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U.S. History I - The Jeffersonian Republicans 1800–1824

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Study GuideU.S. History I–The Jeffersonian Republicans 1800–18241. A Spirit of NationalismAfter the War of 1812, the United States entered a period often called the“Era of Good Feelings.”The country had one main political party, the Republicans, but unity was more surface-level than real.Differences in ideas and regional interests were beginning to emerge.1.1Henry Clay and the American SystemSome Republicans, likeHenry Clay, were starting to promote new economic ideas. Clay’s plan,called theAmerican System, included three main goals:1.Protective tariffs–taxes on imported goods to help new American industries compete.2.Federal support for internal improvements–building roads, bridges, and canals topromote trade.3.Renewal of the national bank–keeping a strong banking system to support the economy.•Many Republicans agreed with Clay.•In1816, Congress approved theSecond Bank of the United Statesand a moderate tariff.Internal Improvements DebateFederal spending on roads had begun underJeffersonwith theNational Road.•Republicans generally believed that building roads and canals should be handled bystates,not the federal government, unless a constitutional amendment said otherwise.•PresidentMadisonvetoed a bill for federal funding of internal improvements, citing thisargument.1.2The Era of Good Feelings•After theembargoended and the country was at peace, a Boston newspaper editor calledthis time the“Era of Good Feelings.”•PresidentMonroetried to reconcile political differences.•In1820, he won reelection almost unanimously—231 votes to 1.

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Study Guide1.3Supreme Court and National PowerEven as political leaders spoke of nationalism,new issues created divisions.•John Marshall’s Supreme Courtfavored a strong national government.•Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819):State governmentscould not alter privatecontracts.•McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):Statescould not tax a federal institution(like the SecondBank).•These decisions confirmed that the federal government wassupreme within itsconstitutional powers.1.4New States and the Missouri CrisisBetween 1812 and 1819,five new statesjoined the Union:1.Louisiana (1812)2.Indiana (1816)3.Mississippi (1817)4.Illinois (1818)5.Alabama (1819)In 1819,Missouriapplied for statehood as aslave state.•At that time, there were11 free states and 11 slave states.•Admitting Missouri would upset the balance.The Missouri Compromise (Henry Clay):•Mainebecame afree state, balancing Missouri as aslave state.•Slavery was bannednorth of the 36°30′ linein the Louisiana Purchase.•The next six new states would continue this delicate balance.

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Study Guide1.5Monroe’s Foreign PolicyFlorida and Spain•Secretary of StateJohn Quincy Adamsnegotiated theTranscontinental Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)with Spain.•Spain gave upFloridain exchange for$5 million.•A clearboundary linewas drawn from theSabine River to the Pacific Ocean.The Monroe Doctrine•Britain suggested the U.S. join an alliance supportingLatin American independence.•Adams proposed a policy instead:1.No new European colonizationin the Western Hemisphere.2.Any attempt would be seen ashostileto the U.S.3.The U.S. wouldnot get involved in European wars.•Written into Monroe’s annual message to Congress, this became theMonroe Doctrine.2. Jefferson's First TermThe election ofThomas Jeffersonas the third U.S. president marked a major shift in Americanpolitics. For the next 24 years,Republicans would lead the countrythrough peace, war, andmassive growth. While theFederalist Party faded, its ideas continued to influence the nation,especially throughSupreme Court decisionsthat strengthened the judiciary.During Jefferson’s presidency, theUnited States doubled in sizethrough theLouisiana Purchase(1803)and addedeight new states (1803–1821). Expansion also raised questions aboutslavery,especially with the admission ofMaineandMissouri, setting the stage for future sectional debatesbefore the Civil War.2.1Jefferson’s Policies and GovernmentJefferson was concerned about thegrowing national debtleft by the Federalists. His Secretary ofthe Treasury,Albert Gallatin, believed the debt created high taxes that benefited wealthy creditors.Together, they aimed toeliminate the national debt in sixteen yearsby cuttingmilitary spendingand reducinggovernment size.

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Study Guide•The Republicansrepealed internal taxes, including the unpopularwhiskey excise.•Spending decreased, and the debt declined modestly.Despite being astrict constructionist, Jefferson kept some Federalist programs:•He didnot abolish the Bank of the United States, since it was effective.•He avoided a wholesale replacement of Federalist officials, instead fillingvacancies withRepublicans.•Some Federalists even served in hiscabinet, though Jefferson influencedjudicialappointments.2.2Marbury v. Madison and Judicial ReviewAt the end of Adams’ presidency, theFederalist-controlled Congresspassed theJudiciary Act of1801, creating new federal judgeships that Adams quickly filled with Federalists—later called the“midnight judges.”When Jefferson became president, his Secretary of State,James Madison, refused to deliver WilliamMarbury’s commission for a judgeship. Marbury sued, and the case went to the Supreme Court.Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, rejected Marbury’s claim. But by doing so, Marshallestablished the principle of judicial review: the Supreme Court could declare federal lawsunconstitutional. This decision inMarbury v. Madison (1803)made the Court amajor force inAmerican politics.2.3The Barbary PiratesAmerican merchant ships faced attacks fromBarbary piratesin North Africa. The U.S. had paidtributeto these rulers in the 1790s, but in1801, the pasha of Tripoli demanded more. Jeffersonresponded with anaval blockade, bombardments, and a small land assault by Marines.The war ended in1805with a treaty in which the U.S. paid aransom for captured sailors, showingthat Jefferson couldprotect American interestswhile maintaining Republican principles of limitedwar.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
U.S. History I
Subject
History

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