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Test Bank For Hdev 3, 3rd Edition

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    Chapter 1 — History, Theories, and Methods MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as: a. innately good. c. a tabula rasa. b. innately evil. d. an exclusive product of genetics ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. Which thinker suggested that children are born as a "tabula rasa?" a. Jean - Jacques Rousseau c. Alfred Binet b. John Locke d. Sigmund Freud ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 3. Which thinker suggested that children are innately good? a. Jean - Jacques Rousseau c. Alfred Binet b. John Locke d. Sigmund Freud ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. The concept of a “tabula rasa” suggests that children: a. are born innately good. b. are born innately evil. c. are influenced by their experiences. d. are born with all that they need for survival. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 5. _____ suggested that children would develop into generous and moral individuals if they were left to their natural tendencies. a. Jean - Jacques Rousseau c. Alfred Binet b. John Locke d. Sigmund Freud ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 6. During the 20 th century, children: a. received greater legal protections than during other periods of history. b. tended to get married younger than during previous centuries. c. were considered the property of their parents and therefore not protected by the law from physical and sexual abuse. d. experienced less emphasis on education than during previous centuries. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 7. During the Industrial Revolution, the notion of “family life”:

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    a. was legally defined to include three generations of relatives. b. grew to include a broader range of family members, like cousins, aunts, and uncles. c. was narrowed to include just the nuclear family, which included only parents and their children. d. shrank to include only one child per family. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 8. The idea of “childhood” as a special time of life: a. was concurrent with a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution. b. became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible. c. declined throughout the 20 th century. d. corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 9. The purpose of the first intelligence test was to: a. measure IQ scores to determine genius - level abilities in children. b. identify children at risk of falling behind in school. c. create separate classrooms for high - and low - intelligence children. d. compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 10. __________ psychology is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of human beings over time. a. Personality c. Social b. Developmental d. Multicultural ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 11. Lucinda wants to study a field where she will delve into different domains of growth in human beings, including social cognitive, physical, and emotional changes. Lucinda should consider pursuing a degree in ________. a. developmental psychology c. psychometrics b. sociology d. clinical psychology ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: Application 12. According to the ________ perspective views human development as occurring throughout the individual’s lifetime. a. continuous c. classical b. categorical d. lifespan ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 1 The Development of the Study of OBJ: 1 - 1 MSC: TYPE: 13. Who is quoted as saying, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well - formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might suggest…"

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    a. John Watson c. Jean Piaget b. B.F. Skinner d. John Locke ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 14. John Watson’s behaviorism and John Locke’s concept of the “tabula rasa”: a. both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one’s development. b. both suggest that one’s genetic endowment determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills. c. both suggest that experience determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills. d. emphasize the importance of maturational processes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 15. With which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited? a. Children are inherently evil. b. Children are inherently good. c. Biological maturati on is the main principle of development. d. Environment is the main principle of development. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 16. John Watson’s behaviorism came down on the side of _____, while Arnold Gesell’s maturational perspective came down on the side of _____. a. nature; nurture c. biology; genetics b. nurture; nature d. environment; learning ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 17. John Watson’s approach to development focused primarily on _____, while Arnold Gesell’s perspective focused mainly on _____. a. behavior patterns; physical aspects of growth and development b. physical aspects of growth and development; behavior patterns c. heredity; biology d. biology; learning ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 18. Who was the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective? a. Horney c. Freud b. Jung d. Darwin ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 19. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict is between the child and a. parental expectations, social rules, moral codes, and even laws. b. their sexual and aggressive tendencies. c. their ids and superegos.

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    d. the child's external limits which have been internalized. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 20. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth? a. the id c. the superego b. the ego d. the archetype ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 21. According to _____ theory, external limits are internalized and conflict with inner forces. The child’s observable behavior, thoughts, and feelings reflect the outcomes of these battles. a. behavioral c. cognitive - developmental b. learning d. psychoanalytic ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 22. Both Freud’s and Erikson’s psychoanalytic theories are: a. stage theories. c. exclusively nature theories. b. quantitative theories. d. exclusively nurture theories. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 23. Freudian psychoanalytic theory focuses on: a. observable behaviors. c. learning and education. b. emotional and social development. d. quantitative change in development. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 24. According to Freud, the id is a(n) ________ aspect of one’s personality. a. preconscious c. unconscious b. conscious d. social ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 25. Which of the following aspects of personality did Freud suggest represents our biological drives. a. the id c. the superego b. the ego d. the animus ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 26. According to Freud, the psychic structure called the ego: a. curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are socially proper. b. is driven by the quest for pleasure. c. is our moral base that forces us to follow rules. d. is biologically based and present at birth.

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    ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 27. Freud suggested that the aspect of personality that represents the moral standards and values of one’s parents is the ________. a. id c. superego b. ego d. reaction formation ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 28. In Freud’ s psychoanalytical theory, there are five proposed stages of ________ development. a. psychosocial. c. psychosexual. b. epigenetic. d. emergent. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 29. According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development. a. oral c. anal b. fixated d. latency ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 30. When a child is given too much or too little gratification or is presented with conflicts in gratification, Freud suggested that she would become ________ in a stage of development. a. defended c. repressed b. moralized d. fixated ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 31. Accordin g to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage of development by which of the following? a. being potty trained too strictly b. being weaned too early or breast - fed for too long c. concentrating on school work too long d. playing with opposite gender children too often ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 32. According to Freud , fixation during the anal stage of development could lead to: a. someone who is overly dependent. c. someone who is shy and overcautious. b. someone who is very gullible. d. someone who is careless and sloppy. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 33. Marquisha is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb. Her co - workers notice that she does this, but they are too polite to mention it. According to Freud, Marquisha is fixated at the ________ stage of development. a. oral c. anal b. phallic d. genital ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development

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    OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 34. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages? a. anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital c. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital b. oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital d. oral, an al, phallic, latency, genital ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 35. According to Freud, it is not uncommon for boys to develop strong attachments to their mothers or for girls to develop strong attachments to their fathers during the _____ stage of development. a. oral c. phallic b. anal d. genital ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 36. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and: a. usually never progress to further stages. b. generally stay there until puberty. c. then enter the phallic stage at adolescence. d. stay there until the anal stage at age 8. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 37. Ashley is an 8 - year - old girl whose is not aware of her unconscious sexual feelings. She spends her time focusing on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same - sex friends. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is Ashley in? a. phallic c. genital b. latency d. oral ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 38. Freud's theories have been criticized for: a. underemphasizing sexuality and instinct. b. overemphasizing social relationships and learning. c. relying on contacts with adults rather than observing children directly. d. using the scientific method too carefully. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 39. Which of the following is TRUE regarding Freud’s legacy for future thinkers? a. Its focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human development. b. Its emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understand children’s behaviors. c. Its focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding of how genetics and environment intersect.

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    d. There has been no further examination of issues in human development initially identified by Freud. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 40. Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson: a. increases the emphasis on intrapsychic conflict. b. emphasizes social relationships more than sexual or aggressive instincts. c. places greater emphasis on the id. d. focuses more on sexual impulses than social relationships. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 41. Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based on: a. chronological age. c. life crises. b. psychosexual conflicts. d. unhealthy patterns of parenting. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 42. According to Erikson, early experiences: a. are easily overcome under the right circumstances. b. continue to affect future development. c. exert very little influence on who we become. d. only predict future development once we reach 6 - 8 years of age. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 43. Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory? a. It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development. b. It suggests that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives. c. It reminds us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms. d. It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 44. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet a bell rings. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad and eventually stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed - wetting? a. psychodynamic theory c. cognitive theory b. psychosocial theory d. learning theory ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application

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    45. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says "gotcha" before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of: a. habituation learning c. sensitization learning b. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 46. Who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism? a. Freud c. Watson b. Skinner d. Piaget ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 47. Negative reinforcement occurs when one a. decreases an unwanted behavior by presenting something unpleasant. b. decreases an unwanted behavior by withholding something pleasant. c. increases a desired behavior by withholding something unpleasant. d. increases a desired behavior by presenting something pleasant. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 48. Operant conditioning involves changing behavior as a result of: a. innate processes. c. the effects the behavior causes. b. mental evaluation of a situation. d. pairing two stimuli to produce a response. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 49. Extinction of learning occurs: a. from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement. b. when classically conditioned stimuli are removed. c. with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues. d. never - once something is learned it cannot be "unlearned." ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 50. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the use of punishment? a. It should decrease the frequency of a behavior. b. It works as well as reinforcements. c. It is always physical, such as spanking. d. It is considered the best method of childrearing. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 51. Chris's mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he behaves himself in the grocery store. What concept of operant conditioning is at work here? a. positive reinforcement

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    b. negative reinforcement c. extinction d. conditioned stimulus and conditioned response ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 52. Parental or teacher attention acts as a: a. reinforcement. b. punishment. c. neither a reinforcement nor punishment. d. either a reinforcement or punishment, depending on whether the behavior in question increases or decreases in frequency. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 53. Which of the following is one of the criticisms offered by your author regarding the use of punishment with children? a. It works even when delivery is not guaranteed. b. It suppresses the behavior of parents and/or teachers. c. It may cause feelings of anger and hostility. d. It provides clear alternatives to unacceptable behavior. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 54. Which of the following is one of the criticisms offered by your author regarding the use of punishment with children? a. It is usually more effective than reinforcement. b. It is a good way to teach children how to deal with stress. c. It does not suggest an alternative to unacceptable behavior. d. all of these ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 55. What has research found to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behavior and decrease disruptive or aggressive behavior in their classrooms? a. Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption. b. Reinforce appropriate behavior and ignore misbehavior among students. c. Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative. d. Stick to classical rather than operant conditioning techniques. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 56. Which of the following is an example of "time out from positive reinforcement?” a. placing a child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom b. punishing a child by making him write sentences on the board c. refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework

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    d. placing a child away from peers for a time with no fun activities ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 57. Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest that: a. children do not learn by the use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment. b. children do not learn unless they are given hands - on practice with what is to be learned. c. children learn much of what they learn through the observation of others. d. children only learn through classical and operant conditioning. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 58. Which of the following is an example of observational learning? a. Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder. b. Nicholas isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner. c. Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way. d. Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 59. Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world? a. Freud c. Pavlov b. Skinner d. Piaget ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 60. Which of the following is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study? a. how children confront and resolve developmental crises in their lives b. how id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality c. how patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learning d. how children perceive and mentally represent the world ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 61. From his work at the Binet Institute in Paris, Piaget concluded that: a. children's incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing. b. only children’ s correct answers demonstrated what they were thinking. c. children's incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes. d. there was nothing to learn about cognitive processes from children's incorrect answers. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 62. Piaget saw children “________” who actively intend to learn about and take intellectual charge of their world. a. natural physicists c. innate psychologists b. genetic explorers d. enthusiastic engineers ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development

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    OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 63. How would Piaget define a scheme? a. a pattern of action or mental structure involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge b. something babies suck c. the interaction between the environment and the organism d. an innate knowledge structure that does not change with development ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 64. How are schemes changed? a. only through assimilation b. by comparing old information with new schemes c. by getting more complex as children age according to their genotype d. by comparing new information with old schemes that do not fit the new information ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 65. Which of the following terms is not associated with Piaget's theory? a. schemas c. equilibration b. adaptation d. superego ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 66. Piaget referred to ________ as one’s tendency to interact with and respond to their environment. a. adaptation. c. assimilation. b. accommodation. d. referencing. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 67. Baby Tyrese has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitive structures called? a. theories c. assimilation categories b. schemes d. accommodation categories ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 68. Which of the following is the most accurate description of Piaget’s concept of accommodation? a. The changing of a scheme or the creation of a new scheme. b. The elimination of an old scheme. c. A process of restricting knowledge to avoid confusion. d. A linkage between cognition and language. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual

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    69. Three - year old Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are "fruit." However one day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia this is also "fruit." What happens to Cynthia's scheme of "fruit?" a. She assimilates the new information about oranges into the existing scheme. b. She ignores the new information about oranges. c. She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges. d. She eliminates the concept of apple and now her scheme of fruit only contains oranges. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 70. What happens when a child attempts to assimilate new information and cannot? a. The child will ignore the contradiction at all costs. b. The child may accommodate to restore equilibrium. c. The child will simply accept the incongruity. d. none of these ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 71. Which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development in Piagetian theory? a. hypothetical c. concrete operational b. sensorimotor d. preoperational ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 72. Applying Piaget's theory to educational settings would involve: a. looking at the child's ability to repress his aggressive tendencies. b. gearing instruction to the child's developmental level. c. assisting children in completing problems in workbooks. d. realizing that children of all ages process information similarly. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 73. When eva luating Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true? a. Piaget may have overestimated the ages at which children develop basic language skills. b. Piaget may have underestimated the ages at which children are capable of doing certain things. c. Cognitive development does not occur in distinct stages as Piaget believed. d. Piaget completely misunderstood children’s ability to think logically. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 74. Which of the following represents an information processing view of cognition? a. how people encode, store, and retrieve information b. how people develop sexual attractions for their opposite - sex parent c. how people assimilate and accommodate information into their schemes d. how people develop their native intelligence ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual

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    75. The information processing perspective uses the _____ as a metaphor for explaining how people’s memory and problem - solving work. a. computer c. camera b. camera d. digital clock ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 76. The information - processing perspective refers to people's strategies for problem solving as “mental programs” or “_______.” a. input c. software b. hardware d. RAM ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 77. The most obvious applications of the information - processing perspective occur in the field of ________. a. Medicine c. Teaching b. Engineering d. Manufacturing ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 78. What is the scope of the biological perspective? a. It deals with the ways in which children encode information. b. It examines how children learn to act by observing models. c. It views children as going through stages of psychosexual development. d. It refers to development connected with hormones, heredity, and reproduction. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 79. Which of the following approaches to development focuses most on instinctive, inborn behavior? a. ethological c. behavioral b. social cognitive d. ecological ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 80. Which of the following researchers were ethologists? a. Freud and Erikson c. Piaget and Vygotsky b. Lorenz and Tinbergen d. Bandura and Rotter ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 81. Adaptation and natural selection are connected with the field of ________ psychology. a. industrial/organizational c. ethnographic b. multicultural d. evolutionary ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

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    82. According to the biological approaches to development, built - in or instinctive behaviors are called: a. phenotypes. c. fixed action patterns. b. discriminative stimuli. d. releasing stimuli. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 83. Birds reared in isolation have been known to build ne sts, even if they have never seen another bird building a nest, or a nest itself. These built - in, instinctive behaviors are referred to by ethologists as: a. fixed action patterns. c. survival mechanisms. b. learned behavioral tendencies. d. reflexes. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 84. Dr. Fitzsimmons is an ethologist .Given this academic background, which of the following statements would you most expect him to make? a. Instincts have little effect on the behavior of an individual. b. Prenatal exposure to hormones has little effect on gender behaviors. c. Most ethologists tend to believe that the same level of influence of biology affects humans as it does other animals. d. Different species have different fixed action patterns. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 85. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological systems theorist: a. who you are at birth is who you are throughout life. b. two - way interactions between a child and his/her parents influence the child’s development. c. unconscious conflicts and urges primarily influence child development. d. interactions with parents determine what kind of adult a child becomes. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 86. Which of the following is the correct order of Bronfenbrenner's 5 systems, going from narrowest to widest ? a. microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem b. mesosystem, microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem c. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem d. macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem, mesosystem ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 87. Which of the following represents a "microsystem?" a. a child's home b. an interaction between a child's home and school c. a school board d. a child's culture ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application

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    88. Which of the following represents an “exosystem?” a. a parent’s workplace c. a child’s school b. a child’s daycare center d. a child’s neighborhood ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 89. Gina's mother is a Vice President at a large company. Her work requires long hours at the office. As a result, Gina's mom does not always make it to her soccer games. Her mother's workplace represents which type of system for Gina? a. mesosystem c. microsystem b. exosystem d. macrosystem ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Application 90. Cross - cultural studies examine the effects of: a. mesosystems. c. microsystems. b. exosystems. d. macrosystems. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 91. Studies that investigate the effects of divorce on children over time examine which of Bronfenbrenner's systems? a. mesosystem c. macrosystem b. exosystem d. chronosystem ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 92. Which of the following names is associated with the sociocultural perspective? a. Sigmund Freud c. Urie Bronfenbrenner b. Erik Erikson d. Lev Vygotsky ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 93. Sociocultural theory: a. illuminates the interplay between genetics and development. b. examines the impact of social interactions between children and adults. c. explores the importance of the unconscious on child development. d. explains how one’s genes interact with one’s environment. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 94. Vygotsky’ s sociocultural theory suggests that a. a child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences. b. children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments. c. children are like miniature adults and need to be rigidly instructed to obtain cognitive skills. d. factors such as ethnicity and gender play no role in development. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1 - 2 Theories of Development OBJ: 1 - 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

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