Health Promotion Strategies Through The Life Span , 8th Edition Test Bank

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)Ecologic Systems Theory describes:1)A)Personality structure.B)Personality development.C)Data obtained by observing the human's behavioral response to stimuli.D)How a person's development is influenced by a broad range of situations and from interactiveand overlapping contextual levels.Answer:DExplanation:A)Personality structure is studied through biological and environmental theories.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: PlanningB)Erikson developed the Epigenetic Theory of personality development.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: PlanningC)Behavioral Theory studies data obtained by observing the human's behavioralresponse to stimuli.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: PlanningD)Bronfenbrenner formulated Ecologic Systems Theory to describe how the person'sdevelopment is influenced by a broad range of situations and from interactive andoverlapping contextual levels.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: Planning1

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2)Excessive negative reaction from others may predispose to abnormal behavior and even mentalillness if the stress is great enough. This statement is an example of:2)A)Polygenic inheritance.B)Genomics.C)Differential Exposure.D)The Stress-Diathesis Model.Answer:CExplanation:A)Polygenic inheritance is the combination or interaction of many genes actingtogether to produce a behavioral characteristic.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological IntegrityPsychological Integrity Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation EvaluationB)Genomics is the study of the functions and interactions of all the genes in thegenome.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological IntegrityPsychological Integrity Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation EvaluationC)Differential Exposure suggests that inherited characteristics cause differingreactions from people, which in turn affect or shape the personality of theindividual.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological IntegrityPsychological Integrity Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation EvaluationD)The Stress-Diathesis Model explains that numerous genes each create a biologicbias toward certain behaviors but do not guarantee those behaviors.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Physiological IntegrityPsychological Integrity Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation2

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3)In Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development women's moral judgment proceeds through threedistinct stages. Applying to this theory, how might a woman with breast cancerinitiallyview hermastectomy?3)A)She might feel very frightened and fear she may not see her children grow up.B)She might volunteer to raise funds for breast cancer research.C)She might focus on the fact that she only has a cancer which can be removed.D)She might see it as an incentive and opportunity to participate in breast cancer awareness.Answer:AExplanation:A)In Gilligan's studies, women's moral judgment proceeded from initial concernwith survival, to a focus on goodness, to a principled understanding of others' needfor care.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningB)This action would take place in the third stage.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningC)This action would take place in the second stage.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningD)This action would take place in the third stage.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Planning4)If parents are heterozygous for a recessive gene (both received the same gene type from only one oftheir parents), what percentage of the children will be affected by the gene?4)A)1/4B)1/2C)1/3D)3/4Answer:AExplanation:A)When the trait is attributed to a recessive gene, the offspring does not manifest itunless the gene was received from both parents. If the parents are heterozygous fora recessive gene (both received the same gene type from only one of their parents),one-fourth of the children probably will be affected.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)This percentage is too high for the passing along of a recessive trait by aheterozygous couple. It would mean every pregnancy would have a 50/50 chanceof receiving the recessive trait.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)Recessive genes cannot be passed along in thirds.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)This percentage is too high for the passing along of a recessive trait.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment3

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5)Self-efficacy is:5)A)The change that results from assimilation and accommodation.B)A judgment about one's ability to organize and execute action and to accomplish a certainlevel of performance in a situation.C)A cognitive structure, a complex concept encompassing both motor behavior and internalizedthought processes.D)An awareness of how to think and learn, and an understanding of self as a learner.Answer:BExplanation:A)Adaptation is the change that results from assimilation and accommodation.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)A judgment about one's ability to organize and execute action and to accomplish acertain level of performance in a situation.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)A schema is a cognitive structure, a complex concept encompassing both motorbehavior and internalized thought processes.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)Metacognition is an awareness of how to think and learn, and an understanding ofself as a learner.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment4

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6)Which term best describes Freud's concept of internalized moral code based on perceived socialrules and norms?6)A)IdB)EgoC)SuperegoD)The unconscious mindAnswer:CExplanation:A)The id operates on the pleasure principle. It is an unorganized reservoir of psychicenergy, furnishing energy for the ego and superego.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)The ego establishes relations with environment through conscious perception,feeling, and action.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)The superego represents an internalized moral code based on perceived socialrules and norms; restrains expression of instinctual drives, which preventsdisruption of society.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)The unconscious mind represents thoughts, feelings, actions, experiences, anddreams not remembered.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment5

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7)This theorist's psychosexual theory enlarges on Psychoanalytic Theory. He formulated theEpigenetic Theory which is based on the principle of the unfolding embryo. Name the theorist.7)A)FreudB)SkinnerC)JungD)EriksonAnswer:DExplanation:A)Freud's theory, Psychoanalytic Theory, is based on the notion that all behavior isdetermined by prior thoughts and mental processes.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)Skinner's theory, Operant Conditioning Theory, states that behavior is an overtresponse that is externally caused and is controlled primarily by its consequences.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)Jung's theory is based on a personality structure composed of ego, persona,shadow, anima, animus, personal unconscious, self, and individuation.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)Erik Erikson, a NeoAnalytic theorist, formulated the Epigenetic Theory based onthe principle of the unfolding embryo: anything that grows has a ground plan andeach part has its time of special ascendancy until all parts have arisen to form afunctional whole.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment6

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8)This theorist's formulated the Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, stating experiences in major lifeevents are the result of either positive or negative interpersonal relationships.8)A)SullivanB)RodgersC)MaslowD)BanduraAnswer:AExplanation:A)Harry Stack Sullivan, a NeoAnalyst, formulated the Interpersonal Theory ofPsychiatry. This theory was the first to focus on relationships between and amongpeople.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)Carl Roger's Theory on Self-Concept and Client-Centered Therapy presents ahumanistic-existentialist perspective on personality with a focus on self-concept.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)Maslow's Theory of Motivation and Hierarchy of Needs is based on the study ofnormal people and mental health, in contrast to other developmental andpersonality theorists.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory states that learning occurs withoutreinforcement, conditioning, or trial-and-error behavior because people can thinkand anticipate consequences of behavior and act accordingly.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment7

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9)The student who makes poor grades devotes much time and energy to succeed in music or sports.This is an example of which type of defensive mechanism?9)A)CompartmentalizationB)DisplacementC)ConversionD)CompensationAnswer:DExplanation:A)Compartmentalization is demonstrated when there is a separation of twoincompatible aspects of the psyche from each other to maintain psychologicalcomfort.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationB)Displacement is demonstrated when there is a release or redirection of feelings andimpulses on a safe object or person as a substitute for that which aroused thefeeling.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationC)Conversion is demonstrated when unconscious conflicts are disguised andexpressed symbolically by physical symptoms.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationD)Compensation is demonstrated when there is overachievement in one area to offsetdeficiencies, real or imagined, or to overcome failure or frustration in another area.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Implementation8

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10)The concept that behavior is an expression of neural activity is central to the philosophy of modernneuroscience because:10)A)The mind controls behavior.B)Neurons within both halves of the brain are mutually involved in all high levels ofpsychological functioning.C)The function of the brain explains all human behavior.D)The mind and the brain have the same function.Answer:BExplanation:A)The mind represents a range of brain functionsNsimple to complex, includingphysical, sensory, cognitive, and affective functions. But the brain, not the mind,controls behavior.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)Human behavior is very complex. No single theory explains all aspects of theperson. Neuroscience studies the activities of the brain as it relates to humanbehavior. The study of neuroscience reveals the structure of the brain down to theneural level, and how it relates to human behavior.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)Human behavior is very complex and cannot be explained solely by the brain.Many theories exist to attempt to explain human behavior.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)The function of the mind is related to brain function. However, the function of thebrain is to control behaviorNhow we perceive, think, feel, behave, act, and interact.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment9

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11)In his Theory of Hierarchy Needs, which level of development does Maslow describe as the highestlevel of need?11)A)SafetyB)Loving and BelongingC)Self-ActualizationD)SleepAnswer:CExplanation:A)Safety or security for a person is ranked only one step above basic physiologicalneeds. This very basic need must be met before a person can move to higher levelsof self development.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)Loving and Belonging or a sense of affection, love, and acceptance from othersranks above physiological needs and safety, but is not as highly ranked asself-actualization.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)Maslow ranks Self-Actualization as the highest level, as this level demonstratesacceptance of the self and others.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)Sleep is ranked at the lowest level.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment12)Which term best describes the genetic condition where both parents received the same gene typefrom only one of their parents?12)A)MonozygoticB)HomozygousC)HeterozygousD)RecessiveAnswer:CExplanation:A)Describes twins which come from a single ovum and are therefore identicalCognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: DiagnosisB)If parents are homozygous for the recessive gene the same gene type was receivedfrom both of their parents.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: DiagnosisC)By definition, if parents are heterozygous for a recessive gene both received thesame gene type from only one of their parents.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: DiagnosisD)When a trait is attributed to a recessive gene, the offspring does not manifest itunless the gene was received from both parents.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: Diagnosis10

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13)Kohlberg defines stages of moral reasoning.Development of moral judgment is stimulatedwhenever the person:13)A)Has opportunity to assume responsibility for the consequences of behavior.B)Has no opportunity for group discussion of values and can participate in a group decisionmaking about moral issues.C)Can not work through inadequate modes of thinking.D)Is afraid or fearful.Answer:AExplanation:A)When an individual is going to be held accountable for a behavior theconsequences of that behavior matter on a personal level.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningB)According to Kohlberg, development of moral judgment is stimulated when thereis group discussion and the individual can understand the opinions of others.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningC)According to Kohlberg, development of moral judgment is stimulated wheneverthe person can work through inadequate modes of thinking.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: PlanningD)According to Kohlberg, the person may need more overt positive attention in orderto try new behaviors, if he or she feels those efforts will result in your overtapproval. However, fear in itself does not assist in the development of moraljudgment.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Planning14)The basic functional and physical unit for transmission of hereditary instructions is a:14)A)Gamete.B)Gene.C)Molecule.D)Zygote.Answer:BExplanation:A)A gamete is a reproductive cell.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentB)According to definition, a gene is the basic functional and physical unit fortransmission of hereditary instructions.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentC)A molecule is much smaller than a gene. Many different types of molecules makeup genes.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: AssessmentD)A zygote isthe single cell formed by fusing of sperm and ovum.Cognitive Level: ComprehensionClient Need: Physiological IntegrityNursing Process: Assessment11

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15)Which is an example of an application of the behavioral theory concept known as OperantConditioning?15)A)Parents spank their child when he runs into the street.B)A baby learns to "love" a sibling because the sibling shakes a rattle and offers other toys whilecooing, touching, and smiling at the baby.C)A parent does not give the child who complains about doing household tasks the allowance atthe end of the week and explains why.D)A preschooler returns toys to the toy box at the end of the day because the child remembersthe consequences, doing so is followed by 10 minutes of time with the parent; failure to do soresults in sitting alone in his room for 5 minutes.Answer:DExplanation:A)Punishment is demonstrated by suppressing an undesirable behavior by using anaversive stimulus in response to the person's behavior.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: ImplementationB)Respondent Conditioning is demonstrated by pairing a neutral stimulus with anonneutral stimulus until the person learns to respond to the neutral stimulus as tothe nonneutral stimulus.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: ImplementationC)Extinction is demonstrated by suppressing behavior by removing reinforcers thatare maintaining the behavior.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: ImplementationD)Operant Conditioning is demonstrated by rewarding or punishing a response untilthe person learns to repeat or avoid that response in anticipation of positive ornegative consequences.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Implementation12

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16)A student fails a course but maintains that the course was not important and that the grade can bemade up in another course. This is an example of which type of defensive mechanism?16)A)SublimationB)RationalizationC)RegressionD)SuppressionAnswer:BExplanation:A)Sublimation is demonstrated when there is a substitution of a socially acceptablebehavior for an unacceptable sexual or aggressive drive or impulse.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationB)Rationalization is demonstrated when there is justification of behavior or offeringof a socially acceptable, intellectual, and apparently logical explanation for an actor decision actually caused by unconscious or verbalized impulses.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationC)Regression is demonstrated when there is a demonstration of adopting behaviorcharacteristic of a previous developmental level.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: ImplementationD)Suppression is demonstrated when there is an intentional exclusion of materialfrom consciousness.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Psychological IntegrityNursing Process: Implementation17)Which statement is true regarding biological rhythm?17)A)Biological rhythms are not self-sustaining.B)Biological rhythms only affect physical functions.C)Biological rhythms have only been observed in people.D)Biological rhythm is unique to the individual.Answer:DExplanation:A)Biorhythms are self-sustaining, repetitive, rhythmic patterns.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: AssessmentB)Mental skills and emotional changes are also apparently affected.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: AssessmentC)Biorhythms are rhythmic patterns which are established in plants, animals, andpeople.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: AssessmentD)Biological rhythms are very unique to each individual, and can be recorded as apart of the nursing process.Cognitive Level: EvaluationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: Assessment13

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18)Given different experiences, a person with certain hereditary potential could develop in differentways. This phenomenon is defined in:18)A)The Principle of Ecology.B)The Principle of Differential Susceptibility.C)The Principle of Differential Exposure.D)The Principle of Biorhythms.Answer:BExplanation:A)The Principle of Ecology suggests that it is important to study the community andthe total setting in which life and behavior occur.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: DiagnosisB)The Principle of Differential Susceptibility suggests that individual differences inheredity exist that make people susceptible to the influence of certainenvironments.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: DiagnosisC)The Principle of Differential Exposure suggests that inherited characteristics causediffering reactions from people, which in turn affect or shape the personality of theindividual.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: DiagnosisD)The Principle of Biorhythms suggests that biorhythms are self-sustaining,repetitive, rhythmic patterns established in plants, animals, people, andseasonal-environmental events.Cognitive Level: ApplicationClient Need: Safe, Effective Care EnvironmentNursing Process: Diagnosis14

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19)When a genetic trait is attributed to a recessive gene:19)A)The offspring receives the gene from only one parent.B)The offspring will demonstrate the trait, but will not pass along the gene to their offspring.C)The offspring will only partially demonstrate the trait.D)The offspring does not manifest it unless the gene is received from both parents.Answer:DExplanation:A)A genetic trait will not be demonstrated in an offspring unless it is received by bothparents.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: AssessmentB)Even though a recessive gene is not demonstrated in the offspring, the gene maywell be passed on to the next generation.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: AssessmentC)Recessive gene traits are either demonstrated or not demonstrated. They are notpartially demonstrated.Cognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: AssessmentD)According to the Mendelian Law of Inheritance a recessive gene received by oneonly one parent will not be demonstrated in the offspring as a genetic trait. Bothparents are required to pass along the same recessive gene to the offspring in orderfor a genetic trait to be demonstratedCognitive Level: AnalysisClient Need: Health Promotion and MaintenanceNursing Process: Assessment15

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