World Regional Geography without Subregions: Global Patterns, Local Lives Sixth Edition Solution Manual

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271CHAPTER 1:GEOGRAPHY: AN EXPLORATION OF CONNECTIONSINTRODUCTIONMultiple-Choice1. Central to the study of geography are the questions ________ and ________.a) who;whenb)why;howc) where;why*[Pg. 2]d)how many;when2. Which of the following isNOTan aspect of geographical analysis?a) spatial analysisb) multiple scales of analysisc) cartographyd) lithography*[Pg. 2]3.Which of the following isNOTan example of a geographic inquiry?a) How did a groupofpeople come to occupy a particular place?b) How have people modified the physical aspects of a place to suit their needs?c) How have peoplecontributed to a particular environmental problem?d) All of the above are examples of geographical inquiry.*[Pg.3]4. Geography as a discipline links the _________________ with the _____________________.a) city;stateb) physical sciences;social sciences* [Pg.3]c) study of biology;study of sociologyd) people;government5.Lines of longitude are also knownas:a) meridians.* [Pg.4]b) parallels.c) poles.d) positional lines.6.Which of the following refers to the relationship between the distances shown onthe map and the actual distances onEarth’s surface?a) scale*[Pg.4]

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272b) spatial analysisc) cartographyd) regional geography7.Which of the following terms refers to the study of how people, objects, or ideasare, or are not, related to one another across space?a) regional geographyb) physical geographyc) cartographyd) spatialanalysis* [Pg.2]8.Which of the following terms refers tothe making of maps?a) scaleb) spatial analysisc) cartography* [Pg.2]d) regional geography9. The prime meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through:a) New York City, USA.b) Berlin, Germany.c) London, England.d) Greenwich, England.* [Pg.4]10. Through which ocean does the longitude line at 180° run?a) Atlanticb) Pacific* [Pg.5]c) Indiand)Arctic11. The globe is divided into the Northern and SouthernHemispheres at the:a) International Date Line.b) equator.* [Pg.5]c) Tropic of Cancer.d) Tropic of Capricorn.12. Cartographers solve the problem of showing the sphericalEarth on a flat piece ofpaper by using:a) lines of latitude.b)projections.* [Pg.5]

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273c) globes instead of flat maps.d) degrees, minutes, and seconds.13. To fit the sphericalEarth onto a flat map, a Mercator projection:a) flattens theEarth like an orange peel.b) shows lines of longitude curving up toward the poles.c) stretches out the poles, depicting them with lines equal to the length of theequator.* [Pg.5]d)perfectly represents the shapes of landmasses.14. All of the following describe GIScEXCEPT:a)GISc is so highly specialized it’s often criticized for having limited applicability toother disciplines.*[Pg. 5]b) GISc has been adopted as a tool by both corporations and government entities.c)GIScrefers to the body of science that supports spatial analysis technologiesandtoolssuch as GIS(geographic information systems).15.Which of the following terms refers totheunit ofEarth’s surface that containsdistinct patterns of physical features or of human activities?a) placeb) spacec) region* [Pg.9]d) scale16. In defining a region, geographers might take into account all of the followingfactors EXCEPT:a) political boundaries.b) physical characteristics.c) culturalcharacteristics.d)literary history.* [Pg.11]Short-Answer17. The study of how people, objects, or ideas are related to one another acrossspace is called:Answer:spatial analysis.[Pg.2]18. The making of maps is called:Answer:cartography.[Pg.2]

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27419.The calendar day officially begins when midnight falls at the:Answer:InternationalDateLine.[Pg.5]20.The different ways of modeling the spherical shape of the Earth on flat paper arecalled:Answer:mapprojections.[Pg.5]21.What concept is used to identify an area ofEarth’s surface that contains distinctpatterns of human or physical activity or features?Answer:region [Pg.9]True-False22. Lines of longitude on a map run from pole to pole.Answer: TRUE [Pg.4]23. Lines of longitude are also known as meridians.Answer: TRUE [Pg.4]24. Lines of longitude are also known as parallels.Answer: FALSE [Pg.4]25.Spatial analysis is the art and science of making maps.Answer: FALSE [Pg.2]26.Lines oflongitude (also called meridians) run from pole to pole; lines of latitude(also called parallels) run parallel to the equator.Answer: TRUE [Pg.4]27. All projections entail some distortion.Answer: TRUE [Pg.5]28. Lines of latitude run aroundEarth parallel to the equator.Answer: TRUE [Pg.4]

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27529. Lines of latitude are also known as meridians.Answer: FALSE [Pg.4]30. Lines of latitude are also known as parallels.Answer: TRUE [Pg.4]31. In a Robinson projection, the shapes of landmasses are slightly distorted.Answer: TRUE [Pg.5]32. A map is by definition an unbiased view of the world.Answer: FALSE [Pg.5]33. Most regions, as defined by geographers, have well-defined boundaries.Answer: FALSE [Pg.9]34.In the textbook, the argument is made that the boundaries between regions arerarely, if ever, distinct and certain.Answer: TRUE [Pg.9]35. Geographers like to use “region” as a conceptual model because it offers areasonable way to divide the world into manageable parts.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 11]36. When using thephrase“scaleof analysis,” geographers are always referring tothe relative size of an area.Answer: TRUE [Pg.12]37. Most world regions are defined by the same set of indicators.Answer: FALSE [Pg. 9]Matching38.GISc[a][Pg.5]39.physicalgeography[d][Pg. 3]40.humangeography[c][Pg.3]41.cartography [b][Pg.2]

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276a)spatial analysis technologiesb) mapsc)humanimpacts on the physical environmentd)Earth’s physical processes42.the spacewhere an individual lives or works[c][Pg. 11]43.the entire world as a single unified area[e][Pg. 11]44.unitcontainingdistinct patterns of physical features or human development[b][Pg. 9]45.encompassing the regions of the world[d][Pg. 11]46.arrangement of phenomena across Earth’s surface[a][Pg. 3]a)spatial distributionb)regionc)local scaled)world regional scalee)global scaleEssay47.Briefly defineregionand discuss one problem posed by the use of the concept.[Pg.9]Answer:The region is a unit ofEarth’s surface defined by a distinct pattern of physicalfeatures or human development. One problem with the use of this concept is thatdifferent regions are defined by different sets of characteristics, making it difficult tocompare any region with another. Furthermore, it is conceivable that parts of oneregion may be parts of others. This leads to a second problem. Boundaries betweenregions are quite fuzzy and always debatable. One does not experience thedifference between two regions by simply crossing a conceived boundary. It is adifference that likely occurs gradually over space, making regions appear as if theyoverlap or that there are gaps between them.POPULATIONMultiple-Choice48. The study of the growth and decline of the numbers of people onEarth, theirdistribution acrossEarth’s surface, age and sexdistributions, and migration patternsis the study of:a) population.* [Pg.12]

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277b) demographics.c) statistics.d) world regional geography.49. Between 1945 and 2009,Earth’s population:a) roughly doubled.b) roughly tripled.* [Pg.12]c) remained mostly constant.d) decreased dramatically.50. Death rates remained high for most of human history for all of the followingreasonsEXCEPT:a)hygienic waste and sewage systems.* [Pg.12]b) fluctuating food availability.c) disease.d) naturaldisasters and hazards.51. In 2009,Earth’s population was approximately:a) 1.7 billion.b) 5.5 billion.c)7billion.* [Pg.12]d) 7.8 billion.52. Several African countries are experiencing sharply lowered life expectancies dueto:a)tuberculosis.b) malaria.c) dengue fever.d) HIV/AIDS.* [Pg.13]53. In some of the countries of Central Europe, the population is aging and decliningdue to:a) migration to other nations.b) low birth and death rates.* [Pg.13]c) HIV/AIDS.d) a large increase in the number of unmarried persons.54. Most ofEarth’s population lives between ___ latitudeand ___ latitude.a) 20°N;60°N* [Pg.13]b) 30°N;50°N

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278c) 20°S;60°Nd) 15°S;80°N55.Which of the following relationships is accounted for inthe rate of naturalincrease?a) birth rates and death rates in a given population* [Pg. 13]b) immigrants and emigrants to and from a given populationc) death of infants per 1000 bornd) newborninfants and migrants added to a population in a given year56.Which of the following is reflected in a population pyramid that narrows towardthe top?a)Most people in that population are very young.b)Most people in that population die before they reach old age.* [Pg. 14]c)Most people in that population are in middle age.d)Most infants in that population die before they reach adulthood.57. Suppose thata country has a birth rate of31per 1000, and a death rate of4per1000. This country’s rate of natural increase is:a) 12%.b) 26%.c)1.2%.c) 2.7%.* [Pg. 13]58. Suppose that Country A has a TFR of 4.5 and Country B has a TFR of 1.3. Whichstatement best summarizes the population trend in these countries?a) There is a higher birthrate in Country B than in Country A.b) More people are migrating from Country A than from Country B.c) The rate of natural increase in Country A is higher than in Country B.d) More babies are being born in Country A than in Country B.* [Pg.13]59. Suppose that a country’s population pyramid is truly pyramid shaped, with awide band at the bottom and a much narrower band at the top. What is the bestdescription of the population of this country?a) There are many more women than men in the country.b) There are many more very young people than very old people in the country.*[Pg.14]c) The country’s total fertility rate is probably about 1.5.d) The country is experiencing a low rate of migration.

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27960.Which of the following measures indicates the total value of all goods andservices recognized as produced in a country during a given year?a)Human Development Indexb) grossnational income* [Pg. 15]c)World Trade Incomed)Economic Growth Index61.Which is NOT a possible explanation for gender imbalance in a populationpyramid?a)Females are genetically more likely to occur.* [Pg. 15]b)In most wars, more males are killed than females.c)In developed countries, females live 5 years longer than males.d)In countries with a cultural preference for males, females do not receive sufficientnutrition or health care.62.Which of the following typically occurs with the shift from a subsistence to acash economy?a)Education becomes less important to one’s income-earning potential.b)Birth rates increase because parents can support more children.c)Young children become an economic drain on the family.* [Pg.17]d)Children are increasingly depended on to provide care for the elderly.63. A country is undergoing a demographic transition. This mean that the country:a)is moving to a greater population imbalance between men and women.b)is moving from a pre-literate society to a literate society.c)ismoving from high birth and death rates to much lower birth and death rates.*[Pg.16]d)is experiencing major population loss as a result of migration.64. A country is moving from a subsistence economy to a cash economy. Thismovement is most likely accompanied by all of the following, EXCEPT:a) greater need for skilled workers.b) a better health-care system.c) lower birth rates.d) lower costs of education.* [Pg.17]Short-Answer65. In 2011,Earth’s population was approximately how many billions of people?Answer:7[Pg. 12]

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271066.What was the approximate human population onEarth in 2011?Answer: 7 billion [Pg. 12]67.What measure accounts for the relationship between births and deaths during ayear in a given population?Answer:rate of natural increase or growth rate [Pg. 13]68. The relationship between the birth rate and the death rate, without regard to theeffects of migration, is known as the:Answer: rate of natural increase (RNI).[Pg. 13]69. The rate of natural increase isalso known as the:Answer: growth rate.[Pg. 13]70.The term used to describe the average number of children a woman in a countryis likely to have during her reproductive years is:Answer: total fertility rate (TFR).[Pg. 13]71. A graph that depicts a country’s age and sex structures is called a:Answer: population pyramid.[Pg. 14]72. A common measure of a country’s economic output, defined as the totalproduction of goods and services in a country divided by the country’s population, isknown as:Answer:gross national income (GNI)per capita.[Pg. 19]73.Demographers use population pyramids to analyze what two structures of agiven population?Answer:the age and sex structures [Pg. 14]74.What is one possible explanation for imbalances in gender worldwide?Answer:the preference for male children [Pg. 15]75.How does the rate of reproduction change in a population that goes through thedemographic transition?

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2711Answer: It declines. [Pg.16]True-False76. Overall, as of 2011, the rate of population growth is slowing globally.Answer: TRUE [Pg.12]77. Nearly 90percentofEarth’s population lives north of the equator.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 13]78. In general, people tend to live where resources such as food and water areavailable.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 13]79. A country has agrowth rate of zero when its birth rate and death rate are equal.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 13]80.The rate of natural increase measures the growth of a population including in-migration and out-migration figures.Answer: FALSE [Pg. 13]81. Aseducation rates for women increase, total fertility rates tend to decrease.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 13]82. As education rates for women increase, total fertility rates also tend to increase.Answer: FALSE [Pg. 13]83.The population pyramid for a population that is getting younger would be widerat the bottom than at the top.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 14]84. The normal ratio worldwide is about 95 females born for every 100 males.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 15]85. Regions with slow population growth tend to be more affluent.

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2712Answer: TRUE [Pg. 15]86.The shift from high reproductive rates to low reproductive rates in a country’spopulation is known as the demographic transition.Answer: TRUE [Pg.16]87.The birth rates in societies that have experienced a shift from a subsistence-based to cash-based economy tend to rise because couples in the latter economy areable to generate sufficient wealth to support more children.Answer: FALSE [Pg.17]88. Subsistence economies are more likely to have good health carethan casheconomies.Answer: FALSE [Pg.17]Essay89.Explain why couples living in subsistence agriculture-based societies, despitebeing cash poor, often choose to have several children. [Pg.15-16]Answer:In such societies where most work is done by hand, the births of additional childrenmean more potential labor. Children also contribute to the well-being of the familyby supporting and providing care for their aging parents and other elderly relatives,in other words, a type of social security that is otherwise not available to the elderly.GENDERMultiple-Choice90. ______ refers to the biological category of male or female, while ____ refers to thedifferences between the sexes as defined by a particular social group.a) Gender;sexb) Sex;gender* [Pg.17]c) Sex;discriminationd) Gender;sex roles91. In nearly all societies, families prefer boys over girls. This is true for all of thefollowing reasons EXCEPTboys:

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2713a) are easier to raise and considered more easy-going.* [Pg.17]b) willhave greater earning capacity as adults.c) will perpetuate the family name.d) will have more social power as adults.92. An unintended effect of a society’s preference for boys over girls can be:a) fewer artists in the society.b) aloss of family traditions.c)a weakened educational system.d) a shortage of marriageable women.* [Pg.17]93. The leading cause of death among girlsbetween the ages of15–19 worldwide is:a) food poisoning.b) lack of drinking water.c) pregnancy.* [Pg.17]d) heart disease.94. The “double day” refers to a situation in which:a)people work a full-time job, then “moonlight” at a part-time job.b)men work longer hours to impress the boss/management.c)young people go to school and then work part-time at night.d)women work a day job but retain their household duties.* [Pg.18]95. In a country with traditionalgenderroles, men are more likely to serve as____________ while women serve as ________________.a) government leaders,;farmersb) executives;homemakers* [Pg.17]c) farmers;huntersd) caregivers;farmers96. Which of the following best describes thegender hypothesis?a)Women who give birth at a young age make better grandmothers than womenwho give birth later in life.b)Women who have grandmothers in the home are more successful at childrearing.c) Children raised by their grandmother are more likely to receive higher levels ofeducation.d)Midlife menopause provides an evolutionary advantage by giving women nolonger able to bare children time and energy to help succeeding generationsthrive.*[Pg. 18]

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271497. Which of the following is NOT a positive “ripple effect” of developing countriesinvesting more resources in the education of females?a) Educated women are more likely to migrate to another country.* [Pg.19]b) The children of educated women are more likely to finish secondary school.c) The children of educated women are healthier.d) Educated women have fewer children,which helps the family financially.Short-Answer98. The notion that menopause in midlife gives women the time, energy, andfreedom to help succeeding generations thrive is known as the:Answer: grandmother hypothesis.[Pg.18]99.In most societies across the globe, what gender group is usually expected tofulfill public roles from governmental officials to animal herders?Answer:males [Pg.17]True-False100.Gender roles that designate females as second-class citizens are rare insocieties outside of North America.Answer: FALSE [Pg.17]101. Sex refers to the biological category of male or female, while gender indicateshow a particular social group defines the differences between the sexes.Answer: TRUE [Pg.17]102. On average, males start work at a younger age than females and work longerhours than females.Answer: FALSE [Pg.18]103. In most societies for most of history, men have been expected to play publicroles and women have been expected to play private roles.ANSWER: TRUE [Pg.17]Essay

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2715104.Discuss how the gender roles that persist in societies across the globe haveaffected women's access to education and wealth (income). [Pg.17-18]Answer:Although there are differences in degree, in societies throughout the world womenare seen as inferior to, and servants of, men. This has translated into a generalexpectation that men will fulfill public roles, such as corporate executives, lawyers,politicians, or civil servants, and that women will fulfill private roles, such ashousehold management, child and elderly care, meal preparation, and some localerrands. Confined to such private roles, females have little access to education andpaid employment, or wealth.DEVELOPMENTMultiple-Choice105. Which of the following isNOTan extractive resource?a)mineral oresb) timberc) plantsd) automobiles* [Pg.19]106. All of the following are sectors of the economyEXCEPTfor:a) extraction.b) industrial production.c) education.* [Pg.19]d) services.107. Developing nations are usually characterized by __________________ economies,while developed nations are usually characterized by the presence of______________________ industries.a) agricultural;service* [Pg.19]b) industrial;servicec) service;agriculturald) industrial;knowledge-based108. Development may decrease human well-being by:a)increasing personal income.b) having negative effects on the environment.* [Pg.22]c) causing increased migration.

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2716d) leading to higher rates of infant mortality.109. Which of the following isNOTan example of a human resource?a)a body of knowledgeb)brainpower and analytical thinkingc)skills such as building and designd)steel* [Pg.19]110.In which sector of the economy is agriculture?a) extraction* [Pg.19]b) industrial productionc) exchanged) service111.Which of thefollowing activities is most likely to occur in the informaleconomy?a) tourismb) housework* [Pg.20]c) loggingd) transportation services112. A disadvantage of using GDP per capita as a measure of economic developmentis the fact thatGDP per capita:a) reflects the wages of men only.b) does not take into account the number of children in a country.c) may hide intense disparities in income.* [Pg.20]d) is not commonly reported for about half the world’s nations.113. The amount that a local currency equivalent of U.S.$1 will purchase in a givencountry is a measure of:a)purchasing power parity.* [Pg.20]b) GDP per capita.c) the consumer price index.d) the size of the informal economy.114. Which of the following is an example of a transaction taking place in theinformal economy?a)acompany paying a payroll tax for each employeeb)agovernment agency offering a contract to the lowest bidderc)ahousekeeper who is paid in cash and does not report her income* [Pg.20]

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2717d)asmall U.S. company outsourcing tech support work to a company in India115. GDP per capita statistics may underestimate the role of women in the economybecause:a) GDPmeasures only men’s contribution to the economy.b)men are more likely to work “off the books” than women are.c) GDP does not take into account the earnings of immigrants.d)much of women’s work is unpaid or takes place in the informal economy.* [Pg.20]116. Which of the following is not part of the United Nations’ calculation of theHuman Development Index (HDI)?a) income adjusted to purchasing power parityb) life expectancy at birthc)percentage of GDP per capita spent on health care* [Pg.20]d) educational attainment of the population117. Whichworldregion ranksoveralllowest in GDP per capita?a) Middle and South Americab) Sub-Saharan Africa* [Pg.22]c) South Asiad) Oceania118. The efforts to improve present living standards in ways that will not jeopardizefuture generations fall under the general heading of:a) sustainable development.[Pg.22]b) economic development.c) world regional geography.d) human geography.119. The question most commonly asked by politicalecologists is:a) What is the best form of government for this particular country?b) How can the voting systems of this particular nation be improved?c) Who benefits most from economic development projects?* [Pg.22]d) How can a nationincrease its GDP per capita through educational initiatives?120.Which of the following conveys the meaning of the termsustainabledevelopment?a) the ability to generate ways of increasing economic growth that can bemaintained in the future

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2718b) the establishment of free markets through which each person has the ability toimprove his or her lifec) the endeavor to improve economic practices that provide only sporadic growthand wealth to individualsd) the effort to improve present standards of living without jeopardizing those offuture generations* [Pg. 22]121.Which of the following is NOT among the problems that arise from the use ofgross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of societal and human well-being?a)It overemphasizes social aspects of well-being at the expense of economicaspects.* [Pg.20]b)It does not reflect the distribution of wealth in a given population.c)It does not account for differences in purchasing power across the world.d)It does not include the goods and services produced in the informal economy.Short-Answer122. The process by which a society moves from extraction (mining and agriculture)through industrial production and services (including knowledge production) isknown as:Answer: development.[Pg.19]123. A synonym for an underdeveloped nation is a ______________ nation.Answer: developing [Pg.19]124.What type of resources are utilized by mining and agricultural practices?Answer:extractive resources [Pg.19]125.Production of goods andservices that is not officially recognized and is,therefore, not subject to taxation is said to occur in the _______ economy.Answer: informal [Pg. 20]126.What is the name for the measure of activity in a country’s formal economy?Answer:grossdomestic product (GDP) [Pg. 20]127.What does power purchasing parity (PPP) account for that GDP per capita doesnot?Answer:the cost of living in the region being measured [Pg. 20]

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2719128.Identify one problem with gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of well-being.Answer: (1) It can hide the distribution of wealth among the people in a givencountry;(2) it does not account for differences in purchasing power across theglobe;(3) it measures activity that occurs only in the formal economy;and (4) itignores other noneconomic aspects of development. [Pg. 20]129.What popular measure of well-being accounts for the value of all goods andservices produced in a country in a given year?Answer: gross domestic product (GDP) [Pg.19]130. Measures of ________________ offer a broader definition of development that goesbeyond mere economic numbers to consider the components of a healthy andsocially rewarding standard of living in a safe environment.Answer: human well-being [Pg. 20]131. TheUnited Nations defines ____________________________ as the effort to improvepresent living standards in ways that will not jeopardize those of future generations.Answer: sustainable development [Pg. 22]132. The geographers who study the interactions among development, politics,human well-being, and the environment are known as ____________________.Answer: political ecologists [Pg. 22]133.What term describes the process of improving present standards of livingwithout threatening those of future generations?Answer:sustainable development [Pg. 22]True-False134. As a society shifts from extractive activities to industrial and service activities,material standards of living tend to rise.Answer: TRUE [Pg.19]

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2720135. Development issynonymous with an increase in people’s well-being.Answer: FALSE [Pg.20]136.Extractive resources include brainpower and skills.Answer: FALSE [Pg.19]137.Production that occurs in the informal sector does not contribute to the taxrevenues of governments.Answer: TRUE [Pg.20]138. Suppose a Burger King Whopper costs $3.54 in the United States. TheNorwegian unit of currency is called the krona. If we estimate the cost of a Whopperin Norway at $3.54, we have used the concept of purchasing power parity to makethe comparison.Answer: TRUE [Pg.20]139. Suppose a Burger King Whopper costs $3.54 in the United States. TheNorwegian unit of currency is called the krona. If we estimate the cost of a Whopperin Norway at $3.54, we have used the concept of GDP per capita to make thecomparison.Answer: FALSE [Pg.20140. GDP per capita statistics take “off the books” and unpaid labor into account.Answer: FALSE [Pg.20]141. GDP per capita statistics take only work performed in the formal economy intoaccount.Answer: TRUE [Pg.20]142.The informal economy is insignificant in comparison to the formal economy,and may be safely ignored.Answer: FALSE [Pg.20]143.The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) considerseducation andlife expectancy in addition to income in determining the social well-being of aparticular population.

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2721Answer: TRUE [Pg.20]144. A nation’s GDP per capita reveals how quickly it is consuming its naturalresources.Answer: FALSE [Pg.20]145. Ecological footprint is a method for estimating how much biologicallyproductive land and sea are required to sustain a person.Answer: TRUE [Pg.22]146.Sustainable development is defined as the idea that improvements in presentstandards of living must not be made at the expense of future populations.Answer: TRUE [Pg. 22]FOODMultiple-Choice147. The development of food production has undergone a series of changes,starting with hunting and gathering;moving through labor-intensive, small-scaleagriculture;and moving on to ________________________________________ and organicfarming in the present day.a) large-scale commercial agriculture* [Pg.23]b)family farmsc) a stronger emphasis on meat and animal husbandryd) crop rotation148. Food security can be diminished by all of the followingEXCEPT:a) natural disasters.b) biotechnology and food engineering.* [Pg.24-26]c) economic disruptions.d) overproduction in rich countries.149. Which of the following isNOTa characteristic of the green revolution?a) genetically engineered seedsb) large, sophisticated farming machineryc) an emphasis on organic farming* [Pg.26]

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2722d) large tracts of land150. The number of people a given place cansupport sustainably is its:a) carrying capacity.* [Pg.26]b) sustainability index.c) food security.d) economic development index.151. The 2007 spike in world corn prices was brought about by:a) aswitch from corn production to wheat production.b)the increase in global prices of oil.c) speculationin alternative energysources.* [Pg.24]d)decreased demand for corn as a food staple.152.What is the term for farming that meets human needs without degrading ordepleting the environment?a) industrial agricultureb) plantation agriculturec) corporate agricultured) sustainable agriculture* [Pg. 27]153.At the global level, which of the following best explains the fact that aroundone-fifth of the world’s human population subsists on insufficient and inadequatediets?a)Extra food is produced but does not often get to those who need it.* [Pg. 27]b)Rapid population growth has outstripped increases in world food production.c)Environmental degradation has curtailed increases in world food production.d)World food production is insufficient due to the inefficiencies of socialism.154. Soil erosion is caused by all of the following factors,EXCEPT:a) overgrazing.b) genetic modification of seeds.* [Pg.26]c) deforestation.d) overuse of agricultural chemicals.155. There is concern regarding the use of GM crops because all of the followingEXCEPT:a) GM crops could cause catastrophic crop failure.b) GM seeds are much more expensive than traditional seed.c) GM crops could cause unintended ecological damage.

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2723d) GM seeds are widely used in Europe.*[Pg. 27]Short-Answer156. The _________________________ refers to the rise of modern agriculture based onlarge tracts of land, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and geneticallyengineered seeds.Answer: green revolution [Pg. 26]157. Farming that meets human needs without harming the environment ordepleting water and soil resources is called ___________________.Answer: sustainable agriculture [Pg. 27]158. The splicing together of genes from widely divergent crops to achieveparticular characteristics like drought resistance of high fruit yields is called_________________________________.Answer: genetic modification (GM) [Pg.27]True-False159.It is estimated that thecurrentglobal food production system, producing atcurrent rates,is adequate to support population projections for 2050.Answer: FALSE [Pg. 27]Essay160. Explain how the food security crisis began in 2007 and how the events of2008–2009 increased food prices across theglobe. What were the effects of theseevents on developing countries?Answer:A crisis in food security began to develop in 2007 when there was a spike inworld corn prices brought about by speculators in alternative energy. Thinking thatcorn would be an ideal raw material to make ethanol, they invested heavily in corn.As a result global corn prices rose beyond the reach of those who depended on cornas a dietary staple. Then, the sharp price rise in oil in 2008 and the recession of2008–2009 added about 17 percent to the cost of basic foods globally. When oilprices rise, all foods produced and transported with machines get more expensive.The global recession, started by rising oil prices but exacerbated by the global creditbubble, contributed to food shortages for the poor mostly because lost jobs meant

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2724remittances from migrant workers stopped; families no longer had money withwhich to buy food. These episodes all called into question food security and thesustainability of current food production systems. In the developing countriesfamily economies were so ruined that they stopped sending children to school, soldimportant assets, and went without food to the detriment of long-term health. UNstatistics, such as those related to the Millennium Development Goals show realreversals of progress in human well-being in 2007–2008.[Pg. 28]161. Agriculture made possible the amassing of surplus stores of food for lean times.It also had several negative consequences. Briefly discuss these consequences.[Pg.23-24]Answer:As groups turned to raising animals and plants for their own use or fortrade, more labor was needed. Populations expanded to meet this need and as moreresources were used to produce food, natural habitats were destroyed, and huntingand gathering were gradually abandoned. Through the study of human remains,archaeologists have learned of a previously unrecognized consequence of thedevelopment of agriculture. At some times and in some places, the nutritionalquality of human diets may actually have declined as people stopped eating diversewild plants and animals and began to eat primarily one or two species ofdomesticated plants and, perhaps, less meat. Another consequence was that thestorage of food surpluses not only made it possible to trade food, as we havementioned, but also made it possible for people to live together in largerconcentrations, which then facilitated the spread of disease. Moreover, land clearingincreased erosion and vulnerability to drought and other natural disasters thatcould wipe out an entire harvest. Thus, as ever-larger populations depended solelyon cultivated food crops, episodic famine actually became more common.URBANIZATIONMultiple-Choice162. What percentage ofEarth’s population now lives in cities?a) 10percentb) 25percentc) 50percent* [Pg.27]d. 65percent163. The push/pull phenomenon of urbanization pushes people out of __________ andpulls them into _______________.a) rural areas;cities* [Pg.27]

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2725b) farms;manufacturingc) singlehood;parenthoodd) one country;a different country164. All of the following are synonyms for shantytownsEXCEPT:a) hutments.b) favelas.c) barrios.d) peripheries.* [Pg.28]165. In a large city, wealthy residents are most likely to live in:a) the outskirts.b) the industrial district.c) the waterfront.d) the core.* [Pg.28]166. All of the following are characteristics of shantytowns,EXCEPT:a)they are built from any available materials.b)they are found at the core of a city.* [Pg.28]c)they usually lack utilities.d)educational opportunities are few.167. The best term to describe life in a favela would be:a) crowded.* [Pg.28]b) affluent.c) peaceful.d) convenient.168. All of the following cities are home to the “new” middle class of educated urbanresidents,EXCEPTfor:a) Cape Town, South Africa.b) Mumbai, India.c)Shanghai, China.d) Mexico City, Mexico.* [Pg.28]Short-Answer169. Two synonyms for shantytown are _____________ and ___________________.

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2726Answer: slum, barrio, favela, hutment, ghetto, tent village [Pg.28]True-False170. The wealthiest area of a city tends to be the oldest part of the city.Answer: TRUE [Pg.28]171. Poor migrants tocities usually find themselves living in a favela or tent village.Answer: TRUE [Pg.27]172.Over a billion people worldwide live in urban slums.Answer:TRUE[Pg.28]Essay173. Describe how shantytowns arise and how they are different from thecity core.Briefly describe how people in shantytowns live.Answer:The most rapidly growing cities are in developing countries in Middle andSouth America, Africa, and in many parts of Asia. Because of the large numbers andpoverty of the newcomers, these cities have not been able to provide the necessaryhousing and services for healthy living. The result is a particular settlement patternthat is indicative both of the rapid growth and of the disparity of wealth amongurban dwellers. Typically,a city sprawls out from a small affluent core, often theoldest part, where there are upscale businesses, fine old buildings, banks, shoppingcenters, and the upper-class residences of several thousand people. Surroundingthese elite landscapes are millions of poor living in vast stretches of slums (alsocalled barrios, favelas, hutments, shanty towns, ghettos, tent villages) that are builtout of any materials the residents can commandeer: cardboard, corrugated metal,masonry, scraps of wood,and plastic. There are no building codes, no organizedprovision of utilities (electricity may be pirated from the municipal grid), noplumbing and sewers, or clean water, far too few schools, and only informalnonscheduled transport services. People may be sleeping on the street just a fewblocks from soaring modern skyscrapers. In these circumstances, millions strugglethrough everyday life to provide for themselves and their families. Violent gangs ofyoung men may assert control in some such settlements, yet remarkably, in manythere are examples of self-initiated community development efforts. In someinstances even recently arrived migrants have successfully lobbied localgovernments for social support services, such as job training, day care centers, andmedical care.[Pg. 28]

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2727GLOBALIZATIONMultiple-Choice174. An early example of globalization: In the British Caribbean colonies, slavesfrom ___________ wore garments made of cloth woven in _____________ from cottongrown in __________________.a)Madagascar;India;the United Statesb) the American South;the American North;Indiac) Africa;England;India* [Pg.31]d) Africa;Ireland,;the United States175. The key players in the global economy today are:a) developing nations.b)multinational corporations.* [Pg.31]c)countries once a part of the Soviet Union.d) the European Union and Russia.176. What is the key goal of multinational corporations?a) the development of world tradeb) environmental protectionc) increased employment in host countriesd) profit* [Pg.31]177.What institution initiated the expansion of long-distance trade?a) colonial system* [Pg. 30]b) transnational corporationsc) free trade blocsd) investment banks178.Which of the following is true concerning multinational corporations?a)They replace free trade blocs as the key institution in the development of theglobal economy.b)They design systems that utilize highly skilled, highly paid labor resources.c)They possess the ability toinfluence the political affairs in countries where theyoperate.* [Pg. 31]d)They expand trade among cities within country borders while blockinginternational trade across borders.

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2728179.What mechanisms have national governments used to protect their economiesand industries from foreign competition?a) tariffs and import quotas* [Pg. 32]b) free trade blocsc) increasing the value of their currencyd) antitrust laws180.Which of the following statements would a free trade advocate make?a)Strict import quotas decrease the variety of choices for consumers.* [Pg. 32]b)Higher tariffs encourage more efficient production processes.c)Higher tariffs encourage the production of higher-quality goods.d)Import quotas lower the prices consumers must pay for goods.181.Which of the following organizations is a regional trade bloc?a)United Nations (UN)b)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)c)International Monetary Fund (IMF)d)Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)* [Pg. 32]182. The term __________ refers to the unrestricted international exchange of goods,services, and capital.a) gross domestic productb) food securityc) globalizationd) free trade* [Pg.32]183. Governments seek to protect their industries from foreign competition throughall of the following policiesEXCEPT:a) tariffs.b) trade restrictions.c) import quotas.d) free trade agreements.* [Pg.32]184. The key goal of an import quota is to:a) protect domestic industries from foreign competition.* [Pg.32]b) stimulate free trade.c) encourage the development of favelas.d) tax imported goods.185. Which of the following isNOTa regional trade bloc?

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2729a)League of Nations* [Pg.32]b) Mercosurc)ASEANd) the European Union186. Arguments in favor of free trade include all of the following exceptfree trade:a) lowers prices.b) gives consumers more options.c) providesjob opportunities.d) benefits developing nations more than developed nations.* [Pg.32]187. The mission of the World Trade Organization is to:a) establish ground rules for international trade and lower trade barriers.* [Pg.32]b) work with the United Nations to bring trade to developing nations.c) increase import quotas while lowering tariffs.d) develop a trading bloc to rival the European Union.188. All of the following make loans to countries that need money to pay foreconomic development projects,EXCEPT:a) Mercosur.* [Pg.32]b) International Monetary Fund.c) World Bank.d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.189. Arguments against free trade include all of the followingEXCEPTfree trade:a) leads to job loss in more developed countries.b)causes greater migration from wealthy countries to developing countries.* [Pg.33]c) leads to an increase in global wealth disparity.d) causescompanies to manufacture products in countries without environmentalregulations in order to lower costs.190. Which of the following isNOTa result of fair trade policies?a) elimination of profits for intermediaries/middlemenb) improvedworking conditions for laborersc) increased investor profits* [Pg.33]d) living wages for workersShort-Answer

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2730191.What is the name for companies that operate across international boundariesand are influential in the political and economic affairs of the countries in whichthey operate?Answer:multinational corporations [Pg. 33]192.Name two mechanisms cited in the textbook that nations use to protect theireconomies against foreign competition.Answer:tariffs and import quotas [Pg. 32]193.What term is used to describe an association of neighboring countries based ona free trade agreement, such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia?Answer:regional trade bloc [Pg. 32]194.As cited in the textbook, name a regional trade bloc that exists today.Answer: NAFTA, EU, ASEAN [Pg. 32]195. Taxes imposed on imported goods are called _______________.Answer: tariffs [Pg. 32]196. ___________________ set limits on the amount of a given good that may be importedover a set period of time.Answer:Import quotas [Pg. 32]197. The Southern Common Market is also known as ___________________.Answer: Mercosur [Pg. 32]198. In response to the criticisms of SAPs, the World Bank and the IMF havereplaced SAPs with _____________________________.Answer: poverty reduction strategy papers, or PRSPs [Pg. 33]199. An alternative to free trade, ____________________ seeks to provide a fair price toproducers and to uphold environmental and safety standards in the workplace.Answer: fair trade [Pg. 33]200.What is the term for wages that support a minimum healthy life?Answer:living wages [Pg. 33]

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