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Comprehensive Database Design and Implementation: EER, Normalization, SQL Injection, Triggers, and Airline Database Schema

A study on advanced database design and implementation techniques.

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    Comprehensive Database Design and Implementation: EER, Normalization, SQL Injection, Triggers, and Airline Database Schema Part 1: Question 1: Explain the major challenges you may encounter when you implement an EER with a superclass/subclass relationship. Explain the possible ways to implement it. What factors will you will consider when implementing a superclass/subclass relationship? (10 points) Answer: The model which is resulted from enlarging the original E - R model with fresh modeling constructs such as super - types and subtypes is known as Enhanced entity relationship model (EER). Everything in the real world about which information can be stored is known as entity. The various challenges and implementation ways are as described below:  Entity relationship diagram is a basically a picture or snapshot about the business system that is the information stored, created represented by this diagram. Any analyst who knows about the ERD can easily determine the needs of the system and can easily read the every information stored in it.  The first category is terms. It relates to the conditions which are implemented for undergoing changes required.  The second category is relationship constraint which is based upon the dependency of various teams upon one another.  The third category is super - type or subtype relationships.  The variety of types of business rules that are usually confine in an EER diagram are conditions, relationship constraints, and super - type or subtype relationships. The points to show the considered factors are as given below:  There can be a comparison made for distinctive features for an EER diagram. It can be kept under more details.  It can be filled with the statement which describes its requirements. It may also add information regarding the volunteers associated. It also is associated with the technicians used.  It gives a clear and a sophisticated approach to the work done.  There are many variations in the working of the diagram. It can also bring changes in information. It also adds variations in the project. Question 2:

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    What is the most important factor for performing normalization? In practice, what normal form is the typical to reach a normalized design? Why do we normally not need to reach high level normal forms? Do you start your conceptual database design following a bottom - up normalization process? (10 points) Answer: Normalization is a technique in which the analysts come to know about their model. It is used to validate their models. In this process a sequence of rules applied to logical data model or files and it checked that how well these files are formed. It basically helps to cross the logical data models and verifies the entities. If it is found that entities are incorrectly represented then these entities are checked again and makes them correct. 1NF : If an entity does not contain any repeating attributes or groups then the model is said to be in the first normal form. In this form entities do not contain any single instance of the repeating variable. It means entities do contain only one instance of the attributes. 2NF : For the second normal form the first and basic requirement is that the model should be in the first normal form. The second requirement is that the data model must contain those entities which have the attributes which are dependent relative on the entire identifier. It means all the attributes which are acting as identifiers that must determine the extra attributes for an occurrence of the entity. 3NF : For the third normal form the first and basic requirement is that the model should be in the first and second normal form. Its other requirement is that the no attribute depends on the non - identifier attribute. It is termed as transitive dependency. In this you have to generate a new entity which is used to join the old and new entities by adding of the relationship. In practice, up to 3NF is used for normalized design . As we use higher normalization forms up to BCNF or 4NF, then, it becomes very tough to handle the database and maintain the relationship among various tables. The database design is a bottom up process. Initially all data is in collective form and for the conceptual design of any database, normalization is performed. Question 3: What is SQL injection vulnerability? What are root causes for common web applications? What actions you need to take to prevent this problem? (5 points) Answer: In SQL Injection, the programmer utilizes SQL inquiries and inventiveness to get to the database of delicate corporate information through the web application is known as SQL injection vulnerability . Firewalls and comparable interruption identification systems give practically zero safeguard against full - scale SQL Injection web assaults .

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    The root causes for common web applications and actions to prevent such problems are as given below: 1. Doxing - Publicly discharging an individual's recognizing data including full name, date of conception, address, and pictures regularly recovered from informal communication site profiles. 2. Elicitation - The key utilization of discussion to concentrate data from individuals without providing for them the inclination they are constantly questioned. Be mindful of elicitation strategies and the way social specialists attempt to acquire individual data. 3. Pharming - Redirecting clients from honest to goodness sites to deceitful ones with the end goal of concentrating classified information Question 4: Compare and contrast stored procedures and triggers within a database (5 points). Answer: Trigger is a forename set of SQL declaration that is think about when a data alteration occurs or if definite data description are come upon. If a condition confirmed within a trigger is meeting up, then, a agreed action is taken. Store Procedure is a group of SQL and procedural statement allocate and lay up with a sole name with in schema. When it is desirable, call every of the statement in procedure will be carry out. The table shows the trigger is differ from stored procedure in the following ways as given below: Trigger Stored procedure A trigger is full of regard for table or view and considered when data modification is occurs. Stored procedure is run at any time when it is called. User can write stored procedure with in a trigger. User cannot write trigger with in stored procedure. Triggers are automatically run. S tored procedure is run when user call by its name.

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