonds:Sold widely, raising national debt to ~$3 billion by 1865.Profiteering:•Contractors sometimes provided poor-quality goods.•Example:Shoddy uniforms—cheap, falling apart; “shoddy” became a term for poor quality.Confederacy:•Expected foreign loansdid not materialize.•Taxes raised poorly; less than 5% of revenue.•Paper money lacked public confidence →hyperinflation: Confederate dollar worth ~1.5cents in gold by 1865; prices rose over9,000%.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
U.S. History I
Subject
History

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