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Health Promotion Strategies Through The Life Span , 8th Edition Test Bank

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Ecologic Systems Theory describes: 1) A) P ersonality structure. B) Personality development. C) Data obtained by observing the human's behavioral response to stimuli. D) How a person's development is influenced by a broad range of situations and from interactive and overlapping contextual levels. Answer: D Explanation: A) Personality structure is studied through biological and environmental theories. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Planning B) Erikson developed the Epigenetic Theory of personality development. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Planning C) Behavioral Theory studies data obtained by observing the human's behavioral response to stimuli. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Planning D) Bronfenbrenner formulated Ecologic Systems Theory to describe how the person's development is influenced by a broad range of situations and from interactive and overlapping contextual levels. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Planning 1

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    2) Excessive negative reaction from others may predispose to abnormal behavior and even mental illness if the stress is great enough. This statement is an example of: 2) A) Polygenic inheritance. B) Genomics. C) Differential Exposure. D) The Stress - Diathesis Model. Answer: C Explanation: A) Polygenic inheritance is the combination or interaction of many genes acting together to produce a behavioral characteristic. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological Integrity Psychological Integrity Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation B) Genomics is the study of the functions and interactions of all the genes in the genome. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological Integrity Psychological Integrity Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation C) Differential Exposure suggests that inherited characteristics cause differing reactions from people, which in turn affect or shape the personality of the individual. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological Integrity Psychological Integrity Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation D) The Stress - Diathesis Model explains that numerous genes each create a biologic bias toward certain behaviors but do not guarantee those behaviors. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological Integrity Psychological Integrity Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation 2

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    3) In Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development women's moral judgment proceeds through three distinct stages. Applying to this theory, how might a woman with breast cancer initially view her mastectomy? 3) A) She might feel very frightened and fear she may not see her children grow up. B) She might volunteer to raise funds for breast cancer research. C) She might focus on the fact that she only has a cancer which can be removed. D) She might see it as an incentive and opportunity to participate in breast cancer awareness. Answer: A Explanation: A) In Gilligan's studies, women's moral judgment proceeded from initial concern with survival, to a focus on goodness, to a principled understanding of others' need for care. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning B) This action would take place in the third stage. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning C) This action would take place in the second stage. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning D) This action would take place in the third stage. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning 4) If parents are heterozygous for a recessive gene (both received the same gene type from only one of their parents), what percentage of the children will be affected by the gene? 4) A) 1/4 B) 1/2 C) 1/3 D) 3/4 Answer: A Explanation: A) When the trait is attributed to a recessive gene, the offspring does not manifest it unless the gene was received from both parents. If the parents are heterozygous for a recessive gene (both received the same gene type from only one of their parents), one - fourth of the children probably will be affected. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) This percentage is too high for the passing along of a recessive trait by a heterozygous couple. It would mean every pregnancy would have a 50/50 chance of receiving the recessive trait. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) Recessive genes cannot be passed along in thirds. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) This percentage is too high for the passing along of a recessive trait. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 3

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    5) Self - efficacy is: 5) A) The change that results from assimilation and accommodation. B) A judgment about one's ability to organize and execute action and to accomplish a certain level of performance in a situation. C) A cognitive structure, a complex concept encompassing both motor behavior and internalized thought processes. D) An awareness of how to think and learn, and an understanding of self as a learner. Answer: B Explanation: A) Adaptation is the change that results from assimilation and accommodation. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) A judgment about one's ability to organize and execute action and to accomplish a certain level of performance in a situation. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) A schema is a cognitive structure, a complex concept encompassing both motor behavior and internalized thought processes. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) Metacognition is an awareness of how to think and learn, and an understanding of self as a learner. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 4

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    6) Which term best describes Freud's concept of internalized moral code based on perceived social rules and norms? 6) A) Id B) Ego C) Superego D) The unconscious mind Answer: C Explanation: A) The id operates on the pleasure principle. It is an unorganized reservoir of psychic energy, furnishing energy for the ego and superego. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) The ego establishes relations with environment through conscious perception, feeling, and action. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) The superego represents an internalized moral code based on perceived social rules and norms; restrains expression of instinctual drives, which prevents disruption of society. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) The unconscious mind represents thoughts, feelings, actions, experiences, and dreams not remembered. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 5

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    7) This theorist's psychosexual theory enlarges on Psychoanalytic Theory. He formulated the Epigenetic Theory which is based on the principle of the unfolding embryo. Name the theorist. 7) A) Freud B) Skinner C) Jung D) Erikson Answer: D Explanation: A) Freud's theory, Psychoanalytic Theory, is based on the notion that all behavior is determined by prior thoughts and mental processes. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) Skinner's theory, Operant Conditioning Theory, states that behavior is an overt response that is externally caused and is controlled primarily by its consequences. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) Jung's theory is based on a personality structure composed of ego, persona, shadow, anima, animus, personal unconscious, self, and individuation. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) Erik Erikson, a NeoAnalytic theorist, formulated the Epigenetic Theory based on the principle of the unfolding embryo: anything that grows has a ground plan and each part has its time of special ascendancy until all parts have arisen to form a functional whole. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 6

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    8) This theorist's formulated the Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, stating experiences in major life events are the result of either positive or negative interpersonal relationships. 8) A) Sullivan B) Rodgers C) Maslow D) Bandura Answer: A Explanation: A) Harry Stack Sullivan, a NeoAnalyst, formulated the Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. This theory was the first to focus on relationships between and among people. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) Carl Roger's Theory on Self - Concept and Client - Centered Therapy presents a humanistic - existentialist perspective on personality with a focus on self - concept. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) Maslow's Theory of Motivation and Hierarchy of Needs is based on the study of normal people and mental health, in contrast to other developmental and personality theorists. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory states that learning occurs without reinforcement, conditioning, or trial - and - error behavior because people can think and anticipate consequences of behavior and act accordingly. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 7

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    9) The student who makes poor grades devotes much time and energy to succeed in music or sports. This is an example of which type of defensive mechanism? 9) A) Compartmentalization B) Displacement C) Conversion D) Compensation Answer: D Explanation: A) Compartmentalization is demonstrated when there is a separation of two incompatible aspects of the psyche from each other to maintain psychological comfort. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation B) Displacement is demonstrated when there is a release or redirection of feelings and impulses on a safe object or person as a substitute for that which aroused the feeling. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation C) Conversion is demonstrated when unconscious conflicts are disguised and expressed symbolically by physical symptoms. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation D) Compensation is demonstrated when there is overachievement in one area to offset deficiencies, real or imagined, or to overcome failure or frustration in another area. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation 8

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    10) The concept that behavior is an expression of neural activity is central to the philosophy of modern neuroscience because: 10) A) The mind controls behavior. B) Neurons within both halves of the brain are mutually involved in all high levels of psychological functioning. C) The function of the brain explains all human behavior. D) The mind and the brain have the same function. Answer: B Explanation: A) The mind represents a range of brain functions N simple to complex, including physical, sensory, cognitive, and affective functions. But the brain, not the mind, controls behavior. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) Human behavior is very complex. No single theory explains all aspects of the person. Neuroscience studies the activities of the brain as it relates to human behavior. The study of neuroscience reveals the structure of the brain down to the neural level, and how it relates to human behavior. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) Human behavior is very complex and cannot be explained solely by the brain. Many theories exist to attempt to explain human behavior. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) The function of the mind is related to brain function. However, the function of the brain is to control behavior N how we perceive, think, feel, behave, act, and interact. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 9

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    11) In his Theory of Hierarchy Needs, which level of development does Maslow describe as the highest level of need? 11) A) Safety B) Loving and Belonging C) Self - Actualization D) Sleep Answer: C Explanation: A) Safety or security for a person is ranked only one step above basic physiological needs. This very basic need must be met before a person can move to higher levels of self development. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) Loving and Belonging or a sense of affection, love, and acceptance from others ranks above physiological needs and safety, but is not as highly ranked as self - actualization. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) Maslow ranks Self - Actualization as the highest level, as this level demonstrates acceptance of the self and others. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) Sleep is ranked at the lowest level. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 12) Which term best describes the genetic condition where both parents received the same gene type from only one of their parents? 12) A) Monozygotic B) Homozygous C) Heterozygous D) Recessive Answer: C Explanation: A) Describes twins which come from a single ovum and are therefore identical Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Diagnosis B) If parents are homozygous for the recessive gene the same gene type was received from both of their parents. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Diagnosis C) By definition, if parents are heterozygous for a recessive gene both received the same gene type from only one of their parents. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Diagnosis D) When a trait is attributed to a recessive gene, the offspring does not manifest it unless the gene was received from both parents. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Diagnosis 10

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    13) Kohlberg defines stages of moral reasoning . Development of moral judgment is stimulated whenever the person: 13) A) Has opportunity to assume responsibility for the consequences of behavior. B) Has no opportunity for group discussion of values and can participate in a group decision making about moral issues. C) Can not work through inadequate modes of thinking. D) Is afraid or fearful. Answer: A Explanation: A) When an individual is going to be held accountable for a behavior the consequences of that behavior matter on a personal level. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning B) According to Kohlberg, development of moral judgment is stimulated when there is group discussion and the individual can understand the opinions of others. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning C) According to Kohlberg, development of moral judgment is stimulated whenever the person can work through inadequate modes of thinking. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning D) According to Kohlberg, the person may need more overt positive attention in order to try new behaviors, if he or she feels those efforts will result in your overt approval. However, fear in itself does not assist in the development of moral judgment. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Planning 14) The basic functional and physical unit for transmission of hereditary instructions is a: 14) A) Gamete. B) Gene. C) Molecule. D) Zygote. Answer: B Explanation: A) A gamete is a reproductive cell. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment B) According to definition, a gene is the basic functional and physical unit for transmission of hereditary instructions. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment C) A molecule is much smaller than a gene. Many different types of molecules make up genes. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment D) A zygote is the single cell formed by fusing of sperm and ovum. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Client Need: Physiological Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment 11

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    15) Which is an example of an application of the behavioral theory concept known as Operant Conditioning? 15) A) Parents spank their child when he runs into the street. B) A baby learns to "love" a sibling because the sibling shakes a rattle and offers other toys while cooing, touching, and smiling at the baby. C) A parent does not give the child who complains about doing household tasks the allowance at the end of the week and explains why. D) A preschooler returns toys to the toy box at the end of the day because the child remembers the consequences, doing so is followed by 10 minutes of time with the parent; failure to do so results in sitting alone in his room for 5 minutes. Answer: D Explanation: A) Punishment is demonstrated by suppressing an undesirable behavior by using an aversive stimulus in response to the person's behavior. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Implementation B) Respondent Conditioning is demonstrated by pairing a neutral stimulus with a nonneutral stimulus until the person learns to respond to the neutral stimulus as to the nonneutral stimulus. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Implementation C) Extinction is demonstrated by suppressing behavior by removing reinforcers that are maintaining the behavior. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Implementation D) Operant Conditioning is demonstrated by rewarding or punishing a response until the person learns to repeat or avoid that response in anticipation of positive or negative consequences. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Implementation 12

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    16) A student fails a course but maintains that the course was not important and that the grade can be made up in another course. This is an example of which type of defensive mechanism? 16) A) Sublimation B) Rationalization C) Regression D) Suppression Answer: B Explanation: A) Sublimation is demonstrated when there is a substitution of a socially acceptable behavior for an unacceptable sexual or aggressive drive or impulse. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation B) Rationalization is demonstrated when there is justification of behavior or offering of a socially acceptable, intellectual, and apparently logical explanation for an act or decision actually caused by unconscious or verbalized impulses. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation C) Regression is demonstrated when there is a demonstration of adopting behavior characteristic of a previous developmental level. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation D) Suppression is demonstrated when there is an intentional exclusion of material from consciousness. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Psychological Integrity Nursing Process: Implementation 17) Which statement is true regarding biological rhythm? 17) A) Biological rhythms are not self - sustaining. B) Biological rhythms only affect physical functions. C) Biological rhythms have only been observed in people. D) Biological rhythm is unique to the individual. Answer: D Explanation: A) Biorhythms are self - sustaining, repetitive, rhythmic patterns. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Assessment B) Mental skills and emotional changes are also apparently affected. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Assessment C) Biorhythms are rhythmic patterns which are established in plants, animals, and people. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Assessment D) Biological rhythms are very unique to each individual, and can be recorded as a part of the nursing process. Cognitive Level: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Assessment 13

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    18) Given different experiences, a person with certain hereditary potential could develop in different ways. This phenomenon is defined in: 18) A) The Principle of Ecology. B) The Principle of Differential Susceptibility. C) The Principle of Differential Exposure. D) The Principle of Biorhythms. Answer: B Explanation: A) The Principle of Ecology suggests that it is important to study the community and the total setting in which life and behavior occur. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Diagnosis B) The Principle of Differential Susceptibility suggests that individual differences in heredity exist that make people susceptible to the influence of certain environments. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Diagnosis C) The Principle of Differential Exposure suggests that inherited characteristics cause differing reactions from people, which in turn affect or shape the personality of the individual. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Diagnosis D) The Principle of Biorhythms suggests that biorhythms are self - sustaining, repetitive, rhythmic patterns established in plants, animals, people, and seasonal - environmental events. Cognitive Level: Application Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Nursing Process: Diagnosis 14

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    19) When a genetic trait is attributed to a recessive gene: 19) A) The offspring receives the gene from only one parent. B) The offspring will demonstrate the trait, but will not pass along the gene to their offspring. C) The offspring will only partially demonstrate the trait. D) The offspring does not manifest it unless the gene is received from both parents. Answer: D Explanation: A) A genetic trait will not be demonstrated in an offspring unless it is received by both parents. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment B) Even though a recessive gene is not demonstrated in the offspring, the gene may well be passed on to the next generation. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment C) Recessive gene traits are either demonstrated or not demonstrated. They are not partially demonstrated. Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment D) According to the Mendelian Law of Inheritance a recessive gene received by one only one parent will not be demonstrated in the offspring as a genetic trait. Both parents are required to pass along the same recessive gene to the offspring in order for a genetic trait to be demonstrated Cognitive Level: Analysis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Nursing Process: Assessment 15

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