Test Bank For Hdev 3, 3rd Edition

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Chapter 1—History, Theories, and MethodsMULTIPLE CHOICE1.In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as:a.innately good.c.a tabula rasa.b.innately evil.d.an exclusive product of geneticsANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual2.Which thinker suggested that children are born as a "tabula rasa?"a.Jean-Jacques Rousseauc.Alfred Binetb.John Locked.Sigmund FreudANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual3.Which thinker suggested that children are innately good?a.Jean-Jacques Rousseauc.Alfred Binetb.John Locked.Sigmund FreudANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual4.The concept of a “tabula rasa” suggests that children:a.are born innately good.b.are born innately evil.c.are influenced by their experiences.d.are born with all that they need for survival.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Conceptual5._____ suggested that children would develop into generous and moral individuals if they were left totheir natural tendencies.a.Jean-Jacques Rousseauc.Alfred Binetb.John Locked.Sigmund FreudANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual6.During the 20thcentury, children:a.received greater legal protections than during other periods of history.b.tended to get married younger than during previous centuries.c.were considered the property of their parents and therefore not protected by the law fromphysical and sexual abuse.d.experienced less emphasis on education than during previous centuries.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual7.During the Industrial Revolution, the notion of “family life”:

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a.was legally defined to include three generations of relatives.b.grew to include a broader range of family members, like cousins, aunts, and uncles.c.was narrowed to include just the nuclear family, which included only parents and theirchildren.d.shrank to include only one child per family.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual8.The idea of “childhood” as a special time of life:a.was concurrent with a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.b.became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible.c.declined throughout the 20thcentury.d.corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during thistime.ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual9.The purpose of the first intelligence test was to:a.measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children.b.identify children at risk of falling behind in school.c.create separate classrooms for high-and low-intelligence children.d.compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual10.__________ psychology is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotionalgrowth of human beings over time.a.Personalityc.Socialb.Developmentald.MulticulturalANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Factual11.Lucinda wants to study a field where she will delve into different domains of growth in human beings,including social cognitive, physical, and emotional changes. Lucinda should consider pursuing adegree in ________.a.developmental psychologyc.psychometricsb.sociologyd.clinical psychologyANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE: Application12.According to the ________ perspective views human development as occurring throughout theindividual’s lifetime.a.continuousc.classicalb.categoricald.lifespanANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-1 The Development of the Study ofOBJ:1-1MSC:TYPE:13.Who is quoted as saying, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified worldto bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I mightsuggest…"

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a.John Watsonc.Jean Piagetb.B.F. Skinnerd.John LockeANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual14.John Watson’s behaviorism and John Locke’s concept of the “tabula rasa”:a.both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one’s development.b.both suggest that one’s genetic endowment determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills.c.both suggest that experience determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills.d.emphasize the importance of maturational processes.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual15.With which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited?a.Children are inherently evil.b.Children are inherently good.c.Biological maturation is the main principle of development.d.Environment is the main principle of development.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual16.John Watson’s behaviorism came down on the side of _____, while Arnold Gesell’s maturationalperspective came down on the side of _____.a.nature; nurturec.biology; geneticsb.nurture; natured.environment; learningANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual17.John Watson’s approach to development focused primarily on _____, while Arnold Gesell’sperspective focused mainly on _____.a.behavior patterns; physical aspects of growth and developmentb.physical aspects of growth and development; behavior patternsc.heredity; biologyd.biology; learningANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual18.Who was the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective?a.Horneyc.Freudb.Jungd.DarwinANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual19.According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early indevelopment, this conflict is between the child anda.parental expectations, social rules, moral codes, and even laws.b.their sexual and aggressive tendencies.c.their ids and superegos.

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d.the child's external limits which have been internalized.ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual20.According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?a.the idc.the superegob.the egod.the archetypeANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual21.According to _____ theory, external limits are internalized and conflict with inner forces. The child’sobservable behavior, thoughts, and feelings reflect the outcomes of these battles.a.behavioralc.cognitive-developmentalb.learningd.psychoanalyticANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual22.Both Freud’s and Erikson’s psychoanalytic theories are:a.stage theories.c.exclusively nature theories.b.quantitative theories.d.exclusively nurture theories.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual23.Freudian psychoanalytic theory focuses on:a.observable behaviors.c.learning and education.b.emotional and social development.d.quantitative change in development.ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual24.According to Freud, the id is a(n) ________ aspect of one’s personality.a.preconsciousc.unconsciousb.consciousd.socialANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual25.Which of the following aspects of personality did Freud suggest represents our biological drives.a.the idc.the superegob.the egod.the animusANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual26.According to Freud, the psychic structure called the ego:a.curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are socially proper.b.is driven by the quest for pleasure.c.is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.d.is biologically based and present at birth.

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ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual27.Freud suggested that the aspect of personality thatrepresents the moral standards and values of one’sparents is the ________.a.idc.superegob.egod.reaction formationANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual28.In Freud’s psychoanalytical theory, there are five proposed stages of ________ development.a.psychosocial.c.psychosexual.b.epigenetic.d.emergent.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual29.According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.a.oralc.analb.fixatedd.latencyANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual30.When a child is given too much or too little gratification or is presented with conflicts in gratification,Freud suggested that she would become ________ in a stage of development.a.defendedc.repressedb.moralizedd.fixatedANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual31.According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage ofdevelopment by which of the following?a.being potty trained too strictlyb.being weaned too early or breast-fed for too longc.concentrating on school work too longd.playing with opposite gender children too oftenANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual32.According to Freud, fixation during the anal stage of development could lead to:a.someone who is overly dependent.c.someone who is shy and overcautious.b.someone who is very gullible.d.someone who is careless and sloppy.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual33.Marquisha is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb. Her co-workers notice that she does this, butthey are too polite to mention it. According to Freud, Marquisha is fixated at the ________ stage ofdevelopment.a.oralc.analb.phallicd.genitalANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of Development

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OBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application34.Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?a.anal, latency, phallic, oral, genitalc.phallic, oral, anal, latency, genitalb.oral, latency, anal, phallic, genitald.oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual35.According to Freud, it is not uncommon for boys to develop strong attachments to their mothers or forgirls to develop strong attachments to their fathers during the _____ stage of development.a.oralc.phallicb.anald.genitalANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual36.Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and:a.usually never progress to further stages.b.generally stay there until puberty.c.then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.d.stay there until the anal stage at age 8.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual37.Ashley is an 8-year-old girl whose is not aware of her unconscious sexual feelings. She spends hertime focusing on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which ofFreud's psychosexual stages is Ashley in?a.phallicc.genitalb.latencyd.oralANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application38.Freud's theories have been criticized for:a.underemphasizing sexuality and instinct.b.overemphasizing social relationships and learning.c.relying on contacts with adults rather than observing children directly.d.using the scientific method too carefully.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual39.Which of the following is TRUE regarding Freud’s legacy for future thinkers?a.Its focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying humandevelopment.b.Its emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understandchildren’s behaviors.c.Its focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding ofhow genetics and environment intersect.

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d.There has been no further examination of issues in human development initially identifiedby Freud.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual40.Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson:a.increases the emphasis on intrapsychic conflict.b.emphasizes social relationships more than sexual or aggressive instincts.c.places greater emphasis on the id.d.focuses more on sexual impulses than social relationships.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual41.Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based on:a.chronological age.c.life crises.b.psychosexual conflicts.d.unhealthy patterns of parenting.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual42.According to Erikson, early experiences:a.are easily overcome under the right circumstances.b.continue to affect future development.c.exert very little influence on who we become.d.only predict future development once we reach 6-8 years of age.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual43.Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory?a.It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.b.It suggests that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in ourlives.c.It reminds us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms.d.It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual44.Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the padbecomes wet a bell rings. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad andeventually stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to thetreatment of bed-wetting?a.psychodynamic theoryc.cognitive theoryb.psychosocial theoryd.learning theoryANS:DDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application

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45.Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says "gotcha" before touching hisneck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of:a.habituation learningc.sensitization learningb.classical conditioningd.operant conditioningANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application46.Who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?a.Freudc.Watsonb.Skinnerd.PiagetANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual47.Negative reinforcement occurs when onea.decreases an unwanted behavior by presenting something unpleasant.b.decreases an unwanted behavior by withholding something pleasant.c.increases a desired behavior by withholding something unpleasant.d.increases a desired behavior by presenting something pleasant.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual48.Operant conditioning involves changing behavior as a result of:a.innate processes.c.the effects the behavior causes.b.mental evaluation of a situation.d.pairing two stimuli to produce a response.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual49.Extinction of learning occurs:a.from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement.b.when classically conditioned stimuli are removed.c.with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues.d.never-once something is learned it cannot be "unlearned."ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual50.Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the use of punishment?a.It should decrease the frequency of a behavior.b.It works as well as reinforcements.c.It is always physical, such as spanking.d.It is considered the best method of childrearing.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual51.Chris's mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he behaves himself in the grocery store. Whatconcept of operant conditioning is at work here?a.positive reinforcement

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b.negative reinforcementc.extinctiond.conditioned stimulus and conditioned responseANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application52.Parental or teacher attention acts as a:a.reinforcement.b.punishment.c.neither a reinforcement nor punishment.d.either a reinforcement or punishment, depending on whether the behavior in questionincreases or decreases in frequency.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual53.Which of the following is one of the criticisms offered by your author regarding the use of punishmentwith children?a.It works even when delivery is not guaranteed.b.It suppresses the behavior of parents and/or teachers.c.It may cause feelings of anger and hostility.d.It provides clear alternatives to unacceptable behavior.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual54.Which of the following is one of the criticisms offered by your author regarding the use of punishmentwith children?a.It is usually more effective than reinforcement.b.It is a good way to teach children how to deal with stress.c.It does not suggest an alternative to unacceptable behavior.d.all of theseANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual55.What has research found to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behavior anddecrease disruptive or aggressive behavior in their classrooms?a.Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption.b.Reinforce appropriate behavior and ignore misbehavior among students.c.Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative.d.Stick to classical rather than operant conditioning techniques.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:p. 1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual56.Which of the following is an example of "time out from positive reinforcement?”a.placing a child in a time out seat at the front of the classroomb.punishing a child by making him write sentences on the boardc.refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework

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d.placing a child away from peers for a time with no fun activitiesANS:DDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application57.Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest that:a.children do not learn by the use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment.b.children do not learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned.c.children learn much of what they learn through the observation of others.d.children only learn through classical and operant conditioning.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual58.Which of the following is an example of observational learning?a.Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder.b.Nicholas isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner.c.Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower aroundthe lawn in a similar way.d.Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application59.Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentallyrepresent the world?a.Freudc.Pavlovb.Skinnerd.PiagetANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual60.Which of the following is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study?a.how children confront and resolve developmental crises in their livesb.how id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personalityc.how patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learningd.how children perceive and mentally represent the worldANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual61.From his work at the Binet Institute in Paris, Piaget concluded that:a.children's incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing.b.only children’s correct answers demonstrated what they were thinking.c.children's incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes.d.there was nothing to learn about cognitive processes from children's incorrect answers.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual62.Piaget saw children “________” who actively intend to learn about and take intellectual charge oftheir world.a.natural physicistsc.innate psychologistsb.genetic explorersd.enthusiastic engineersANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of Development

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OBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual63.How would Piaget define a scheme?a.a pattern of action or mental structure involved in acquiring or organizing knowledgeb.something babies suckc.the interaction between the environment and the organismd.an innate knowledge structure that does not change with developmentANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual64.How are schemes changed?a.only through assimilationb.by comparing old information with new schemesc.by getting more complex as children age according to their genotyped.by comparing new information with old schemes that do not fit the new informationANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual65.Which of the following terms is not associated with Piaget's theory?a.schemasc.equilibrationb.adaptationd.superegoANS:DDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual66.Piaget referred to ________ as one’s tendency to interact with and respond to their environment.a.adaptation.c.assimilation.b.accommodation.d.referencing.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual67.Baby Tyrese has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things hecan't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitivestructures called?a.theoriesc.assimilation categoriesb.schemesd.accommodation categoriesANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application68.Which of the following is the most accurate description of Piaget’s concept of accommodation?a.The changing of a scheme or the creation of a new scheme.b.The elimination of an old scheme.c.A process of restricting knowledge to avoid confusion.d.A linkage between cognition and language.ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual

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69.Three-year old Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are "fruit."However one day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia this is also "fruit." Whathappens to Cynthia's scheme of "fruit?"a.She assimilates the new information about oranges into the existing scheme.b.She ignores the new information about oranges.c.She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges.d.She eliminates the concept of apple and now her scheme of fruit only contains oranges.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application70.What happens when a child attempts to assimilate new information and cannot?a.The child will ignore the contradiction at all costs.b.The child may accommodate to restore equilibrium.c.The child will simply accept the incongruity.d.none of theseANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual71.Which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development in Piagetian theory?a.hypotheticalc.concrete operationalb.sensorimotord.preoperationalANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual72.Applying Piaget's theory to educational settings would involve:a.looking at the child's ability to repress his aggressive tendencies.b.gearing instruction to the child's developmental level.c.assisting children in completing problems in workbooks.d.realizing that children of all ages process information similarly.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application73.When evaluating Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true?a.Piaget may have overestimated the ages at which children develop basic language skills.b.Piaget may have underestimated the ages at which children are capable of doing certainthings.c.Cognitive development does not occur in distinct stages as Piaget believed.d.Piaget completely misunderstood children’s ability to think logically.ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual74.Which of the following represents an information processing view of cognition?a.how people encode, store, and retrieve informationb.how people develop sexual attractions for their opposite-sex parentc.how people assimilate and accommodate information into their schemesd.how people develop their native intelligenceANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual

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75.The information processing perspective uses the _____ as a metaphor for explaining how people’smemory and problem-solving work.a.computerc.camerab.camerad.digital clockANS:ADIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual76.The information-processing perspective refers to people's strategies for problem solving as “mentalprograms” or “_______.”a.inputc.softwareb.hardwared.RAMANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual77.The most obvious applications of the information-processing perspective occur in the field of________.a.Medicinec.Teachingb.Engineeringd.ManufacturingANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual78.What is the scope of the biological perspective?a.It deals with the ways in which children encode information.b.It examines how children learn to act by observing models.c.It views children as going through stages of psychosexual development.d.It refers to development connected with hormones, heredity, and reproduction.ANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual79.Which of the following approaches to development focuses most on instinctive, inborn behavior?a.ethologicalc.behavioralb.social cognitived.ecologicalANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual80.Which of the following researchers were ethologists?a.Freud and Eriksonc.Piaget and Vygotskyb.Lorenz and Tinbergend.Bandura and RotterANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual81.Adaptation and natural selection are connected with the field of ________ psychology.a.industrial/organizationalc.ethnographicb.multiculturald.evolutionaryANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual

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82.According to the biological approaches to development, built-in or instinctive behaviors are called:a.phenotypes.c.fixed action patterns.b.discriminative stimuli.d.releasing stimuli.ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual83.Birds reared in isolation have been known to build nests, even if they have never seen another birdbuilding a nest, or a nest itself. These built-in, instinctive behaviors are referred to by ethologists as:a.fixed action patterns.c.survival mechanisms.b.learned behavioral tendencies.d.reflexes.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application84.Dr. Fitzsimmons is an ethologist .Given this academic background, which of the following statementswould you most expect him to make?a.Instincts have little effect on the behavior of an individual.b.Prenatal exposure to hormones has little effect on gender behaviors.c.Most ethologists tend to believe that the same level of influence of biology affects humansas it does other animals.d.Different species have different fixed action patterns.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application85.According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological systems theorist:a.who you are at birth is who you are throughout life.b.two-way interactions between a child and his/her parents influence the child’sdevelopment.c.unconscious conflicts and urges primarily influence child development.d.interactions with parents determine what kind of adult a child becomes.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual86.Which of the following is the correct order of Bronfenbrenner's 5 systems, going from narrowest towidest ?a.microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, chronosystemb.mesosystem, microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystemc.microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystemd.macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem, mesosystemANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual87.Which of the following represents a "microsystem?"a.a child's homeb.an interaction between a child's home and schoolc.a school boardd.a child's cultureANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application

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88.Which of the following represents an “exosystem?”a.a parent’s workplacec.a child’s schoolb.a child’s daycare centerd.a child’s neighborhoodANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application89.Gina's mother is a Vice President at a large company. Her work requires long hours at the office. As aresult, Gina's mom does not always make it to her soccer games. Her mother's workplace representswhich type of system for Gina?a.mesosystemc.microsystemb.exosystemd.macrosystemANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Application90.Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of:a.mesosystems.c.microsystems.b.exosystems.d.macrosystems.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual91.Studies that investigate the effects of divorce on children over time examine which ofBronfenbrenner's systems?a.mesosystemc.macrosystemb.exosystemd.chronosystemANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual92.Which of the following names is associated with the sociocultural perspective?a.Sigmund Freudc.Urie Bronfenbrennerb.Erik Eriksond.Lev VygotskyANS:DDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Factual93.Sociocultural theory:a.illuminates the interplay between genetics and development.b.examines the impact of social interactions between children and adults.c.explores the importance of the unconscious on child development.d.explains how one’s genes interact with one’s environment.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual94.Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory suggests thata.a child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences.b.children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments.c.children are like miniature adults and need to be rigidly instructed to obtain cognitiveskills.d.factors such as ethnicity and gender play no role in development.ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:1-2 Theories of DevelopmentOBJ:1-2MSC:TYPE: Conceptual

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