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World Regional Geography without Subregions: Global Patterns, Local Lives Sixth Edition Solution Manual

World Regional Geography without Subregions: Global Patterns, Local Lives Sixth Edition Solution Manual gives you the answers you need, explained in a simple and clear way.

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    27 1 CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHY: AN EXPLORATION OF CONNECTIONS INTRODUCTION Multiple - Choice 1. Central to the study of geography are the questions ________ and ________. a) who ; when b)why ; how c) where ; why * [ Pg. 2 ] d)how many ; when 2. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of geographical analysis? a) spatial analysis b) multiple scales of analysis c) cartography d) lithography*[Pg. 2] 3. Which of the following is NOT an example of a geographic inquiry? a) How did a group of people come to occupy a particular place? b) How have people modified the physical aspects of a place to suit their needs? c) How have people contributed to a particular environmental problem? d) All of the above are examples of geographical inquiry.*[Pg.3] 4 . Geography as a discipline links the _________________ with the _____________________. a) city ; state b) physical sciences ; social sciences* [Pg. 3 ] c) study of biology ; study of sociology d) people ; government 5 . Lines of longitude are also known as: a) meridians . * [Pg. 4 ] b) parallels . c) poles . d) positional lines . 6. Which of the following refers to the relationship between the distances shown on the map and the actual distances on E arth’s surface? a) s cale* [Pg. 4 ]

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    27 2 b) s patial analysis c) c artography d) r egional geography 7. Which of the following terms refers to the study of how people, objects, or ideas are, or are not, related to one another across space? a) r egional geography b) p hysical geography c) c artography d) s patial analysis* [Pg. 2 ] 8. Which of the following terms refers to the making of maps? a) s cale b) s patial analysis c) c artography* [Pg. 2 ] d) r egional geography 9 . The prime meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through: a) New York City, USA . b) Berlin, Germany . c) London, England . d) Greenwich, England . * [Pg. 4 ] 10 . Through which ocean does the longitude line at 180° run? a) Atlantic b) Pacific* [Pg. 5 ] c) Indian d) Arctic 11 . The globe is divided into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at the: a) International Date Line . b) equator . * [Pg. 5 ] c) Tropic of Cancer . d) Tropic of Capricorn . 12 . Cartographers solve the problem of showing the spherical E arth on a flat piece of paper by using: a) lines of latitude . b) projections . * [Pg. 5 ]

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    27 3 c) globes instead of flat maps . d) degrees, minutes, and seconds . 13 . To fit the spherical E arth onto a flat map, a Mercator projection: a) flattens the E arth like an orange peel . b) shows lines of longitud e curving up toward the poles . c) stretches out the poles, depicting them with lines equal to the length of the equator . * [Pg. 5 ] d) perfectly represents the shapes of landmasses . 14. All of the following describe GISc EXCEPT : a) GISc is so highly specialized it ’ s often criticized for having limited applicability to other disciplines.*[Pg. 5] b) GISc has been adopted as a tool by both corporations and government entities. c) GISc refers to the body of science that supports spatial analysis technologies and tools such as GIS (geographic information systems) . 15. Which of the following terms refers to the unit of E arth’s surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features or of human activities? a) p lace b) s pace c) r egion* [Pg. 9 ] d) s cale 1 6 . In defining a region, geographers might take into account all of the following factors EXCEPT: a) political boundaries . b) physical characteristics . c) cultural characteristics . d) literary history . * [Pg. 11 ] Short - Answer 1 7 . The study of how people, objects, or ideas are related to one another across space is called: Answer: s patial analysis . [Pg. 2 ] 1 8 . The making of maps is called: Answer: c artography . [Pg. 2 ]

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    27 4 19 . The calendar day officially begins when midnight falls at the: Answer: I nternational D ate L ine . [Pg. 5 ] 2 0 . The different ways of modeling the spherical shape of the Earth on flat paper are called : Answer: map projection s . [Pg. 5 ] 2 1 . What concept is used to identify an area of E arth’s surface that contains distinct patterns of human or physical activity or features? Answer: r egion [Pg. 9 ] True - False 2 2 . Lines of longitude on a map run from pole to pole. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 4 ] 2 3 . Lines of longitude are also known as meridians. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 4 ] 2 4 . Lines of longitude are also known as parallels. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 4 ] 2 5 . Spatial analysis is the art and science of making maps. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 2 ] 2 6 . Lines of longitude (also called meridians) run from pole to pole; lines of latitude (also called parallels) run parallel to the equator. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 4 ] 2 7 . A ll projections entail some distortion. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 5 ] 2 8 . Lines of latitude run around E arth parallel to the equator. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 4 ]

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    27 5 29 . Lines of latitude are also known as meridians. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 4 ] 3 0 . Lines of latitude are also known as parallels. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 4 ] 3 1 . In a Robinson projection, the shapes of landmasses are slightly distorted. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 5 ] 3 2 . A map is by definition an unbiased view of the world. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 5 ] 3 3 . Most regions, as defined by geographers, have well - defined boundaries. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 9 ] 3 4 . In the textbook, the argument is made that the boundaries between regions are rarely, if ever, distinct and certain. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 9 ] 3 5 . Ge o graphers like to use “region” as a conceptual model because it offers a reasonable way to divide the world into manageable parts. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 11] 3 6 . When using the phrase “scale of analysis ,” geographers are always referring to the relative size of an area. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 12 ] 3 7 . Most world regions are defined by the same set of indicators. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 9] Matching 3 8 . GISc [a] [Pg.5] 39 . p hysical g eography [d] [Pg. 3] 4 0 . h uman g eography [c] [Pg.3] 4 1 . c artography [b] [Pg.2]

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    27 6 a ) spatial analysis technologies b) m aps c) human impacts on the physical environment d) Earth’s physical processes 4 2 . the space where an individual lives or works [c] [Pg. 11] 4 3 . the entire world as a single unified area [e] [Pg. 11] 4 4 . unit contain ing distinct patterns of physical features or human development [ b] [Pg. 9] 4 5 . encompassing the regions of the world [d] [Pg. 11] 4 6 . arrangement of phenomena across Earth’s surface [a] [Pg. 3] a) spatial distribution b) region c) local scale d) world regional scale e) global scale Essay 4 7 . Briefly define region and discuss one problem posed by the use of the concept. [Pg. 9 ] Answer: The region is a unit of E arth’s surface defined by a distinct pattern of physical features or human development. One problem with the use of this concept is that different regions are defined by different sets of characteristics, making it difficult to compare any region with another. Furthermore, it is conceivable that parts of one region may be parts of others. This leads to a second problem. Boundaries between regions are quite fuzzy and always debatable. One does not experience the difference between two regions by simply crossing a conceived boundary. It is a difference that likely occurs gradually over space, making regions appear as if they overlap or that there are gaps between them. POPULATION Multiple - Choice 4 8 . The study of the growth and decline of the numbers of people on E arth, their distribution across E arth’s surface, age and sex distributions, and migration patterns is the study of: a) population . * [Pg. 1 2 ]

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    27 7 b) demographics . c) statistics . d) world regional geography . 49 . Between 1945 and 2009, E arth’s population: a) roughly doubled . b) roughly tripled . * [Pg. 1 2 ] c) remained mostly constant . d) decreased dramatically . 5 0 . Death rates remained high for most of human history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT : a) hygienic waste and sewage systems . * [Pg. 1 2 ] b) fluctuating food availability . c) disease . d) natural disasters and hazards . 5 1 . In 2009 , E arth’s population was approximately: a) 1.7 billion . b) 5.5 billion . c) 7 billion . * [Pg. 1 2 ] d) 7.8 billion . 5 2 . Several African countries are experiencing sharply lowered life expectancies due to: a) tuberculosis . b) malaria . c) dengue fever . d) HIV/AIDS . * [Pg. 1 3 ] 5 3 . In some of the countries of Central Europe, the population is aging and declining due to: a) migration to other nations . b) low birth and death rates . * [Pg. 1 3 ] c) HIV/AIDS . d) a large increase in the number of unmarried persons . 5 4 . Most of E arth’s population lives between ___ latitude and ___ latitude. a) 20°N ; 60°N* [Pg. 1 3 ] b) 30°N ; 50°N

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    27 8 c) 20°S ; 60°N d) 15°S ; 80°N 5 5 . Which of the following relationships is accounted for in the rate of natural increase? a) b irth rates and death rates in a given population* [Pg. 1 3 ] b) i mmigrants and emigrants to and from a given population c) d eath of infants per 1000 born d) n ewborn infants and migrants added to a population in a given year 5 6 . Which of the following is reflected in a population pyramid that narrows toward the top? a) Most people in that population are very young. b) Most people in that population die before they reach old age.* [Pg. 1 4 ] c) Most people in that population are in middle age. d) Most infants in that population die before they reach adulthood. 5 7 . Suppose that a country has a birth rate of 31 per 1000, and a death rate of 4 per 1000. This country’s rate of natural increase is: a) 12 % . b) 26 % . c) 1 . 2 % . c) 2. 7 % . * [Pg. 13] 5 8 . Suppose that Country A has a TFR of 4.5 and Country B has a TFR of 1.3. Which statement best summarizes the population trend in these countries? a) There is a higher birth rate in Country B than in Country A. b) More people are migrating from Country A than from Country B. c) The rate of natural increase in Country A is higher than in Country B. d) More babies are being born in Country A than in Country B.* [Pg. 1 3 ] 59 . Suppose that a country’s population pyramid is truly pyramid shaped, with a wide band at the bottom and a much narrower band at the top. What is the best description of the population of this country? a) There are many more women than men in the country. b) There are many more very young people than very old people in the country.* [Pg. 1 4 ] c) The country’s total fertility rate is probably about 1.5. d) The country is experiencing a low rate of migration.

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    27 9 6 0 . Which of the following measures indicates the total value of all goods and services recognized as produced in a country during a given year? a) Human Development Index b) g ross national income * [Pg. 1 5 ] c) World Trade Income d) Economic Growth Index 6 1 . Which is NOT a possible explanation for gender imbalance in a population pyramid? a) Females are genetically more likely to occur.* [Pg. 1 5 ] b) In most wars, more males are killed than females. c) In developed countries, females live 5 years longer than males. d) In countries with a cultural preference for males, females do not receive sufficient nutrition or health care. 6 2 . Which of the following typically occurs with the shift from a subsistence to a cash economy? a) Education becomes less important to one’s income - earning potential. b) Birth rates increase because parents can support more children. c) Young children become an economic drain on the family.* [Pg. 17 ] d) Children are increasingly depended on to provide care for the elderly. 6 3 . A country is undergoing a demographic transition. This mean that the country: a) i s moving to a greater population imbalance between men and women . b) i s moving from a pre - literate society to a literate society . c) i s moving from high birth and death rates to much lower birth and death rates . * [Pg. 16 ] d) i s experiencing major population loss as a result of migration . 6 4 . A country is moving from a subsistence economy to a cash economy. This movement is most likely accompanied by all of the following, EXCEPT: a) greater need for skilled workers . b) a better health - care system . c) lower birth rates . d) lower costs of education . * [Pg. 17 ] Short - Answer 6 5 . In 20 11 , E arth’s population was approximately how many billions of people? Answer: 7 [Pg. 1 2 ]

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    27 10 6 6 . What was the approximate human population on E arth in 20 11 ? Answer: 7 billion [Pg. 1 2 ] 6 7 . What measure accounts for the relationship between births and deaths during a year in a given population? Answer: r ate of natural increase or growth rate [Pg. 1 3 ] 6 8 . The relationship between the birth rate and the death rate, without regard to the effects of migration, is known as the: Answer: rate of natural increase (RNI) . [Pg. 1 3 ] 69 . The rate of natural increase is also known as the: Answer: growth rate . [Pg. 1 3 ] 7 0 . The term used to describe the average number of children a woman in a country is likely to have during her reproductive years is: Answer: total fertility rate (TFR) . [Pg. 1 3 ] 7 1 . A graph that depicts a country’s age and sex structures is called a: Answer: population pyramid . [Pg. 1 4 ] 7 2 . A common measure of a country’s economic output, defined as the total production of goods and services in a country divided by the country’s population, is known as: Answer: gross national income (GNI) per capita . [Pg. 1 9 ] 7 3 . Demographers use population pyramids to analyze what two structures of a given population? Answer: t he age and sex structures [Pg. 1 4 ] 7 4 . What is one possible explanation for imbalances in gender worldwide? Answer: t he preference for male children [Pg. 1 5 ] 7 5 . How does the rate of reproduction change in a population that goes through the demographic transition?

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    27 11 Answer: It declines. [Pg. 16 ] True - False 7 6 . Overall, as of 20 11 , the rate of population growth is slowing globally. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 12 ] 7 7 . Nearly 90 percent of E arth’s population lives north of the equator. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 3 ] 7 8 . In general, people tend to live where resources such as food and water are available. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 3 ] 79 . A country has a growth rate of zero when its birth rate and death rate are equal. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 3 ] 8 0 . The rate of natural increase measures the growth of a population including in - migration and out - migration figures. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 1 3 ] 8 1 . As education rates for women increase, total fertility rates tend to decrease. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 3 ] 8 2 . As education rates for women increase, total fertility rates also tend to increase. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 1 3 ] 8 3 . The population pyramid for a population that is getting younger would be wider at the bottom than at the top. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 4 ] 8 4 . The normal ratio worldwide is about 95 females born for every 100 males. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 5 ] 8 5 . Regions with slow population growth tend to be more affluent.

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    27 12 Answer: TRUE [Pg. 1 5 ] 8 6 . The shift from high reproductive rates to low reproductive rates in a country’s population is known as the demographic transition. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 16 ] 8 7 . The birth rates in societies that have experienced a shift from a subsistence - based to cash - based economy tend to rise because couples in the latter economy are able to generate sufficient wealth to support more children. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 17 ] 8 8 . Subsistence economies are more likely to have good health care than cash economies. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 17 ] Essay 89 . Explain why couples living in subsistence agriculture - based societies, despite being cash poor, often choose to have several children. [Pg. 15 - 16 ] Answer: In such societies where most work is done by hand, the births of additional children mean more potential labor. Children also contribute to the well - being of the family by supporting and providing care for their aging parents and other elderly relatives, in other words, a type of social security that is otherwise not available to the elderly. GENDER Multiple - Choice 9 0 . ______ refers to the biological category of male or female, while ____ refers to the differences between the sexes as defined by a particular social group. a) Gender ; sex b) Sex ; gender* [Pg. 17 ] c) Sex ; discrimination d) Gender ; sex roles 9 1 . In nearly all societies, families prefer boys over girls. This is true for all of the following reasons EXCEPT boys :

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    27 13 a) are easier to raise and considered more easy - going . * [Pg. 17 ] b) will have greater earning capacity as adults . c) will perpetuate the family name . d) will have more social power as adults . 9 2 . An unintended effect of a society’s preference for boys over girls can be: a) fewer artists in the society . b) a loss of family traditions . c) a weakened educational system . d) a shortage of marriageable women . * [Pg. 17 ] 9 3 . The leading cause of death among girls between the ages of 15 – 19 worldwide is: a) food poisoning . b) lack of drinking water . c) pregnancy . * [Pg. 17 ] d) heart disease . 9 4 . The “double day” refers to a situation in which: a) p eople work a full - time job, then “moonlight” at a part - time job . b) m en work longer hours to impress the boss/management . c) y oung people go to school and then work part - time at night . d) w omen work a day job but retain their household duties . * [Pg. 18 ] 9 5 . In a country with traditional gender roles, men are more likely to serve as ____________ while women serve as ________________. a) government leaders, ; farmers b) executives ; homemakers* [Pg. 17 ] c) farmers ; hunters d) caregivers ; farmers 9 6 . Wh ich of the following best describes the gender hypothesis? a) Women who give birth at a young age make better grandmothers than women who give birth later in life. b) Women who have grandmothers in the home are more successful at childrearing. c) Children raised by their grandmother are more likely to receive higher levels of education. d) Midlife menopause provides an evolutionary advantage by giving women no longer able to bare children time and energy to help succeeding generations thrive.*[Pg. 18]

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    27 14 9 7 . Which of the following is NOT a positive “ripple effect” of developing countries investing more resources in the education of females? a) Educated women are more likely to migrate to another country . * [Pg. 19 ] b) The children of educated women are more likely to finish secondary school . c) The children of educated women are healthier . d) Educated women have fewer children, which helps the family financi ally . Short - Answer 9 8 . The notion that menopause in midlife gives women the time, energy, and freedom to help succeeding generations thrive is known as the: Answer: grandmother hypothesis . [Pg. 18 ] 99 . In most societies across the globe, what gender group is usually expected to fulfill public roles from governmental officials to animal herders? Answer: m ales [Pg. 17 ] True - False 10 0 . Gender roles that designate females as second - class citizens are rare in societies outside of North America. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 17 ] 10 1 . Sex refers to the biological category of male or female, while gender indicates how a particular social group defines the differences between the sexes. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 17 ] 10 2 . On average, males start work at a younger age than females and work longer hours than females. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 18 ] 10 3 . In most societies for most of history, men have been expected to play public roles and women have been expected to play private roles. ANSWER: TRUE [Pg. 17 ] Essay

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    27 15 10 4 . Discuss how the gender roles that persist in societies across the globe have affected women's access to education and wealth (income). [Pg. 17 - 18 ] Answer: Although there are differences in degree, in societies throughout the world women are seen as inferior to, and servants of, men. This has translated into a general expectation that men will fulfill public roles, such as corporate executives, lawyers, politicians, or civil servants, and that women will fulfill private roles, such as household management, child and elderly care, meal preparation, and some local errands. Confined to such private roles, females have little access to education and paid employment, or wealth. DEVELOPMENT Multiple - Choice 10 5 . Which of the following is NOT an extractive resource? a) mineral ores b) timber c) plants d) automobiles* [Pg. 19 ] 10 6 . All of the following are sectors of the economy EXCEPT for: a) extraction . b) industrial production . c) education . * [Pg. 19 ] d) services . 10 7 . Developing nations are usually characterized by __________________ economies, while developed nations are usually characterized by the presence of ______________________ industries. a) agricultural ; service* [Pg. 19 ] b) industrial ; service c) service ; agricultural d) industrial ; knowledge - based 10 8 . Development may decrease human well - being by: a) increasing personal income . b) having negative effects on the environment . * [Pg. 22 ] c) causing increased migration .

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    27 16 d) leading to higher rates of infant mortality . 1 09 . Which of the following is NOT an example of a human resource ? a) a body of knowledge b) brainpower and analytical thinking c) skills such as building and design d) steel * [Pg. 19 ] 11 0 . In which sector of the economy is agriculture? a) e xtraction* [Pg. 19 ] b) i ndustrial production c) e xchange d) s ervice 11 1 . Which of the following activities is most likely to occur in the informal economy? a) t ourism b) h ousework* [Pg. 20 ] c) l ogging d) t ransportation services 11 2 . A disadvantage of using GDP per capita as a measure of economic development is the fact that GDP per capi t a : a) reflects the wages of men only . b) does not take into account the number of children in a country . c) may hide intense disparities in income . * [Pg. 20 ] d) is not commonly reported for about half the world’s nations. 11 3 . The amount that a local currency equivalent of U.S.$1 will purchase in a given country is a measure of: a) p urchasing power parity . * [Pg. 2 0 ] b) GDP per capita . c) the consumer price index . d) the size of the informal economy . 11 4 . Which of the following is an example of a transaction taking place in the informal economy? a) a company paying a payroll tax for each employee b) a government agency offering a contract to the lowest bidder c) a housekeeper who is paid in cash and does not report her income* [Pg. 20 ]

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    27 17 d) a small U.S. company outsourcing tech support work to a company in India 11 5 . GDP per capita statistics may underestimate the role of women in the economy because: a) GDP measures only men’s contribution to the economy . b) m en are more likely to work “off the books” than women are . c) GDP does not take into account the earnings of immigrants . d) m uch of women’s work is unpaid or takes place in the informal economy . * [Pg. 20 ] 11 6 . Which of the following is not part of the United Nations’ calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI)? a) income adjusted to purchasing power parity b) life expectancy at birth c) percentage of GDP per capita spent on health care* [Pg. 2 0 ] d) educational attainment of the population 11 7 . Which world region ranks overall lowest in GDP per capita? a) Middle and South America b) Sub - Saharan Africa* [Pg. 2 2 ] c) South Asia d) Oceania 11 8 . The efforts to improve present living standards in ways that will not jeopardize future generations fall under the general heading of: a) sustainable development . [Pg. 2 2 ] b) economic development . c) world regional geography . d) human geography . 1 19 . The question most commonly asked by political ecologists is: a) What is the best form of government for this particular country? b) How can the voting systems of this particular nation be improved? c) Who benefits most from economic development projects?* [Pg. 2 2 ] d) How can a nation increase its GDP per capita through educational initiatives? 12 0 . Which of the following conveys the meaning of the term sustainable development ? a) t he ability to generate ways of increasing economic growth that can be maintained in the future

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    27 18 b) t he establishment of free markets through which each person has the ability to improve his or her life c) t he endeavor to improve economic practices that provide only sporadic growth and wealth to individuals d) t he effort to improve present standards of living without jeopardizing those of future generations* [Pg. 2 2 ] 12 1 . Which of the following is NOT among the problems that arise from the use of gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of societal and human well - being? a) It overemphasizes social aspects of well - being at the expense of economic aspects.* [Pg. 20 ] b) It does not reflect the distribution of wealth in a given population. c) It does not account for differences in purchasing power across the world. d) It does not include the goods and services produced in the informal economy. Short - Answer 12 2 . The process by which a society moves from extraction (mining and agriculture) through industrial production and services (including knowledge production) is known as: Answer: development . [Pg. 19 ] 12 3 . A synonym for an underdeveloped nation is a ______________ nation. Answer: developing [Pg. 19 ] 1 2 4 . What type of resources are utilized by mining and agricultural practices? Answer: e xtractive resources [Pg. 19 ] 12 5 . Production of goods and services that is not officially recognized and is, therefore, not subject to taxation is said to occur in the _______ economy. Answer: informal [Pg. 2 0 ] 12 6 . What is the name for the measure of activity in a country’s formal economy? Answer: g ross domestic product (GDP) [Pg. 2 0 ] 12 7 . What does power purchasing parity (PPP) account for that GDP per capita does not? Answer: t he cost of living in the region being measured [Pg. 2 0 ]

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    27 19 12 8 . Identify one problem with gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of well - being. Answer: (1) It can hide the distribution of wealth among the people in a given country ; (2) it does not account for differences in purchasing power across the globe ; (3) it measures activity that occurs only in the formal economy ; and (4) it ignores other noneconomic aspects of development. [Pg. 2 0 ] 1 29 . What popular measure of well - being accounts for the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year? Answer: gross domestic product (GDP) [Pg. 19 ] 13 0 . Measures of ________________ offer a broader definition of development that goes beyond mere economic numbers to consider the components of a healthy and socially rewarding standard of living in a safe environment. Answer: human well - being [Pg. 2 0 ] 13 1 . The United Nations defines ____________________________ as the effort to improve present living standards in ways that will not jeopardize those of future generations. Answer: sustainable development [Pg. 2 2 ] 13 2 . The geographers who study the interactions among development, politics, human well - being, and the environment are known as ____________________. Answer: political ecologists [Pg. 2 2 ] 13 3 . What term describes the process of improving present standards of living without threatening those of future generations? Answer: s ustainable development [Pg. 2 2 ] True - False 13 4 . As a society shifts from extractive activities to industrial and service activities, material standards of living tend to rise. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 19 ]

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    27 20 13 5 . Development is synonymous with an increase in people’s well - being. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 20 ] 13 6 . Extractive resources include brainpower and skills. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 19 ] 13 7 . Production that occurs in the informal sector does not contribute to the tax revenues of governments. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 20 ] 13 8 . Suppose a Burger King Whopper costs $3.54 in the United States. The Norwegian unit of currency is called the krona. If we estimate the cost of a Whopper in Norway at $3.54, we have used the concept of purchasing power parity to make the comparison. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 20 ] 1 39 . Suppose a Burger King Whopper costs $3.54 in the United States. The Norwegian unit of currency is called the krona. If we estimate the cost of a Whopper in Norway at $3.54, we have used the concept of GDP per capita to make the comparison. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 20 14 0 . GDP per capita statistics take “off the books” and unpaid labor into account. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 20 ] 14 1 . GDP per capita statistics take only work performed in the formal economy into account. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 20 ] 14 2 . The informal economy is insignificant in comparison to the formal economy, and may be safely ignored. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 20 ] 14 3 . The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) considers education and life expectancy in addition to income in determining the social well - being of a particular population.

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    27 21 Answer: TRUE [Pg. 20 ] 14 4 . A nation’s GDP per capita reveals how quickly it is consuming its natural resources. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 20 ] 14 5 . Ecological footprint is a method for estimating how much biologically productive land and sea are required to sustain a person. Answer: TRUE [Pg.22] 14 6 . Sustainable development is defined as the idea that improvements in present standards of living must not be made at the expense of future populations. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 2 2 ] FOOD Multiple - Choice 14 7 . The development of food production has undergone a series of changes, star ting with hunting and gathering; moving through labor - int ensive, small - scale agriculture; and moving on to ________________________________________ and organic farming in the present day. a) large - scale commercial agriculture* [Pg. 2 3 ] b) family farms c) a stronger emphasis on meat and animal husbandry d) crop rotation 14 8 . Food security can be diminished by all of the following EXCEPT : a) natural disasters . b) biotechnology and food engineering . * [Pg. 24 - 26 ] c) economic disruptions . d) overproduction in rich countries . 1 49 . Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the green revolution? a) genetically engineered seeds b) large, sophisticated farming machinery c) an emphasis on organic farming* [Pg. 2 6 ]

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    27 22 d) large tracts of land 15 0 . The number of people a given place can support sustainably is its : a) carrying capacity . * [Pg. 2 6 ] b) sustainability index . c) food security . d) economic development index . 15 1 . The 2007 spike in world corn prices was brought about by : a) a switch from corn production to wheat production . b) the increase in global prices of oil . c) speculation in alternative energy sources . * [Pg. 2 4 ] d) decreased demand for corn as a food staple . 15 2 . What is the term for farming that meets human needs without degrading or depleting the environment? a) i ndustrial agriculture b) p lantation agriculture c) c orporate agriculture d) s ustainable agriculture* [Pg. 2 7 ] 15 3 . At the global level, which of the following best explains the fact that around one - fifth of the world’s human population subsists on insufficient and inadequate diets? a) Extra food is produced but does not often get to those who need it.* [Pg. 2 7 ] b) Rapid population growth has outstripped increases in world food production. c) Environmental degradation has curtailed increases in world food production. d) World food production is insufficient due to the inefficiencies of socialism. 15 4 . Soil erosion is caused by all of the following factors, EXCEPT : a) overgrazing . b) genetic modification of seeds . * [Pg. 26 ] c) deforestation . d) overuse of agricultural chemicals . 15 5 . There is concern regarding the use of GM crops because all of the following EXCEPT : a) GM crops could cause catastrophic crop failure . b) GM seeds are much more expensive than traditional seed . c) GM crops could cause unintended ecological damage .

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    27 23 d) GM seeds are widely used in Europe.*[Pg. 27] Short - Answer 15 6 . The _________________________ refers to the rise of modern agriculture based on large tracts of land, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds. Answer: green revolution [Pg. 2 6 ] 15 7 . Farming that meets human needs without harming the environment or depleting water and soil resources is called ___________________. Answer: sustainable agriculture [Pg. 2 7 ] 15 8 . The splicing together of genes from widely divergent crops to achieve particular characteristics like drought resistance of high fruit yields is called _________________________________. Answer: genetic modification (GM) [Pg. 27 ] True - False 1 59 . It is estimated that t he current global food production system , producing at current rates, is adequate to support population projections for 2050. Answer: FALSE [Pg. 2 7 ] Essay 16 0 . Explain how the food security crisis began in 2007 and how the events of 2008 – 2009 increased food prices across the globe. What were the effects of these events on developing countries? Answer: A crisis in food security began to develop in 2007 when there was a spike in world corn prices brought about by speculators in alternative energy. Thinking that corn would be an ideal raw material to make ethanol, they invested heavily in corn. As a result global corn prices rose beyond the reach of those who depended on corn as a dietary staple. Then, the sharp price rise in oil in 2008 and the recession of 2008 – 2009 added about 17 percent to the cost of basic foods globally. When oil prices rise, all foods produced and transported with machines get more expensive. The global recession, started by rising oil prices but exacerbated by the global credit bubble, contributed to food shortages for the poor mostly because lost jobs meant

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    27 24 remittances from migrant workers stopped; families no longer had money with which to buy food. These episodes all called into question food security and the sustainability of current food production systems. In the developing countries family economies were so ruined that they stopped sending children to school, sold important assets, and went without food to the detriment of long - term health. UN statistics, such as those related to the Millennium Development Goals show real reversals of progress in human well - being in 2007 – 2008. [Pg. 28] 16 1 . Agriculture made possible the amassing of surplus stores of food for lean times. It also had several negative consequences. Briefly discuss these consequences. [Pg. 23 - 24] Answer: As groups turned to raising animals and plants for their own use or for trade, more labor was needed. Populations expanded to meet this need and as more resources were used to produce food, natural habitats were destroyed, and hunting and gathering were gradually abandoned. Through the study of human remains, archaeologists have learned of a previously unrecognized consequence of the development of agriculture. At some times and in some places, the nutritional quality of human diets may actually have declined as people stopped eating diverse wild plants and animals and began to eat primarily one or two species of domesticated plants and, perhaps, less meat. Another consequence was that the storage of food surpluses not only made it possible to trade food, as we have mentioned, but also made it possible for people to live together in larger concentrations, which then facilitated the spread of disease. Moreover, land clearing increased erosion and vulnerability to drought and other natural disasters that could wipe out an entire harvest. Thus, as ever - larger populations depended solely on cultivated food crops, episodic famine actually became more common. URBANIZATION Multiple - Choice 16 2 . What percentage of E arth’s population now lives in cities? a) 10 percent b) 25 percent c) 50 percent * [Pg. 27 ] d. 65 percent 16 3 . The push/pull phenomenon of urbanization pushes people out of __________ and pulls them into _______________. a) rural areas ; cities* [Pg. 27 ]

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    27 25 b) farms ; manufacturing c) singlehood ; parenthood d) one country ; a different country 16 4 . All of the following are synonyms for shantytowns EXCEPT : a) hutments . b) favelas . c) barrios . d) peripheries . * [Pg. 28 ] 16 5 . In a large city, wealthy residents are most likely to live in : a) the outskirts . b) the industrial district . c) the waterfront . d) the core . * [Pg. 28 ] 16 6 . All of the following are characteristics of shantytowns, EXCEPT : a) t hey are built from any available materials . b) t hey are found at the core of a city . * [Pg. 28 ] c) t hey usually lack utilities . d) e ducational opportunities are few . 16 7 . The best term to describe life in a favela would be: a) crowded . * [Pg. 28 ] b) affluent . c) peaceful . d) convenient . 16 8 . All of the following cities are home to the “new” middle class of educated urban residents, EXCEPT for: a) Cape Town, South Africa . b) Mumbai, India . c) Shanghai , China . d) Mexico City, Mexico . * [Pg. 28 ] Short - Answer 1 69 . Two synonyms for shantytown are _____________ and ___________________.

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    27 26 Answer: slum, barrio, favela, hutment, ghetto, tent village [Pg. 28 ] True - False 17 0 . The wealthiest area of a city tends to be the oldest part of the city. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 28 ] 17 1 . Poor migrants to cities usually find themselves living in a favela or tent village. Answer: TRUE [Pg. 27 ] 17 2 . Over a billion people worldwide live in urban slums . Answer: TRUE [Pg. 28 ] Essay 17 3 . Describe how shantytowns arise and how they are different from the city core. Briefly describe how people in shantytowns live. Answer: The most rapidly growing cities are in developing countries in Middle and South America, Africa, and in many parts of Asia. Because of the large numbers and poverty of the newcomers, these cities have not been able to provide the necessary housing and services for healthy living. The result is a particular settlement pattern that is indicative both of the rapid growth and of the disparity of wealth among urban dwellers. Typically , a city sprawls out from a small affluent core, often the oldest part, where there are upscale businesses, fine old buildings, banks, shopping centers, and the upper - class residences of several thousand people. Surrounding these elite landscapes are millions of poor living in vast stretches of slums (also called barrios, favelas, hutments, shanty towns, ghettos, tent villages) that are built out of any materials the residents can commandeer: cardboard, corrugated metal, masonry, scraps of wood , and plastic. There are no building codes, no organized provision of utilities (electricity may be pirated from the municipal grid), no plumbing and sewers, or clean water, far too few schools, and only informal nonscheduled transport services. People may be sleeping on the street just a few blocks from soaring modern skyscrapers. In these circumstances, millions struggle through everyday life to provide for themselves and their families. Violent gangs of young men may assert control in some such settlements, yet remarkably, in many there are examples of self - initiated community development efforts. In some instances even recently arrived migrants have successfully lobbied local governments for social support services, such as job training, day care centers, and medical care. [Pg. 28]

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    27 27 GLOBALIZATION Multiple - Choice 17 4 . An early example of globalization: In the British Caribbean colonies, slaves from ___________ wore garments made of cloth woven in _____________ from cotton grown in __________________. a) Madagascar ; India ; the United States b) the American South ; the American North ; India c) Africa ; England ; India* [Pg. 3 1 ] d) Africa ; Ireland, ; the United States 17 5 . The key players in the global economy today are: a) developing nations . b) multinational corporations . * [Pg. 3 1 ] c) countries once a part of the Soviet Union . d) the European Union and Russia . 17 6 . What is the key goal of multinational corporations? a) the development of world trade b) environmental protection c) increased employment in host countries d) profit* [Pg. 3 1 ] 17 7 . What institution initiated the expansion of long - distance trade? a) c olonial system* [Pg. 3 0] b) t ransnational corporations c) f ree trade blocs d) i nvestment banks 17 8 . Which of the following is true concerning multinational corporations? a) They replace free trade blocs as the key institution in the development of the global economy. b) They design systems that utilize highly skilled, highly paid labor resources. c) They possess the ability to influence the political affairs in countries where they operate.* [Pg. 3 1 ] d) They expand trade among cities within country borders while blocking international trade across borders.

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    27 28 1 79 . What mechanisms have national governments used to protect their economies and industries from foreign competition? a) t ariffs and import quotas* [Pg. 3 2 ] b) f ree trade blocs c) i ncreasing the value of their currency d) a ntitrust laws 18 0 . Which of the following statements would a free trade advocate make? a) Strict import quotas decrease the variety of choices for consumers.* [Pg. 3 2 ] b) Higher tariffs encourage more efficient production processes. c) Higher tariffs encourage the production of higher - quality goods. d) Import quotas lower the prices consumers must pay for goods. 18 1 . Which of the following organizations is a regional trade bloc? a) United Nations (UN) b) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) c) International Monetary Fund (IMF) d) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)* [Pg. 3 2 ] 18 2 . The term __________ refers to the unrestricted international exchange of goods, services, and capital. a) gross domestic product b) food security c) globalization d) free trade* [Pg. 3 2 ] 18 3 . Governments seek to protect their industries from foreign competition through all of the following policies EXCEPT : a) tariffs . b) trade restrictions . c) import quotas . d) free trade agreements . * [Pg. 3 2 ] 18 4 . The key goal of an import quota is to: a) protect domestic industries from foreign competition . * [Pg. 3 2 ] b) stimulate free trade . c) encourage the development of favelas . d) tax imported goods . 18 5 . Which of the following is NOT a regional trade bloc?

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    27 29 a) League of Nations* [Pg. 3 2 ] b) Mercosur c) ASEAN d) the European Union 18 6 . Arguments in favor of free trade include all of the following except free trade : a) lowers prices . b) gives consumers more options . c) provides job opportunities . d) benefits developing nations more than developed nations . * [Pg. 3 2 ] 18 7 . The mission of the World Trade Organization is to: a) establish ground rules for international trade and lower trade barriers . * [Pg. 3 2 ] b) work with the United Nations to bring trade to developing nations . c) increase import quotas while lowering tariffs . d) develop a trading bloc to rival the European Union . 18 8 . All of the following make loans to countries that need money to pay for economic development projects, EXCEPT : a) Mercosur . * [Pg. 3 2 ] b) International Monetary Fund . c) World Bank . d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . 1 89 . Arguments against free trade include all of the following EXCEPT free trade : a) leads to job loss in more developed countries . b) causes greater migration from wealthy countries to developing countries . * [Pg. 3 3 ] c) leads to an increase in global wealth disparity . d) causes companies to manufacture products in countries without environmental regulations in order to lower costs . 19 0 . Which of the following is NOT a result of fair trade policies? a) elimination of profits for intermediaries/middlemen b) improved working conditions for laborers c) increased investor profits* [Pg. 3 3 ] d) living wages for workers Short - Answer

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    27 30 19 1 . What is the name for companies that operate across international boundaries and are influential in the political and economic affairs of the countries in which they operate? Answer: m ultinational corporations [Pg. 3 3 ] 19 2 . Name two mechanisms cited in the textbook that nations use to protect their economies against foreign competition. Answer: t ariffs and import quotas [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 3 . What term is used to describe an association of neighboring countries based on a free trade agreement, such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia? Answer: r egional trade bloc [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 4 . As cited in the textbook, name a regional trade bloc that exists today. Answer: NAFTA, EU, ASEAN [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 5 . Taxes imposed on imported goods are called _______________. Answer: tariffs [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 6 . ___________________ set limits on the amount of a given good that may be imported over a set period of time. Answer: Import quotas [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 7 . The Southern Common Market is also known as ___________________. Answer: Mercosur [Pg. 3 2 ] 19 8 . In response to the criticisms of SAPs, the World Bank and the IMF have replaced SAPs with _____________________________. Answer: poverty reduction strategy papers, or PRSPs [Pg. 3 3 ] 199 . An alternative to free trade, ____________________ seeks to provide a fair price to producers and to uphold environmental and safety standards in the workplace. Answer: fair trade [Pg. 3 3 ] 20 0 . What is the term for wages that support a minimum healthy life? Answer: l iving wages [Pg. 3 3 ]

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