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Geosystems: An Introduction To Physical Geography, 10th Edition Test Bank

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    1 Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 10e (Christopherson) Chapter 1 Essentials of Geography 1) ________ is the practice of using public participation for scientific data collection and monitoring. A) Citizen science B) Public engagement C) Amateur analysis D) Participatory observations E) Micronetting Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 2) The term "geography" ( geo graphein ) literally means A) place names. B) the study of rocks. C) map making. D) to write (about) Earth. E) spatial reasoning and cognition. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 3) The main methodology governing geographic inquiry A) is behavioral analysis. B) involves spatial analysis. C) uses chronological organization. D) is field work based. E) utilizes ecological concepts. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis.

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    2 4) The word "spatial" refers to A) the nature and character of physical space and the distribution of things within it. B) the organization of human societies in relationship to the physical environment. C) the point at which a system can no longer maintain its character and lurches into a new operational level. D) the chronological organization of Earth's major geological events. E) system operations, such as feedback loops, that influence its own operations. Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 5) Relative to the five themes of geography, communication and diffusion refer to A) location. B) place. C) human-Earth relationships. D) movement. E) region. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 6) Relative to the five themes of geographic science, resource management and sustainable growth refer to A) location. B) place. C) human-Earth relationships. D) movement. E) region. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis.

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    3 7) Relative to the five themes of geographic science, latitude and longitude refer to A) location. B) place. C) human-Earth relationships. D) movement. E) region. Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 8) Relative to the five themes of geographic science, areas that display uniform human or physical characteristics refer to A) location. B) place. C) human-Earth relationships. D) movement. E) region. Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 9) Relative to the five themes of geographic science, characteristics of a location refers to A) location. B) place. C) human-Earth relationships. D) movement. E) region. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis.

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    4 10) Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography? A) the production of paper and digital maps using remote sensing, GPS, and GIS B) memorization of place names and region on a world map C) understanding the imports and exports of major countries in the world D) study of the nature and character of physical space and the distribution of things within it E) socioeconomic analysis of regions to determine similarities and differences across the planet Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 11) Which is not true of geographers? A) Geographers may utilize Earth systems science. B) Geographers are primarily concerned with place names. C) Geographers are concerned with spatial and temporal relationships. D) Geographers utilize various technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, and GPS. E) Geographers often analyze the overlap between human-Earth connections. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 12) Which of the following comprise the fundamental duality in the field of geography? A) physical versus human B) physical versus economic C) economic versus political D) political versus environmental E) environmental versus social Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis.

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    5 13) A physical geographer would likely not study A) the impact of a hurricane's landfall to coastal areas. B) vulnerability of human populations to landslides. C) effects of drought and changing climate on regional water supplies. D) the diffusion of various religions from the so-called Middle East. E) human influences on native ecosystems. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 14) Scale in the context of examining physical geographic patterns and processes is best described as the A) distance or area on a map relative to actual distance or area in the "real world." B) direct measurements of spatial distributions natural phenomena. C) relative spatial and/or temporal size or extent of some attribute. D) simple, organized steps leading to concrete, objective decisions. E) communication of the findings of scientific research in peer reviewed forums. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.1 Define geography and physical geography, and describe spatial analysis. 15) The scientific method is described by which of the following? A) A single, definitive method for doing science. B) The acceptance of supernatural explanations for phenomena until science proves otherwise. C) Organized processes and procedures for analyzing phenomena and acquiring new knowledge. D) Irreproducible results accepted as theory. E) Conjecture of how phenomena operate based on cursory observations. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G9 Apply the scientific method in lab experiences to interpret information and draw conclusions. LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science.

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    6 16) The key idea behind the scientific method is A) the use of intuition in testing hypotheses. B) an appeal to supernatural explanations when natural explanations have not yet been found for a phenomenon. C) the testing of ideas through controlled observations and experiments. D) unbridled speculation about the world. E) an acceptance of other scientists explanations based on their expert knowledge. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G9 Apply the scientific method in lab experiences to interpret information and draw conclusions. LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science. 17) A hypothesis is best describe as A) a tentative explanation for an observed phenomenon. B) an explanation of the natural world based on extensive testing. C) the experimental phase of the scientific process. D) observations of particular phenomena. E) the peer review stage of the scientific process. Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G9 Apply the scientific method in lab experiences to interpret information and draw conclusions. LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science.

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    7 18) Which of the following is the most strongly supported by extensive experimental and observational evidence? A) speculation B) hypothesis C) educated guess D) theory E) conjecture Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G9 Apply the scientific method in lab experiences to interpret information and draw conclusions. LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science. 19) Which of the following is not true of scientific theories? A) They are based on repeated testing of a hypothesis without being rejected. B) They are broad in scope because they unify several known facts about the world. C) They have undergone rigorous peer review by other members in the scientific community. D) They are absolute truths and can never be proven wrong. E) They stimulate continued observation, testing, understanding, and pursuit of knowledge with scientific fields. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G9 Apply the scientific method in lab experiences to interpret information and draw conclusions. LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science.

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    8 20) The majority of the world's human population lives primarily A) in less-developed countries (LDCs). B) in more-developed countries (MDCs). C) in rural areas. D) in the United States. E) in Europe. Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G14 How human actions modify the physical environment LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science. 21) Human population growth rates are expected to A) continue to increase into the foreseeable future in both LDCs and MDCs. B) increase in MDCs, but decrease in LDCs. C) decrease with virtually all new population growth in LDCs. D) increase rapidly until about 2040, then stabilize with moderate growth in MDCs. E) universally decrease in both LDCs and MDCs due to famine and war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G14 How human actions modify the physical environment LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science. 22) Sustainable development seeks to A) meet a growing populations needs now without consideration of the future. B) severely limit human development to protect the environment. C) restrict economic activity in MDCs to foster more economic activity in LDCs. D) enforce mandates to strongly curtail economic activities that are environmentally detrimental. E) advance the condition of human society while maintaining functioning Earth systems. Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G14 How human actions modify the physical environment LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science.

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    9 23) The name given to the most recent geological epoch to reflect the human influence on climate and ecosystems is the A) Holocene. B) Anthropocene. C) Pleistocene. D) Pliocene. E) Miocene. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 The Science of Geography Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N18 How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Global Sci. LO: G14 How human actions modify the physical environment LO: 1.2 Summarize the scientific process and discuss human population growth as it relates to geographic science. 24) A system is best described as A) the capacity to change the motion of, or to do work on, matter. B) mass that assumes a physical shape and occupies space. C) the point at which characteristics can no longer be maintained and a new state is adopted. D) any set of ordered, interrelated components working as a unified whole. E) a form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 25) The capacity to change the motion of, or to do work on, matter is the definition of A) energy. B) plasma. C) thermodynamics. D) acceleration. E) system. Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    10 26) Which of the following is incorrect? A) Earth represents a vast integrated system. B) Earth represents an open system in terms of energy. C) Earth represents a closed system in terms of matter. D) New resources and matter are being added to Earth's systems all the time. E) Systems in nature are generally not self-contained. Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 27) Systems encountered in nature at Earth's surface, such as a forest, are A) open systems in terms of energy. B) closed systems in terms of energy. C) open systems in terms of matter. D) both open systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter. E) both closed systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter. Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 28) Which of the following is an example of a closed system? A) a forest B) a river drainage basin C) an automobile D) the Earth (in terms of matter) E) the Earth (in terms of energy) Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    11 29) With respect to air, water, and material resources, which of the following is true? A) A forest is a closed system. B) A forest is an open system. C) A forest is an open system in terms of air, but closed in terms of material resources. D) A forest is an open system in terms of water, but closed in terms of energy resources. E) A forest cannot be considered either on open or closed system. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 30) What type of feedback maintains stability in a system; i.e., what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly? A) positive B) negative C) neutral D) open E) closed Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 31) If a system responds to a change in input by moving further away from its equilibrium condition, what type of feedback has occurred? A) positive B) negative C) neutral D) open E) closed Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    12 32) If Earth warmed up, and more snow fell because of more water vapor in the atmosphere, and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature, which increased snow cover, then the initial increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback, while the continued increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback. A) positive; positive B) positive; negative C) negative; positive D) negative; negative E) open; closed Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 33) As arctic temperatures rise, summer sea ice and glacial melt accelerates; lighter color surfaces are thereby replaced with darker-colored surfaces leading to more absorption and surface heating. This is an example of a(n) ________ feedback. A) negative B) positive C) reverse D) dynamic E) closed Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    13 34) Predator/prey relationships are an example of A) positive feedback, because more predation leads to higher prey populations as they increase reproduction to insure survival. B) positive feedback, as more prey discourages further predation allowing prey populations to flourish. C) negative feedback, because prey populations tend to achieve a balance with the number of predators. D) negative feedback, because more predators equal fewer prey and people tend to like prey more than predators. E) positive feedback, because top predators are rare and have been hunted to near extinction allowing prey populations to proliferate. Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 35) If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means a ________ feedback has occurred and that the planet is ________. A) positive; in equilibrium B) positive; out of equilibrium C) negative; in equilibrium D) negative; out of equilibrium E) closed; open Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    14 36) The carbon dioxide absorbed by plants is an example of a(n) ________ to a forest and an ________ from the atmosphere. A) input; input B) input; output C) output; output D) output; input E) feedback; equilibrium Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 37) Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium? A) System inputs always exactly balance outputs so the system never changes. B) System inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average. C) System inputs produce large, random fluctuations in output, forcing the system into a new state of equilibrium. D) Systems slowly adjust to long-term changes in input and output. E) Systems lurch to new operational levels when they can no longer maintain their character. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 38) A large flood in a river may cause abrupt shifts leading to the carving of a new channel. The point at which this change occurs is a(n) A) type of dynamic equilibrium condition. B) type of metastable equilibrium. C) threshold. D) input. E) ouput. Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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    15 39) Which of the following is correctly matched? A) threshold — balance of inputs and outputs B) steady state equilibrium — small fluctuations about an average condition C) dynamic equilibrium — large fluctuations that changes abruptly over time D) tipping point — same as steady state equilibrium E) negative feedback — encourages change in a system Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems. 40) As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide, the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase. When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, further warming the planet and oceans. This is an example of a ________ feedback loop and may result in the crossing of a(n) ________. A) positive; equilibrium B) positive; disequilibrium C) negative; equilibrium D) positive; threshold E) negative; threshold Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Earth Systems Concepts Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing Geo Standard: N7 The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. Global Sci. LO: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across Geography. LO: 1.3 Describe open and closed systems, feedback, and equilibrium concepts as they relate to Earth systems.

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