Lecture Notes for New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2018: Comprehensive, 20th Edition

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual1of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Computer ConceptsModuleOne:Digital ContentA Guide toThis Instructor’s Manual:We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching experiencethrough classroom activities.This document is organized chronologically, using the same heading inbluethat you see in thetextbook. Under each heading you will find (in order): Lecture Notes that summarize the section,Figures and Boxes found in the section (if any), Teacher Tips,and Classroom Activities. Payspecial attention to teaching tips and activities geared toward quizzing your students, enhancingtheir critical thinking skills, and encouraging experimentation within the software.In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s ResourcesincludesPowerPointPresentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.ModuleContentsObjectives2Section A: DigitalBasics2Section B: DigitalSound6Section C:Bitmap Graphics10Section D:Vector Graphics14Section E:Digital Video17Glossary of Key Terms20

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual2of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Objectives:Compress files containing various types of data, including text, photos, music, and videos.Record audio files.Select an audio sampling rate and fileformat for high-quality sound in files that won’t use up allyour storage space.Convert audio files from one format to another.Use voice commands to control your digital devices.Select the best file format for digital images, such as photos and scans, taking into accountwhich formats reduce image quality with lossy compression.Convert a paper document into a digital file that can be edited using word processing software.Work with RGB colors in decimal, hexadecimal, or binary notation.Use resolution to gauge the maximum size for an image.Use “photoshopping” techniques to enhance, colorize, clone, inpaint, clip, and merge photoimages.Capture 360-degree images on your smartphone.Draw vector images for logos and infographics.Convert vectorimages into bitmaps.Render a 3D image from a wireframe.Use video editing software to combine video footage with a soundtrack.Select output settings for a video, including aspect ratio, resolution, bit rate, compression level,and file format.Transcode a video from one file format to another.View vector and bitmap images in a VR headset.SECTION A: DIGITAL BASICSSection A: OBJECTIVESStudents will have mastered the material in Section A when they can answer the following questions:List three technologies that digital devices useto physically store or transmit 1s and 0s.Write the numbers 1 through 10 in binary.Decipher ASCII text.Demonstrate how to use the termsbit,byte,megabyte,megabit, andgigabytein the context ofdatastorage and digital devices.Distinguish between data that would be represented by binary numbers and data that would berepresented by ASCII or Unicode.Explain how OCR relates to ASCII and Unicode.Describe the difference between lossy and lossless compression.Demonstrate how to compress a file.SECTION A OPENER QUESTION:Datareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentpeople,events,things,andideas.(Answera)a.Trueb.False

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual3of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.TheDigital RevolutionLECTURE NOTESIs there a difference between data and information?What is data representation?What’s the difference between analog and digital?How does digital data work?How is digital data stored?FIGUREFigure 1-1CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuick Check:Whichof the devices on the left illustrate analog data representation?a.The speedometer andYouTubeb.The television and the vinyl recordc.All but the speedometerd.All but YouTube and the clockDigital devices work with bits in all of the following ways except:a.voltage variationsb.light and dark spotsc.analog valuesd.orientation of magnetized particlesRepresenting NumbersLECTURE NOTEHow do digital devices represent numbers?FIGUREFigure 1-2

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual4of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.TEACHER TIPIf you need tobrush up on binary numbers refer to Figure 1-2.Quick Check:Which one of the following is considered numeric data?a.Passport number 47756902231b.Telephone number 906-222-3450c.The $28,995.00 cost of a card.The address 22 E. Main StreetFigure 1-2 showsthe binary equivalent for numbers 0 through 11 and 1000. What is the binaryequivalent for the number 12?a.10111b.1100c.10000d.1111Representing TextLECTURE NOTESHow do digital devices represent text?Why are there ASCII codes for numbers?Where isdigital text used?What is plain text?How does formatting get added to documents?What happens when I scan a document?FIGURESFigure 1-3,Figure 1-4, Figure 1-5TEACHER TIPTake a look at the ASCII codes in Figure 1-3. Notice there is a code for thespace character in additionto codes for symbols, numerals, uppercase letters, and lowercase letters.Figure1-4 illustrates an ASCII text file and the actual binary code that is stored for it.Figure1-5 gives you a behind-the-scenes look at the Roller Coasters document with all theembeddedformatting codes revealed.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESLab ActivityScan a one-page document using a scanner or a multifunction printer. The default format for thescan is probably a JPEG or PNG graphic. Try using your scanner’s OCR feature or a free online OCRservice to convert the scan into a document that can be edited using word processing software.

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual5of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Quick Check:Write outHi!in Extended ASCII code. (Hint: Use an uppercaseH, but a lowercasei.)a.H_______________b.i ________________c.! ________________If your address is 10 B Street, what are the first three bytes in ASCII?a.00110001 00110000 01000010b.00110001 00110000 00100000c.00110001 00110111 00100000What is the seventh byte in the RollerCoasters file?a.Uppercase C (01000011)b.Lowercase c (01100011)c.Space (00100000)d.Carriage return (00001101)Which one of the following would most likely require OCR?a.A two-page bibliography of award-winning books from 1945 that you would like to annotateb.An excerpt from a magazine article that you want to include in a term paperc.A football poster containing the home game scheduled.A page from a handwritten diary that you want to include in a historical biographyBits and BytesLECTURE NOTESWhat is thedifference between bits and bytes?What do the prefixes kilo-, mega-, giga-, and tera-mean?Why such odd numbers?When do I use bits and when do I use bytes?FIGURESFigure 1-6, Figure 1-7TEACHER TIPFigure1-7 provides examples for file sizes and storage capacities.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESGroupDiscussion:What’s akibibyte? Some computer scientists have proposed alternative terminologyto dispel the ambiguity in terms such askilothat can mean 1,000 or 1,024. They suggest the followingprefixes: Kibi = 1,024; Mebi = 1,048,576;andGibi = 1,073,741,824.Quick Check:My iPhone has 8 ______ of storage space; I uploaded a high-resolution 8-______ graphic; and I amgoing to download a small 8 ______ file.a.GB, MB, Mbpsb.MB, GB, KB

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual6of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.c.GB, MB, KBd.Mbps, MB, GBCompressionLECTURE NOTESWhat is the difference between lossless and lossy compression?How do I compress data?How do I return files to their uncompressed state?FIGURESFigure 1-8, Figure 1-9CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESLab Activity:Experiment with compressing files to see how much they shrink. Try compressing adocument,andthen try a graphic.Quick Check:Which one of the following requires lossless compression?a.A very large document that you intend to send as an email attachmentb.A photo of your class reunion that you intend to post on your Facebook pagec.An iTunes track saved to your iPod that you want to back up on your computerCompression utilities can be used to accomplish all of the following except:a.bundle two or morefiles into a single small fileb.enlarge a file to increase its resolutionc.zip a single file to decrease its sized.extract a file to its original size and contentQuickQuiz:1.A(n) ______________ is a 0 or 1 used in the digital representation of data.2.Most computers use Unicode, UTF-8, or Extended __________ code to represent character data.(Hint: Use the acronym.)3.Formatting codes can be added to documents using a(n) ____________, such as slashes // andangle brackets< >.4.In the computer world, TB is the abbreviation for ______________________.5.The data files containing photos, videos, and music are typically compressed using______________ compression that throws away some of the original data.SECTION B: DIGITALSOUNDSection B: OBJECTIVESStudents will have mastered the material in SectionBwhen they can answer the following questions:

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual7of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.•Describe the process of digital sampling.•Select the appropriate sampling rate for a digital audio recording.•Identify digital audio files by their file name extensions.•Convert digital audio files from one format to another.•Understand why most audio files are compressed and how this affects sound quality.•Decide when to download, live stream, or stream music on demand.•Explain the difference betweendigital audio and MIDI.•Explain how Siri and similar services work.SECTION B OPENER QUESTION:__________ismusic,speech,andothersoundsrepresentedinbinaryformatforuseindigitaldevices.(Answerd)a.MIDIb.Speechrecognitionc.Speechsynthesisd.DigitalaudioDigital Audio BasicsLECTURE NOTESHow do I record sound?How is sound digitized?Does sampling rate affect sound quality?How much space is required to store an audio file?Is there any way tocompress audio files?FIGURESFigure 1-10, Figure 1-11TEACHER TIPFigure1-10 shows how a sound wave is digitally sampled.Figure1-11 illustrates how sampling rate affects sound quality and file size.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuick Check:What is thepurpose of sampling?a.To measure the height of each sound waveb.To take multiple height measurements of a wave and convert them into binaryc.To determine the type of instrument that makes each soundd.To record a sound at the highest fidelityIn thiscalculation, the sampling rate is _____________.a.32 bitsb.44.1 kHzc.1.4 Mbpsd.None of the above

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual8of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Audio compression is usually ___________________.a.Lossyb.Losslessc.RawLabActivityTry recording a short narration. Does your digital device have abuilt-in microphone and recordingsoftware?Digital Audio File FormatsLECTURE NOTESWhich audio formats are most popular?What are the best sources for digital music?What type of software is required to work with digital audio files?FIGURESFigure 1-12, Figure 1-13, Figure 1-14TEACHER TIPThe table in Figure 1-12 provides an overview of the most popular digital audio formats, which includeAAC,MP3,Ogg Vorbis,WAV,FLAC, andWMA.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESLab Activities:1.Make a shortaudio recording using your favorite digital device. What are the default file formatand sampling rate? If you record at a higher sampling rate, can you tell the difference in soundquality?2.Find the names of two live streaming music services and the names of two on-demandstreaming services.QuickCheck:1.You’ve selected a music track on your smartphone, but there is a pause before it begins. Thispause is associated with __________________.a.downloading audio tracksb.live streaming audioc.on-demandstreaming2.The termrippingapplies to:a.converting CD tracks to formats such as MP3 and AACb.downloading MP3 files illegally from the Internetc.compressing AAC files with digital audio extractionMIDILECTURE NOTESWhat is MIDI music?

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual9of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.What is the datarepresentation for a MIDI message?What are the advantages and disadvantages of MIDI?Who uses MIDI?FIGUREFigure 1-15CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuickCheck:Which of the following files is likely to contain synthesized music?a.Bongos.mp3b.Screech.wavc.Waltz.oggd.Sugar.midDIGITIZED SPEECHLECTURE NOTESWhat’s the difference between speech synthesis and speech recognition?How does speech synthesis work?How does speech recognition work?How does Siri work?FIGURESFigure 1-16, Figure1-17CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESLab Activities:If you have a laptop with Windows 10, it includes a comprehensive speech recognition systemcalled Cortana. Try it out. You can speak commands to launch apps, navigate menus, and dictatetext for email messages and documents.Are you wondering what a Speak & Spell is? Go to YouTube and search for “Speak & Spell” to see ademonstration.QuickCheck:Which of the following files requires digital-to-analog conversion?a.Speech synthesisb.Speech recognitionc.Entering a Google Voice commandd.Voice dialingCLASSROOM ACTIVITIES•Quick Quiz:1.____________raterefers to the number of times per second that a sound is measuredduring the recording process.

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual10of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.2.Audio formats such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and AAC have good sound quality even thoughthey use __________ compression.3.The process of ripping tracks from an audio CD to a digital format such as MP3 is calleddigital audio ______________.4._____________________ files store a series of instructions that specify which notes toplay, their duration, and their volume.5.The audio components for Siri and similar services are obtained by recording real voicesand then applying __________ speech synthesis.SECTION C:BITMAP GRAPHICSSection C: OBJECTIVESStudents will have mastered the material inSection Cwhen they cananswer the following questions:•Describe the differences between bitmap and vector graphics file formats.•Explain how pixel color is represented in decimal, hexadecimal, and binary.•Calculate the size of a bitmap file given its resolution.•Decidewhich graphics format to use for school, work, or personal projects.•List six popular bitmap file formats.•Describe how cameras and scanners produce digital images.•Explain how 3D images are created.•Describe the RG B and CMYK color models.•Explain what a color histogram represents and how to use one.•Provide examples of image stitching.•Describe two types of stereoscopic imaging.SECTION C OPENER QUESTION:A bitmap graphic is composed of a grid of tiny rectangular cells.(Answer b)a.Trueb.FalseBitmapBasicsLECTURE NOTESWhat is a bitmap graphic?Where would I encounter bitmap graphics?How do I create bitmap images?How do I convert a printed image into a bitmap?How does a digital camera capture bitmap images?What are the most common bitmap file formats?FIGURESFigure 1-18, Figure 1-19, Figure 1-20, Figure 1-21TEACHER TIP

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual11of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Figure1-18 illustrates these basic characteristics of a bitmap graphic.Figure 1-21summarizes popular bitmap formats and their uses.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESGroupDiscussion:The term3Dis used today to refer to a variety of commercial products thatshould be called stereoscopic. For example, those so-called 3D glasses with blue and red lenses aretechnically stereoscopic, not 3D. As you continue in thismodule, pay attention to the differencebetween 3D and stereoscopic.Lab Activity: Check the features of the photo app on your smartphone. Which of the following doesit provide?RetouchCropSpecial effectsExposure adjustmentQuick Check:Bitmapgraphics are based on:a.codecsb.pixelsc.rastersd.vectorsBitmap DataRepresentationLECTURE NOTESHow does each pixel get a color number?How are colors specified?How much data is required for each pixel color?How does resolution relate to imagequality?Can I shrink and enlarge bitmaps?Can I change a bitmap’s resolution?So how much resolution does a bitmap need to be printed as a poster?FIGURESFigure 1-22, Figure 1-23, Figure 1-24CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESAssign a Project:Open an image with Photoshop or similar graphics software. Check its size and its ppi. At 300 ppi, howlarge can the image be printed before its quality begins to deteriorate?

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual12of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Group Discussion:TheCMYKcolor model defines four color values: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.It is a subtractive system, whereas RGB is an additive system. In CMYK, white is 00000000; but in RGB,11111111 is white. CMYK is typically used for projects that require color printing.Quick Check:1.To represent the color violet in Figure 1-22, the decimal value for green is 130. What are theequivalent hexadecimal and binary values for green?a.82 and 10000010b.255 and 11111111c.EE and 11101110Image CompressionLECTURE NOTES•What is image compression?•Which formats applylossless compression?•How does lossless compression shrink a file without throwing away data?•Which formats apply lossless compression?•What happens during lossy compression?•Can I compress images using general compression tools?FIGURESFigure 1-25, Figure 1-26, Figure 1-27TEACHER TIPFigure 1-27 illustrates a section of a noncompressed image and a section of that same image after JPEGcompression has beenapplied. Can you see any difference?CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESAssign a Project:Open a JPEG image. Use the Save As command or Duplicate command to make a copyof the image with a name different from the original. As you save the copy,apply as much compressionas possible. Close both files and then reopen them. Is there a visible difference in quality?QuickCheck:1.Run-length encoding is a typeof__________.bitmap digitizationRLE graphics formatlossless compressionpixelationModifying Bitmap ImagesLECTURE NOTEWhat characteristics of a bitmap can I modify?

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual13of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.FIGURESFigure 1-28,Figure 1-29, Figure 1-30,Figure 1-31, Figure 1-32CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESAssign anActivity:Histograms can perform miracles! Open a photo using software such as Photoshop, Apple Photos, orPhoto Gallery. Locate the histogram control andexperiment to see what you can reveal in theshadows.You can see digital compositing in action by going to YouTube and searching forContent-AwareFill. If you have access to Photoshop, open a few of your own photos and see what kind of crazycomposite you can create.QuickCheck:When modifying a JPEG image, which of the following is true?a.It is stored in a compressed format.b.It cannot be modified until you unzip it.c.You can no longer edit individual pixels in the image.Panoramic and 360 ImagesLECTURE NOTESWhat is image stitching?What kinds of images does stitching produce?Are special software and equipment required to capturephotos for stitched images?FIGUREFigure 1-33CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuickCheck:Image stitching knitsphotos into panoramic, cylindrical, and spherical images, but what techniqueis used to insert parts of one image into another image?a.Cloningb.Inpaintingc.Compressiond.CompositingStereoscopyLECTURE NOTESWhat is stereoscopic imaging?What’s the modern version of stereoscopic imaging?What about those red and blue stereo glasses?FIGURES

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual14of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Figure 1-34, Figure 1-35, Figure 1-36CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuickCheck:Name two techniques for creating stereoscopic images.a.Anaglyphs and stereogramsb.Compositing and overlaysc.Blue and redd.Steganography and depthingQuick Quiz:1.A digital camera captures images on the photosites of a(n) ___________. (Hint: Use theacronym.)2.A characteristic of bitmap graphics is that they are resolution ______________, so that reducingthe resolution also reduces the image quality.3.Graphics stored in True Color format require _______ bits for each pixel.4.Two images from a stereo pair displayed side by side are called a(n) ___________.5.The most popular True Color formats for Web graphics include ____________ and JPEG. (Hint:Use the acronym.)SECTION D:VECTOR GRAPHICSSectionD: OBJECTIVESStudents will have mastered the material inSection Dwhen they cananswer the following questions:Identify vector graphics usedon Web sites and social media.Based on the characteristics of vector graphics, determine when they are more suitable for a projectthan bitmaps.Draw simple vector shapes and outlines using drawing software.Convert a vector drawing into a bitmap.Explainthe process of rendering a 3D wireframe into an image.Identify the key difference between rendering 3D graphics for computer games and creating specialeffects for movies.Explain how vector graphics relate to augmented reality.Describe the type ofgraphics commonly used for virtual reality.SECTION D OPENER QUESTION:A vector graphic consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture. (Answer a)a.Trueb.FalseVector Graphics BasicsLECTURE NOTESWhat is a vector graphic?

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New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2018Instructor’s Manual15of22© 2018 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.How do vector graphics compare with bitmap images?Where are vector graphics used?How can I identify vector graphics?FIGURESFigure 1-37, Figure 1-38, Figure 1-39, Figure 1-40TEACHER TIPFigure1-39 illustrates the difference between vector and bitmap graphics when you try to edit out parts ofthe Stonehenge image.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESQuickCheck:Vector commands in the example at left are writtenusing ________________.a.Flashb.Basicc.#00BF00d.XML scriptsWhich format tends to require the least storage space?a.Bitmapb.Vectorc.Compressed bitmapd.MIDIVector ToolsLECTURE NOTESWhat tools do I need to create vector graphics?Is it possible to convert avector graphic into a bitmap?FIGURESFigure 1-41, Figure 1-42TEACHER TIPFigure 1-41 illustrates how to use drawing tools to create a vector graphic.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIESAssign anActivity:You can find drawing tools such as ImageBot and Janvas online, or use AdobeIllustrator if it is installed on your computer. Try drawing the sky, sun, clouds, and grass from theStonehenge image in Figure 1-41. Save your work to use for another TRY IT! later in the module.QuickCheck:Which of the following input devices is used to create vector images?a.Camerab.Scannerc.Digitizing tablet

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