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Lecture Notes for Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7)

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    Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Instructor’s Answer Key Allan Johnson

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    v About the Contributing Author Allan Johnson entered the academic world in 1999, after 10 years as a business owner/operator, to dedicate his efforts to his passion for teaching. He holds both an M.B.A. and an M.Ed. in training and development. He taught CCNA courses at the high school level for 7 years and has taught both CCNA and CCNP courses at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas. In 2003, Allan began to commit much of his time and energy to the CCNA Instructional Support Team, providing services to Networking Academy instructors worldwide and creating training materi- als. He now works full time for Cisco Networking Academy as Curriculum Lead.

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    vi Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) About the Technical Reviewer Dave Holzinger has been a curriculum developer, project manager, author, and technical editor for the Cisco Networking Academy Program in Phoenix, Arizona since 2001. Dave works on the team that develops their online curricula including CCNA, CCNP, and IT Essentials. He has been working with computer hardware and software since 1981. Dave has certifications from Cisco, BICSI, and CompTIA.

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    vii Credits Figure 2-2 Screenshot of Windows 10 Ethernet Properties © Microsoft 2020 Figure 2-3 Screenshot of Windows 10 TCP/IPv4 Properties—Manual IP Address Configuration © Microsoft 2020 Figure 2-4 Screenshot of Windows 10 TCP/IPv4 Properties—Automatic IP Address Configuration © Microsoft 2020 Unnumbered Figure 3-2 Screenshot of Capturing from Ethernet © Wireshark Unnumbered Figure 7-2 Screenshot of highlights the frame details for an ARP request © Wireshark Unnumbered Figure 7-3 Screenshot of highlights the frame details for an ARP reply © Wireshark Figure 12-3 Screenshot of Windows TCP/IPv6 Properties © Microsoft 2020 Unnumbered Figure 13-2 Screenshot of External to PC-A with a Hop limit of 63 © Wireshark Figure 17-3 Screenshot of Windows 10 Network Connection Details © Microsoft 2020 Figure 17-4 Screenshot of Linux Ubuntu Connection Information © 2020 Microsoft 2020 Figure 17-5 Screenshot of Configuration Information on a macOS Host © 2020 Apple Inc

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    viii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Contents at a Glance Introduction xxxii Chapter 1 Networking Today 1 Chapter 2 Basic Switch and End Device Configuration 21 Chapter 3 Protocols and Models 77 Chapter 4 Physical Layer 113 Chapter 5 Number Systems 137 Chapter 6 Data Link Layer 145 Chapter 7 Ethernet Switching 153 Chapter 8 Network Layer 193 Chapter 9 Address Resolution 205 Chapter 10 Basic Router Configuration 229 Chapter 11 IPv4 Addressing 269 Chapter 12 IPv6 Addressing 331 Chapter 13 ICMP 373 Chapter 14 Transport Layer 411 Chapter 15 Application Layer 439 Chapter 16 Network Security Fundamentals 459 Chapter 17 Build a Small Network 505

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    Contents ix Contents Introduction xxxii Chapter 1 Networking Today 1 Networks Affect Our Lives 2 Network Components 2 End Devices, Intermediary Devices, and Media 2 Check Your Understanding: Network Components 3 Network Representations and Topologies 4 Classify and Identify Network Components 4 Topology Diagrams 5 Check Your Understanding: Network Representations and Topologies 5 Common Types of Networks 6 Compare LANs and WANs 6 Check Your Understanding: Common Types of Networks 7 Internet Connections 7 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 7 Reliable Networks 9 Classify the Requirements for a Reliable Network 9 Check Your Understanding: Reliable Networks 10 Network Trends 10 Identify the Cloud Type 11 Check Your Understanding: Network Trends 11 Network Security 12 Check Your Understanding: Network Security 12 The IT Professional 13 1.5.7 Packet Tracer—Network Representation (Instructor Version) 14 Objectives 14 Instructions 14 Challenge Question 17 1.9.3 Lab—Research IT and Networking Job Opportunities (Instructor Version) 18 Objectives 18 Background / Scenario 18 Required Resources 18 Instructions 18 Reflection Questions 19 Chapter 2 Basic Switch and End Device Configuration 21 Cisco IOS Access 22 Check Your Understanding: Cisco IOS Access 22

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    x Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) IOS Navigation 23 Syntax Checker: Navigate Between IOS Modes 23 Check Your Understanding: IOS Navigation 24 The Command Structure 25 Navigate the IOS Matching Exercise 25 Hotkeys and Shortcuts 26 Basic Device Configuration 27 Apply a Basic Configuration 27 Check Your Understanding: Basic Device Configuration 28 Save Configurations 29 Ports and Addresses 29 Check Your Understanding: Ports and Addresses 30 Configure IP Addressing 30 Verify Connectivity 32 Packet Tracer Exercise 2-1: Basic Switch Configuration 33 Requirements 33 Command Reference 34 2.3.7 Packet Tracer—Navigate the IOS (Instructor Version) 35 Objectives 35 Background / Scenario 35 Instructions 35 Part 1: Establish Basic Connections, Access the CLI, and Explore Help 35 Part 2: Explore EXEC Modes 37 Part 3: Set the Clock 38 2.3.8 Lab—Navigate the IOS by Using Tera Term for Console Connectivity (Instructor Version) 41 Topology 41 Objectives 41 Background / Scenario 41 Required Resources 42 Instructions 42 Part 1: Access a Cisco Switch through the Serial Console Port 42 Part 2: Display and Configure Basic Device Settings 44 Part 3: (Optional) Access a Cisco Router Using a Mini-USB Console Cable 45 Reflection Question 47 Router Interface Summary Table 48 2.5.5 Packet Tracer—Configure Initial Switch Settings (Instructor Version) 49 Objectives 49 Background / Scenario 49 Instructions 49 Part 1: Verify the Default Switch Configuration 49

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    Contents xi Part 2: Create a Basic Switch Configuration 50 Part 3: Configure a MOTD Banner 53 Part 4: Save and Verify Configuration Files to NVRAM 53 Part 5: Configure S2 54 2.7.6 Packet Tracer—Implement Basic Connectivity (Instructor Version) 55 Addressing Table 55 Objectives 55 Background 55 Instructions 55 Part 1: Perform a Basic Configuration on S1 and S2 55 Part 2: Configure the PCs 56 Part 3: Configure the Switch Management Interface 57 2.9.1 Packet Tracer—Basic Switch and End Device Configuration (Instructor Version) 59 Addressing Table 59 Objectives 59 Scenario 59 Instructions 59 Requirements 59 2.9.2 Lab—Basic Switch and End Device Configuration (Instructor Version) 62 Topology 62 Addressing Table 62 Objectives 62 Background / Scenario 62 Required Resources 63 Instructions 63 Reflection Question 70 Device Configs 71 Switch S1 (complete) 71 Switch S2 (complete) 73 Chapter 3 Protocols and Models 77 The Rules 78 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 78 Check Your Understanding: The Rules 78 Protocols 79 Check Your Understanding: Protocols 80 Protocol Suites 81 Protocol Definitions: Matching 81 Map the Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite 82 Check Your Understanding: Protocol Suites 83 Standards Organizations 84 Standards Organizations: Matching 84 Check Your Understanding: Standards Organizations 85

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    xii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Reference Models 86 OSI Reference Model Layers: Matching 86 TCP/IP Model Layers: Matching 87 Data Encapsulation 87 Label the PDUs 87 Check Your Understanding: Data Encapsulation 89 Data Access 89 The Role of Addressing in Network Communications 90 Check Your Understanding: Data Access 90 3.0.3 Class Activity—Design a Communications System (Instructor Version) 92 Objectives 92 Background / Scenario 92 Reflection Question 92 3.4.4 Lab—Research Networking Standards (Instructor Version) 94 Objectives 94 Background / Scenario 94 Required Resources 94 Instructions 94 3.5.5 Packet Tracer—Investigate the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action (Instructor Version) 98 Objectives 98 Background 98 Instructions 98 Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic 98 Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 101 Challenge Questions 103 3.7.9 Lab—Install Wireshark (Instructor Version) 104 Objectives 104 Background / Scenario 104 Required Resources 104 Instructions 104 3.7.10 Lab—Use Wireshark to View Network Traffic (Instructor Version) 106 Topology 106 Objectives 106 Background / Scenario 106 Required Resources 107 Instructions 107 Part 1: Capture and Analyze Local ICMP Data in Wireshark 107 Part 2: Capture and Analyze Remote ICMP Data in Wireshark 110 Reflection Question 111 Appendix A: Allowing ICMP Traffic Through a Firewall 112

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    Contents xiii Part 1: Create a new inbound rule allowing ICMP traffic through the firewall 112 Part 2: Disabling or deleting the new ICMP rule 112 Chapter 4 Physical Layer 113 Purpose of the Physical Layer 114 Check Your Understanding: Purpose of the Physical Layer 114 Physical Layer Characteristics 115 Completion Exercise 115 Check Your Understanding: Physical Layer Characteristics 116 Copper Cabling 116 Completion Exercise 117 Compare UTP, STP, and Coaxial Characteristics 118 UTP Cabling 118 Limiting the Negative Effect of Crosstalk 118 UTP Cable Wiring Standards 118 UTP Cable Pinouts 119 Fiber-Optic Cabling 119 Completion Exercise 119 Check Your Understanding: Fiber-Optic Cabling 120 Wireless Media 121 Completion Exercise 121 Check Your Understanding: Wireless Media 122 4.6.5 Packet Tracer—Connect a Wired and Wireless LAN (Instructor Version) 123 Addressing Table 123 Objectives 123 Background 124 Instructions 124 Part 1: Connect to the Cloud 124 Part 2: Connect Router0 124 Part 3: Connect Remaining Devices 125 Part 4: Verify Connections 125 Part 5: Examine the Physical Topology 125 4.6.6 Lab—View Wired and Wireless NIC Information (Instructor Version) 127 Objectives 127 Background / Scenario 127 Required Resources 127 Instructions 127 Part 1: Identify and Work with PC NICs 127 Part 2: Identify and Use the System Tray Network Icons 130 Reflection Question 131

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    xiv Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) 4.7.1 Packet Tracer—Connect the Physical Layer (Instructor Version) 132 Objectives 132 Background 132 Part 1: Identify Physical Characteristics of Internetworking Devices 132 Part 2: Select Correct Modules for Connectivity 133 Part 3: Connect Devices 135 Part 4: Check Connectivity 135 Chapter 5 Number Systems 137 Binary Number System 138 Positional Notation 138 Convert Binary to Decimal 139 Convert Decimal to Binary 140 Activity: Binary Game 140 Hexadecimal Number System 140 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion 142 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion 142 Check Your Understanding: Hexadecimal Number System 142 Chapter 6 Data Link Layer 145 Purpose of the Data Link Layer 146 Check Your Understanding: Purpose of the Data Link Layer 147 Topologies 148 Completion Exercise 148 Check Your Understanding: Topologies 149 Data Link Frame 150 Label the Generic Frame Fields 150 Check Your Understanding: Data Link Frame 150 Chapter 7 Ethernet Switching 153 Ethernet Frames 154 Identify the Ethernet Frame Attributes 154 Check Your Understanding: Ethernet Switching 155 Ethernet MAC Address 156 Completion Exercise 156 The MAC Address Table 157 LAN Switches 157 Build the MAC Address Table 157 Forward the Frame 158 Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods 161 Compare Switch Forwarding Methods 162 Port Settings Completion Exercise 162 Check Your Understanding: Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods 163

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    Contents xv 7.1.6 Lab—Use Wireshark to Examine Ethernet Frames (Instructor Version) 164 Topology 164 Objectives 164 Background / Scenario 164 Required Resources 165 Instructions 165 Part 1: Examine the Header Fields in an Ethernet II Frame 165 Part 2: Use Wireshark to Capture and Analyze Ethernet Frames 168 Reflection Question 171 7.2.7 Lab—View Network Device MAC Addresses (Instructor Version) 172 Topology 172 Addressing Table 172 Objectives 172 Background / Scenario 172 Required Resources 173 Instructions 173 Part 1: Configure Devices and Verify Connectivity 173 Part 2: Display, Describe, and Analyze Ethernet MAC Addresses 174 Reflection Questions 178 Device Config 178 Switch S1 178 7.3.7 Lab—View the Switch MAC Address Table (Instructor Version) 181 Topology 181 Addressing Table 181 Objectives 181 Background / Scenario 181 Required Resources 182 Instructions 182 Part 1: Build and Configure the Network 182 Part 2: Examine the Switch MAC Address Table 183 Reflection Question 188 Device Configs 188 Switch S1 188 Switch S2 190 Chapter 8 Network Layer 193 Network Layer Characteristics 194 Network Layer Operations 194 Characteristics of IP 194 Check Your Understanding: IP Characteristics 195 IPv4 Packet 195 Fields of the IPv4 Packet 196 Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Packet 196

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    xvi Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) IPv6 Packet 197 Fields of the IPv6 Packet 197 Check Your Understanding: IPv6 Packet 198 How a Host Routes 198 Completion Exercise 198 Check Your Understanding: How a Host Routes 200 Introduction to Routing 200 Routing Table Entry: Matching 202 Check Your Understanding: Introduction to Routing 203 Chapter 9 Address Resolution 205 MAC and IP 206 Identify the MAC and IP Addresses 206 Check Your Understanding: MAC and IP 207 ARP 207 Completion Exercise 207 Check Your Understanding: ARP 209 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery 210 Five ICMPv6 Messages 210 Check Your Understanding: Neighbor Discovery 210 9.1.3 Packet Tracer—Identify MAC and IP Addresses (Instructor Version) 211 Objectives 211 Background 211 Instructions 211 Part 1: Gather PDU Information for Local Network Communication 211 Part 2: Gather PDU Information for Remote Network Communication 212 Reflection Questions 213 Suggested Scoring Rubric 215 9.2.9 Packet Tracer—Examine the ARP Table (Instructor Version) 216 Addressing Table 216 Objectives 216 Background 216 Instructions 216 Part 1: Examine an ARP Request 216 Part 2: Examine a Switch MAC Address Table 218 Part 3: Examine the ARP Process in Remote Communications 219 9.3.4 Packet Tracer—IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (Instructor Version) 221 Addressing Table 221 Objectives 221 Background 221 Instructions 221

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    Contents xvii Part 1: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Local Network 221 Part 2: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Remote Network 224 Reflection Questions 227 Chapter 10 Basic Router Configuration 229 Configure Initial Router Settings 230 Basic Router Configuration Exercise 230 Configure Initial Settings Exercise 231 Configure Interfaces 232 Configure Router Interfaces Exercise 232 Packet Tracer Exercise 10-1: Basic Router Configuration 234 Configure the Default Gateway 234 Command Reference 235 10.1.4 Packet Tracer—Configure Initial Router Settings (Instructor Version) 236 Objectives 236 Background 236 Instructions 236 Part 1: Verify the Default Router Configuration 236 Part 2: Configure and Verify the Initial Router Configuration 237 Part 3: Save the Running Configuration File 239 10.3.4 Packet Tracer—Connect a Router to a LAN (Instructor Version) 241 Addressing Table 241 Objectives 241 Background 241 Part 1: Display Router Information 242 Part 2: Configure Router Interfaces 244 Part 3: Verify the Configuration 245 10.3.5 Packet Tracer—Troubleshoot Default Gateway Issues (Instructor Version) 247 Addressing Table 247 Objectives 247 Background 247 Instructions 248 Part 1: Verify Network Documentation and Isolate Problems 248 Part 2: Implement, Verify, and Document Solutions 249 10.4.3 Packet Tracer—Basic Device Configuration (Instructor Version) 250 Topology 250 Addressing Table 250 Objectives 250 Scenario 250 Requirements 251

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    xviii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) 10.4.4 Lab—Build a Switch and Router Network (Instructor Version) 252 Topology 252 Addressing Table 252 Objectives 252 Background / Scenario 252 Required Resources 253 Instructions 254 Part 1: Set Up Topology and Initialize Devices 254 Part 2: Configure Devices and Verify Connectivity 254 Part 3: Display Device Information 257 Reflection Questions 261 Router Interface Summary Table 261 Device Configs 262 Router R1 262 Switch S1 264 Chapter 11 IPv4 Addressing 269 IPv4 Address Structure 270 Network and Host Portions 270 IPv4 Subnet Mask 270 The Prefix Length 271 Determining the Network: Logical AND 271 ANDing to Determine the Network Address 272 Activity: ANDing to Determine the Network Address 272 Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Address Structure 273 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast 274 Types of IPv4 Addresses 274 Public and Private Addresses 274 Special Use IPv4 Addresses 274 Legacy Classful Addressing 275 Assignment of IP Addresses 275 Check Your Understanding: Types of IPv4 Addresses 276 Network Segmentation 276 Broadcast Domains and Segmentation 276 Problems with Large Broadcast Domains 276 Reasons for Segmenting Networks 277 Check Your Understanding: Network Segmentation 277 Subnet an IPv4 Network 277 Subnetting in Four Steps 278 Subnetting Example 278 Subnetting Scenario 1 280 Subnetting Scenario 2 280 Subnetting Scenario 3 280

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    Contents xix VLSM Addressing Schemes 281 VLSM Review 281 VLSM Addressing Design Exercises 283 11.5.5 Packet Tracer—Subnet an IPv4 Network (Instructor Version) 288 Addressing Table 288 Objectives 288 Background / Scenario 288 Instructions 289 Part 1: Subnet the Assigned Network 289 Part 2: Configure the Devices 292 Part 3: Test and Troubleshoot the Network 293 Device Configs 293 CustomerRouter 293 LAN-A 294 LAN-B 294 PC-A 294 PC-B 294 11.6.6 Lab—Calculate IPv4 Subnets (Instructor Version) 295 Objectives 295 Background / Scenario 295 Required Resources 295 Instructions 295 Problem 1 295 Problem 2 296 Problem 3 296 Problem 4 297 Problem 5 297 Problem 6 298 Reflection Question 298 11.7.5 Packet Tracer—Subnetting Scenario (Instructor Version) 299 Addressing Table 299 Objectives 299 Scenario 299 Instructions 299 Part 1: Design an IP Addressing Scheme 299 Part 2: Assign IP Addresses to Network Devices and Verify Connectivity 301 Device Configs 302 R1 302 S3 302 PC4 302

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    xx Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) 11.9.3 Packet Tracer—VLSM Design and Implementation Practice (Instructor Version) 303 Topology 303 Addressing Table 303 Objectives 303 Background 303 Instructions 304 Part 1: Examine the Network Requirements 304 Part 2: Design the VLSM Addressing Scheme 305 Part 3: Assign IP Addresses to Devices and Verify Connectivity 305 Instructor Notes: 306 Scenario 1 - Network Address: 10.11.48.0/24 306 Building 1 307 ASW3 307 Scenario 2 - Network Address: 172.31.103.0/24 307 Branch 1 308 Room-312 308 Scenario 3 - Network Address: 192.168.72.0/24 308 Remote-Site1 309 Sw-3 309 11.10.1 Packet Tracer—Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme (Instructor Version) 310 Addressing Table 310 Objectives 310 Background / Scenario 310 Instructions 311 Requirements 311 Instructor Notes: 312 Scenario 1 - Network Address: 10.1.1.0/24 312 East 313 West 313 ES-1 313 ES-2 313 WS-1 314 WS-2 314 Scenario 2 - Network Address: 172.19.67.0/24 314 HQ 315 Remote 315 HQ-1 315 HQ-2 316 Remote-1 316 Remote-2 316 Scenario 3 - Network Address: 192.168.203.0/24 316

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    Contents xxi Police 317 Schools 317 PD-1 318 PD-2 318 PS-101 318 PS-115 318 11.10.2 Lab—Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme (Instructor Version) 319 Topology 319 Objectives 319 Background / Scenario 319 Required Resources 320 Instructions 320 Part 1: Examine Network Requirements 320 Part 2: Design the VLSM Address Scheme 323 Part 3: Cable and Configure the IPv4 Network 324 Reflection Question 326 Router Interface Summary Table 326 Device Configs 326 Router BR1 (Final Configuration) 326 Router BR2 (Final Configuration) 328 Chapter 12 IPv6 Addressing 331 IPv4 Issues 332 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence 332 Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Issues 332 IPv6 Address Representation 333 IPv6 Address Types 333 IPv6 Prefix Length 333 Types of IPv6 Addresses 334 IPv6 GUA 334 GUA and LLA Static Configuration 335 Static Configuration of Global Unicast Addressing 335 Static GUA Configuration on a Windows Host 336 Static Configuration of a Link-Local Unicast Address 336 Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 GUAs 337 RS and RA Messages 337 Method 1: SLAAC 338 Method 2: SLAAC and Stateless DHCPv6 338 Method 3: Stateful DHCPv6 339 EUI-64 Process 340 Randomly Generated Interface IDs 341 Check Your Understanding: Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 GUAs 341

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    xxii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 LLAs 342 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 342 Subnet an IPv6 Network 342 IPv6 Subnetting Example 343 IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 1 343 IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 2 344 IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 3 344 Check Your Understanding: Subnet an IPv6 Network 344 12.6.6 Packet Tracer—Configure IPv6 Addressing (Instructor Version) 346 Addressing Table 346 Objectives 346 Background 346 Part 1: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Router 347 Part 2: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Servers 348 Part 3: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Clients 348 Part 4: Test and Verify Network Connectivity 348 12.7.4 Lab—Identify IPv6 Addresses (Instructor Version) 350 Topology 350 Objectives 350 Background / Scenario 350 Required Resources 350 Instructions 350 Part 1: Practice with Different Types of IPv6 Addresses 350 Part 2: Examine a Host IPv6 Network Interface and Address 352 Reflection Questions 353 12.9.1 Packet Tracer—Implement a Subnetted IPv6 Addressing Scheme (Instructor Version) 354 Addressing Table 354 Objectives 354 Background / Scenario 354 Instructions 354 Device Configuration 355 Router R1 355 Router R2 356 12.9.2 Lab—Configure IPv6 Addresses on Network Devices (Instructor Version) 357 Topology 357 Addressing Table 357 Objectives 357 Background / Scenario 357 Required Resources 358 Instructions 358 Part 1: Cable the Network and Configure Basic Router and Switch Settings 358

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    Contents xxiii Part 2: Configure IPv6 Addresses Manually 359 Part 3: Verify End-to-End Connectivity 362 Reflection Questions 362 Router Interface Summary Table 362 Device Configs 363 Router R1 (After part 1 of this lab) 363 Switch S1 (After part 1 of this lab) 365 Router R1 (Final) 367 Switch S1 (Final) 369 Chapter 13 ICMP 373 ICMP Messages 374 Host Reachability 374 Destination or Service Unreachable 374 Time Exceeded 375 ICMPv6 Messages 375 Check Your Understanding: ICMP Messages 377 Ping and Traceroute Tests 378 Ping—Test Connectivity 378 Traceroute—Test the Path 378 Command Reference 379 13.2.6 Packet Tracer—Verify IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing (Instructor Version) 379 Addressing Table 379 Objectives 380 Background 380 Part 1: Complete the Addressing Table Documentation 380 Part 2: Test Connectivity Using Ping 381 Part 3: Discover the Path by Tracing the Route 381 13.2.7 Packet Tracer—Use Ping and Traceroute to Test Network Connectivity (Instructor Version) 383 Addressing Table 383 Objectives 383 Scenario 383 Instructions 384 Part 1: Test and Restore IPv4 Connectivity 384 Part 2: Test and Restore IPv6 Connectivity 386 13.3.1 Packet Tracer—Use ICMP to Test and Correct Network Connectivity (Instructor Version) 388 Addressing Table 388 Objectives 388 Background 389 Instructions 389

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    xxiv Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) 13.3.2 Lab—Use Ping and Traceroute to Test Network Connectivity (Instructor Version) 390 Topology 390 Addressing Table 390 Objectives 391 Background / Scenario 391 Required Resources 392 Instructions 392 Part 1: Build and Configure the Network 392 Part 2: Use Ping Command for Basic cork Testing 394 Part 3: Use Tracert and Traceroute Commands for Basic Network Testing 399 Part 4: Troubleshoot the Topology 401 Reflection Questions 403 Router Interface Summary Table 404 Device Configs 404 Router R1 404 Router ISP 406 Switch S1 408 Chapter 14 Transport Layer 411 Transportation of Data 412 Transportation Layer Responsibilities 412 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 412 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 412 The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right Application 412 Check Your Understanding: Transportation of Data 413 TCP Overview 414 TCP Features 414 TCP Header 415 TCP Header Fields 415 Applications That Use TCP 416 Check Your Understanding: TCP Overview 417 UDP Overview 417 UDP Features 417 UDP Header 417 Applications That Use UDP 418 Check Your Understanding: UDP Overview 419 Compare TCP and UDP 419 Port Numbers 420 Socket Pairs 420 Port Number Groups 420 Check Your Understanding: Port Numbers 421

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    Contents xxv TCP Communication Process 422 TCP Server Processes 422 TCP Connection Establishment 422 Session Termination 423 Control Bits Field 424 Check Your Understanding: TCP Communication Process 425 Reliability and Flow Control 425 TCP Reliability—Guaranteed and Ordered Delivery 425 TCP Reliability—Data Loss and Retransmission 426 TCP Flow Control—Window Size and Acknowledgments 426 TCP Flow Control—Maximum Segment Size (MSS) 426 TCP Flow Control—Congestion Avoidance 427 Check Your Understanding: Reliability and Flow Control 427 UDP Communication 428 UDP Datagram Reassembly 428 UDP Client Processes 428 Check Your Understanding: UDP Communication 428 Command Reference 430 14.8.1 Packet Tracer—TCP and UDP Communications (Instructor Version) 430 Objectives 430 Background 430 Instructions 431 Part 1: Generate Network Traffic in Simulation Mode and View Multiplexing 431 Part 2: Examine Functionality of the TCP and UDP Protocols 432 Chapter 15 Application Layer 439 Application, Presentation, and Session 440 Application Layer 440 Presentation and Session Layer 440 TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols 440 Check Your Understanding: Application, Session, Presentation 441 Peer-to-Peer 442 Check Your Understanding: Peer-to-Peer 443 Web and Email Protocols 443 Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language 443 HTTP and HTTPS 444 Email Protocols 444 Check Your Understanding: Web and Email Protocols 444 IP Addressing Services 445 Domain Name Service 445

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    xxvi Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) DNS Message Format 445 DNS Hierarchy 446 The nslookup Command 446 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 447 DHCP Operation 448 Check Your Understanding: IP Addressing Services 449 File Sharing Services 449 File Transfer Protocol 449 Server Message Block 450 Check Your Understanding: File Sharing Services 451 Command Reference 452 15.4.8 Lab—Observe DNS Resolution (Instructor Version) 452 Objectives 452 Background / Scenario 452 Required Resources 452 Part 1: Observe the DNS Conversion of a URL to an IP Address 453 Part 2: Observe DNS Lookup Using the nslookup Command on a Website 455 Part 3: Observe DNS Lookup Using the nslookup Command on Mail Servers 457 Reflection Question 457 Chapter 16 Network Security Fundamentals 459 Security Threats and Vulnerabilities 460 Types of Threats 460 Types of Vulnerabilities 460 Physical Security 461 Network Attacks 461 Types of Malware 461 Reconnaissance Attacks 462 Access Attacks 462 Denial of Service Attacks 462 Check Your Understanding: Network Attacks 462 Network Attack Mitigation 464 Matching Exercise: Network Attack Mitigation 464 Check Your Understanding: Network Attack Mitigation 465 Device Security 465 Passwords 466 Additional Password Security 466 Enable SSH 466 Packet Tracer Exercise 16-1: SSH Configuration and Verification 467 Command Reference 468

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    Contents xxvii 16.2.6 Lab—Research Network Security Threats (Instructor Version) 468 Objectives 468 Background / Scenario 469 Required Resources 469 Instructions 469 Part 1: Exploring the SANS Website 469 Part 2: Identify Recent Network Security Threats 470 Part 3: Detail a Specific Network Security Attack 471 Reflection Questions 472 16.4.6 Packet Tracer—Configure Secure Passwords and SSH (Instructor Version) 473 Addressing Table 473 Scenario 473 Instructions 473 16.4.7 Lab—Configure Network Devices with SSH (Instructor Version) 476 Topology 476 Addressing Table 476 Objectives 476 Background / Scenario 476 Required Resources 477 Instructions 477 Part 1: Configure Basic Device Settings 477 Part 2: Configure the Router for SSH Access 478 Part 3: Configure the Switch for SSH Access 479 Part 4: SSH from the CLI on the Switch 481 Reflection Question 482 Router Interface Summary Table 482 Device Configs - Final 483 Router R1 483 Switch S1 484 16.5.1 Packet Tracer—Secure Network Devices (Instructor Version) 488 Addressing Table 488 Requirements 488 Instructions 488 Answer Scripts 489 RTR-A 489 SW-1 490 16.5.1 Lab—Secure Network Devices (Instructor Version) 491 Topology 491 Addressing Table 491 Objectives 491 Background / Scenario 491 Required Resources 492

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    xxviii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Instructions 492 Part 1: Configure Basic Device Settings 492 Part 2: Configure Basic Security Measures on the Router 493 Part 3: Configure Security Measures 493 Part 4: Configure Basic Security Measures on the Switch 495 Reflection Questions 497 Router Interface Summary Table 498 Device Configs - Final 498 Router R1 498 Switch S1 501 Chapter 17 Build a Small Network 505 Devices in a Small Network 506 Small Network Topologies 506 Device Selection for a Small Network 506 IP Addressing for a Small Network 507 Matching Exercise: Devices in a Small Network 507 Check Your Understanding: Devices in a Small Network 508 Small Network Applications and Protocols 508 Common Applications 509 Common Protocols 509 Check Your Understanding: Small Network Applications and Protocols 510 Scale to Larger Networks 510 Check Your Understanding: Scale to Larger Networks 511 Verify Connectivity 511 Verify Connectivity with Ping 512 Verify Connectivity with Traceroute 513 Extended Traceroute 513 Network Baseline 513 Host and IOS Commands 514 IP Configuration on a Windows Host 514 IP Configuration on a Linux Host 515 IP Configuration on a macOS Host 515 The arp Command 516 show Commands 516 Matching Exercise: show Commands 517 Troubleshooting Methodologies 518 Basic Troubleshooting Approaches 518 Check Your Understanding: Troubleshooting Methodologies 518 Troubleshooting Scenarios 519 Packet Tracer Exercise 17-1: Troubleshooting Scenario 519 Command Reference 520

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    Contents xxix 17.4.6 Lab—Test Network Latency with Ping and Traceroute (Instructor Version) 521 Topology 521 Objectives 521 Background / Scenario 521 Required Resources 521 Instructions 522 Part 1: Use Ping to Document Network Latency 522 Part 2: Use Traceroute to Document Network Latency 524 Part 3: Extended Traceroute 526 Reflection Questions 527 17.5.9 Packet Tracer—Interpret show Command Output (Instructor Version) 528 Objectives 528 Background 528 Instructions 528 Reflection Questions 528 17.7.6 Lab—Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues (Instructor Version) 530 Topology 530 Addressing Table 530 Objectives 530 Background / Scenario 530 Required Resources 531 Troubleshooting Configuration 531 Part 1: Identify the Problem 533 Part 2: Implement Network Changes 533 Part 3: Verify Full Functionality 533 Part 4: Document Findings and Configuration Changes 534 Reflection Question 534 Router Interface Summary Table 534 Device Configs - Final 535 Router R1 535 Switch S1 536 Router ISP 539 17.7.7 Packet Tracer—Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues (Instructor Version) 541 Addressing Table 541 Objectives 541 Background / Scenario 541 Instructions 542 17.8.1 Lab—Design and Build a Small Network (Instructor Version) 547 Objectives 547 Background /Scenario 547

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    xxx Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Required Resources 547 Reflection 547 17.8.2 Packet Tracer—Skills Integration Challenge (Instructor Version) 553 Addressing Table 553 Background / Scenario 554 Instructions 554 Running Scripts 555 R1 Configuration 555 S1 Configuration 556 S2 Configuration 557 S3 Configuration 558 17.8.3 Packet Tracer—Troubleshooting Challenge (Instructor Version) 559 Addressing Table 559 Objectives 560 Background / Scenario 560 Instructions 560 Correct Device Configs 560 R1 Configuration 560 S1 Configuration 560 S2 Configuration 560 S3 Configuration 561 IT PC Configuration 561 Marketing PC Configuration 561 R&D PC Configuration 561

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    xxxi Command Syntax Conventions The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows: ■ ■ Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command). ■ ■ Italic indicates arguments for which you supply actual values. ■ ■ Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements. ■ ■ Square brackets ([ ]) indicate an optional element. ■ ■ Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice. ■ ■ Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within an optional element.

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    xxxii Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7) Introduction This book supports instructors and students in Cisco Networking Academy, an IT skills and career building program for learning institutions and individuals worldwide. Cisco Networking Academy provides a variety of curricula choices including the very popular CCNA curriculum. It includes three courses oriented around the topics of Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certifications. Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide is a supplement to your classroom and laboratory experience with the Cisco Networking Academy. To be successful on the exam and achieve your CCNA certification, you should do everything in your power to arm your- self with a variety of tools and training materials to support your learning efforts. This book provides just such a collection of tools. Used to its fullest extent, it will help you gain the knowledge as well as practice the skills associated with the content area of the Introduction to Networks v7 course. Specifically, this book will help you work on these main areas: ■ ■ Understand advances in modern network technologies. ■ ■ Implement initial settings, including passwords, IP addressing, and default gateway parameters on network switches and end devices. ■ ■ Understand how network protocols enable devices to access local and remote network resources. ■ ■ Understand how physical layer protocols, services, and network media support commu- nications across data networks. ■ ■ Convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal systems. ■ ■ Understand how media access control in the data link layer supports communication across networks. ■ ■ Understand how Ethernet operates in a switched network. ■ ■ Understand how routers use network layer protocols and services to enable end-to-end connectivity. ■ ■ Understand how ARP and ND enable communication on a network. ■ ■ Implement initial settings on a router and end devices. ■ ■ Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment a network. ■ ■ Implement an IPv6 addressing scheme. ■ ■ Use various tools to test network connectivity. ■ ■ Compare the operations of transport layer protocols in supporting end-to-end communication. ■ ■ Understand the operation of application layer protocols in providing support to end-user applications. ■ ■ Configure switches and routers with device-hardening features to enhance security. ■ ■ Implement a network design for a small network to include a router, a switch, and end devices. Labs and Study Guides similar to this one are also available for the other two courses: Switch- ing, Routing, and Wireless Essentials Labs and Study Guide and Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation Labs and Study Guide .

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    Introduction xxxiii Who Should Read This Book This book’s main audience is anyone taking the Introduction to Networks course of the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum. Many Academies use this Labs and Study Guide as a required tool in the course, whereas other Academies recommend the Labs and Study Guide as an additional resource to prepare for class exams and the CCNA certification. The second- ary audiences for this book is people taking CCNA-related classes from professional training organizations. This book can also be used for college- and university-level networking courses, as well as anyone wanting to gain a detailed understanding of routing. However, the reader should know that the content of this book tightly aligns with the Cisco Networking Acad- emy course. It may not be possible to complete some of the “Study Guide” sections and labs without having access to the online course. Fortunately, you can purchase the Introduction to Networks v7 .0 Companion Guide (ISBN: 9780136633662). Goals and Methods The most important goal of this book is to help you pass the 200-301 Cisco Certified Network Associate exam, which is associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. Passing the CCNA exam shows that you have the knowledge and skills required to manage a small enterprise network. You can view the detailed exam topics online at http:// learningnetwork.cisco.com. They are divided into six broad categories: ■ ■ Network Fundamentals ■ ■ Network Access ■ ■ IP Connectivity ■ ■ IP Services ■ ■ Security Fundamentals ■ ■ Automation and Programmability The Introduction to Networks v7 course covers introductory material related to the first five bullets. The next two courses, Switching, Routing, and Wireless Essentials v7 and Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation v7, cover the material in more detail. Each chapter of this book is divided into a “Study Guide” section followed by a “Labs and Activities” section. The “Study Guide” section offers exercises that help you learn the concepts, configurations, and troubleshooting skills crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter is slightly different and includes some or all of the following types of exercises: ■ ■ Vocabulary matching exercises ■ ■ Concept question exercises ■ ■ Skill-building activities and scenarios ■ ■ Configuration scenarios ■ ■ Packet Tracer exercises ■ ■ Troubleshooting scenarios The “Labs and Activities” sections include all the online course labs and Packet Tracer activity instructions. In some chapters, this section begins with a Command Reference that you will complete to show that you understand all the commands introduced in the chapter.

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