NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology and Statistical Principles Midterm Exam Study Guide With Answers (30 Solved Questions)

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NR503 Mid-term study guide filled inPopulation Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles (Chamberlain University)NR503 Mid-term study guide filled inPopulation Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles (Chamberlain University)lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Week 1 Summary & Key points:1.It is vital to connectsocial justice theoryto advocacy, health disparities and to outcomes.2.How areoutcomesdetermined?3.Where can morbidity, mortality, incidence and prevalence data be found at the state and national level?a.State Department of health website; NCCDPHPi.(NCCDPHP) The CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and HealthPromotion consists of nine divisions that support a variety of activities that improve thenation's health by preventing chronic diseases and their risk factorsii.National, state, and community levelsb.CDC, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is considered the nation's principal healthstatistics agencyc.CDI - 97 indicators4.How does social justice and health inequities influence population health care provision?5.Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care?6.Are you able to both define and apply key terms, such as: vital statistics, morbidity, mortality, cases,social justice, epidemiology, population health, incidence, prevalence, outcomes, inter-professionalcollaboration, HP2020, determinants of health, risk analysis?7.What is the Campaign for Action?8.Explain the differences between primarya.Primaryprevention refers to preventing disease before it occurs. (prevention and planning)Usually, primary prevention occurs through application of epidemiological concepts anddatabases to assess risk factors and then target those populations in which there can be thegreatest impact on outcomes to ward off impending disease or unhealthy outcomes. Forexample, if the APN has assessed epidemiological data and observes that there is a highincidence and prevalence of lung cancer in those individuals and populations who smoke beforethe fifth grade, then this epidemiological data can be the basis for planning a smoking cessationeducational program for school-age children before the fifth grade.b.Secondary -Secondary prevention consists of screening and diagnosis of disease. Secondaryprevention is one of the most cost-effective strategies to improve current health status andprevent chronic, debilitating disease states through screening of individuals and populations.For example, screening helps APNs detect a disease once it is present and assist and facilitatethe patient or population to get care for the disease that has been detected. The APN must beknowledgeable and apply standards of care and accepted national clinical guidelines to advisethe individual or population to undergo preventive screening that is age appropriate anddevelopmentally appropriatec.Tertiaryintervention - Tertiary prevention consists of interventions aimed at interventions tofacilitate the rehabilitation of the patient to the highest level of functioning while addressing therisk factors that could further result in the deterioration of the patient's health. For example, anAPN would counsel a patient who has had a myocardial infarction about the risk factors thatcould elicit further debilitation. The client may be encouraged to lose weight and commit to anappropriate exercise program while being closely monitored for cholesterol levels, and so on.Certainly a cardiac rehabilitation program could be of value to this patient. As stated above,accepted national clinical guidelines should be utilized as a benchmark for this follow-up carelOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Week 2 Summary & Key points:1.In conclusion, the control of infectious disease presents a challenge to the APN on many fronts. Theability to provide effective population-based interventions, in addition to fulfilling legal obligations, canhave a profound positive impact on the nation's health.2.Screening/diagnostic tools are often created for population specific use; for instance, gender, age,culture.3.Screening/diagnostic tools should be tested and have available statistics that speak to their specificity,sensitivity, and positive predictive value.4.Descriptive epidemiology: Did you see this definition on the CDC web site ...these elements connect tounderstanding causation:5.https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section6.html (Links to an external site.)Linksto an external site.6.The 5W's of descriptive epidemiology:a.What = health issue of concernb.Who = personc.Where = placed.When = timee.Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission7.Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it?8.How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? Wherewould a NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening test should be used?9.Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is itused?10. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aidevidence-based care?11. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiaryinterventions?Week 3 Summary & Key points:(Review Table 4.2 in your text on strengths and weaknesses of study designs. For example, what is the best fitfor studyingassociation? Which study is typically least expensive and shorter? What are study methods?)1.The Randomized Control Trial is the gold standard for research, and it utilizes intervention testing.2.Case-control designs3.Cohort study designsConsider, recruitment methods, costs of study, retrospective versus prospective analysis results, bias(systematic errors (information bias, etc.), errors (random and systematic), data collection, causality, scientificmisconduct (fraud). (See table 4.2 in your text on strengths and weaknesses of study designs.)1.What is a case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort studydesign?2.Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias) etc.?3.What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study (or acohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship?4.What is each type of study used for, its purpose, and its outcomes? How are the outcomesdifferent in each study design? Measured?5.What is an intervention group? Where is it found?6.Can you explain a retrospective versus a prospective study design? What are the pros andcons of each?7.How are groups selected for each of the study designs?8.What is meant by "scientific misconduct"?lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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9.Differentiate: random error, systematic error, confounding error.Week 4 Summary & Key points:This week there was a web site exploration activity involving the IHI, Campaign for Action and IHI Triple Aim.These web sites presented information regarding population health outcomes and health care economics.Inter-professional collaboration was addressed in the Campaign for Action site.1.What is the Research Pyramid demonstrating the levels of evidence? Where does the RCT fit? Why?2.Quality of Care Outcomes: Examples: Decrease in incidence (new cases), reduction in mortality rates,access to primary care measures, satisfaction measures, daily demand and supply1.Epidemiologyis the science of public health.-Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution within populations and the risk factors that affectincreases or decreases in distribution. These factors might be genetic, environmental, social, cultural,or based on some direct action by the individual. The science of epidemiology serves first to find out the"why" of disease and then to analyze these factors for recommendations in disease screening,treatment, prevention, and monitoring.2.Population healthfocuses on risk, data, demographics and outcomes.3.Outcomesis the end result that follows an intervention.4.Aggregateis a defined population.5.Communityis composed of multiple aggregates.6.Datais compiled information.7.Prevalencemeasures the existence of a disease. Measures the number of all cases of a disease orattribute in a population at a given time.8.Incidencemeasures the appearance of a disease. Measures the occurrence of new events in apopulation over a period of time.9.Surveillanceis the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data.10.High-riskis an increased chance of poor health outcome.11.Morbidityis the presence of illness in a population.12.Mortalityis related to the tracking deaths in an aggregate.13.Vital statistics-statistics on live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces.14.Cases- set of criteria used in making a decision as to whether an individual has a disease or health eventof interest15.Social Justice-the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities —this includes the right togood health.16.Inter-professional collaboration-The idea of sharing and implies collective action oriented toward acommon goal, in this case, improving the quality and safety of patient care. It involves responsibility,accountability, coordination, communication, cooperation, assertiveness, mutual respect, and autonomy.17.HP2020-aims to reach four overarching goals: 1.Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventabledisease, disability, injury, and premature death, 2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve thehealth of all groups 3.Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. 4. Promotequality of life, healthy development, and healthy It is the number of true negatives divided by all of those whotested negative behaviors across all life stages.18.Determinants of Care-The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influencehealth status are known as determinants of health.19.Risk analysis-the characterization of the potential adverse health effects of human exposures toenvironmental hazards.20.Health disparities-the difference in health statuses between various groups (populations).21.Sensitivity-measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., thepercentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition)

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