Systems Analysis And Desig, 10th Edition Class Notes

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 1 of 23Systems Analysis and DesignTenth EditionPhase 1: Systems PlanningA Guide to the Instructor’s Manual:We designed the Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching experience with classroom activitiesand a cohesive chapter summary.This document is organized chronologically, using the same main heading in red that you see in the textbook. Undereach heading you will find (in order): Lecture Notes that summarize the section, Figures and Boxes found in thesection, if any, Teaching Tips, and Classroom Activities. Pay special attention to teaching tips, and activities gearedtowards quizzing your students, and enhancing their critical thinking skills.In addition to the Instructor’s Manual, the Instructor’s Resources also contain PowerPoint Presentations, Solutions toExercises, Figures, Test Banks, and other materials to aid you as an instructor.For Your Students:The Tenth Edition includes Video Learning Sessions, an end-of-chapter exercise called Critical Thinking Challenge,and online CourseCasts that can keep your students posted on technology developments and trends.•Video Learning Sessions. Eighteen multimedia Video Learning Sessions describe key systems analysis skills andconcepts and provide students with a self-paced, interactive learning tool that reinforces the text. The sessionsprovide step-by-step explanations that are easy to follow and understand. Each session includes practice tasks,sample answers, and challenge tasks to keep students interested and engaged as they learn. A Your Turn featurein every Video Learning Session challenges students to apply their skills and check their work against sampleanswers. This hands-on practice can help students better handle actual assignments and tasks. Instructors mayuse the Video Learning Sessions as classroom presentations, distance-education support, student review tools,and exam preparation.•Critical Thinking Challenge. This feature stresses critical thinking skills, including perception, organization,analysis, problem-solving, and decision-making. Students complete Practice Tasks, view sample answers, andthen apply their skills to the Challenge Tasks.•CourseCasts. Our online feature, CourseCasts, is a library of weekly podcasts designed to keep your students up-to-date with the latest in technology news. Direct your students tohttp://coursecasts.course.com, where theycan download the most recent CourseCast to their mp3 player. Ken Baldauf, host of CourseCasts, is a facultymember of the Florida State University Computer Science Department where he is responsible for teachingtechnology classes to thousands of FSU students each year. Ken is an expert in emerging technology, and hehighlights the most pertinent news and information. CourseCasts enable your students to spend their timeenjoying technology, rather than trying to figure it out. We suggest that you open or close your lecture with adiscussion based on the latest CourseCast.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 2 of 231: Phase 1: Systems PlanningLECTURE NOTES•Use the Gantt chart as a starting point for a discussion about systems development. Mention that each phase has oneor more main topics, and the chart will be updated as we move through the textbook.•Explain that Systems planning is the first of five phases in the systems development life cycle. In this phase, youlearn about the relationship between systems projects and corporate strategies.•This phase explains how systems projects get started, how to evaluate a project proposal to determine its feasibility,and how to use project management skills.•Mention that the deliverable for this phase is the preliminary investigation report.•Point out the Dilbert cartoon, and mention that it is always a good idea to know whether a project fits thecompany’s overall strategy.FIGURES: Gantt chart on Page 1.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask if they ever had an experience like the one in the Dilbert cartoon.2. Group Activity: Ask students if they have ever used Gantt charts, and to explain how they were used. Also ask forexamples of other task sets that might lend themselves to Gantt charts (planning a vacation, buying and installing a newkitchen faucet, etc.)VIDEO LEARNING SESSIONS:This phase includes Video Learning Sessions to help your students understand and apply key concepts and skills. Thesessions are highlighted as they appear in the textbook.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 3 of 23Systems Analysis and DesignTenth EditionChapter 1: Introduction to Systems Analysis and DesignTable of Contents2: Objectives2: Introduction4: What Is Information Technology?6: Case In Point 1.1: Cloud Nine Financial Advisors6: Information System Components9: Business in the 21stCentury13: Modeling Business Operations14: Business Information Systems18: What Information Do Users Need?19: Systems Development Tools21: Systems Development Methods27: The Information Technology Department28: Case In Point 1.2: Global Hotels and Momma's Motels29: Case In Point 1.3: What Should Lisa Do?29: The Systems Analyst32: Case In Point 1.4: Just-in-Time Airfreight, Inc.33: A Question of EthicsKey TermsEnd of Chapter Material2: ObjectivesStudents will have mastered the material in Chapter One when they can:Describe the impact of informationtechnologyDefine systems analysis and design and therole of a systems analystDefine an information system and describeits componentsExplain how to use business profiles andmodelsExplain Internet business strategies andrelationships, including B2C and B2BIdentify various types of informationsystems and explain who uses themDistinguish among structured analysis,object-oriented analysis, and agile methodsExplain the waterfall model, and how it hasevolvedDiscuss the role of the informationtechnology department and the systemsanalysts who work there

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 4 of 232: IntroductionLECTURE NOTES•Use Figure 1-1 as a starting point for a discussion about how information technology affects business•List the ways in which companies use information•Note the importance of information technology in a global economy•Present the Chapter Introduction Case: Mountain View College Bookstore on page 3, which sets upthe material developed in the chapter•Review the background, participants, project status, and discussion topics for the case•Show Figure 1-2FIGURES: 1-1, 1-2BOXES1. Video Learning Sessions: Introduce the Video Learning Session and encourage students to visit theWeb site mentioned for a welcome and introduction.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students for specific examples of how computers can be used for each way inwhich companies use information (e.g., computers can increase productivity by monitoring factors suchas production costs, labor requirements, and so on).2. Group Activity: Consider assigning students to each role in the Chapter Introduction Case and havingthem read the case dialogue.4: What Is Information TechnologyLECTURE NOTES•Define information technology (IT)•Explain how business depends on information technology•Use Figure 1-3 as a starting point for a conversation about the evolution of information technology•Use Figure 1-4 to illustrate job opportunities available in IT•Provide an overview of systems analysis and design•Define an information system•Discuss what systems analysts doFIGURES: 1-3, 1-4TEACHING TIPSExplain how information systems are used. In business, clerks, sales representatives, accountants,supervisors, managers, executives, and customers all use information systems, either directly orindirectly. Information systems support daily, short-term, and long-term activities.Discuss the history of information technology and how IT has evolved. From Herman Hollerith andIBM to tablets and smartphones, generate excitement about the endless possibilities of IT in the 21stcentury.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 5 of 23CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Review Question 1 on page 37.2. Critical Thinking: What characteristics would make an individual a strong systems analyst?6: Case In Point 1.1: Cloud Nine Financial AdvisorsCloud Nine provides its clients with a monthly newsletter that offers recommendations about stocks tobuy or sell. Doug Layton, Cloud Nine’s president, has asked your opinion on whether dot-com stocksmight be good investments for the future. He specifically mentioned Google, eBay, Amazon.com, andYahoo!, but he said you could suggest other companies. Doug wants you to do some Internet research tolearn more about these Web-based companies and their future prospects. You can use a search engine,or start by visiting the Web sites of publications such asForbes,Fortune Magazine,Business Week, orThe Wall Street Journal, among others.Comments: Encourage students to share the results of their research. Some students understand thestock market, but many others do not. This would be a good opportunity to explain the basics ofinvesting. In recent years, compared to other sectors, IT industry stocks have been significantly morevolatile, and the hope of higher rewards is balanced by the prospect of higher risks. Google and Yahoo!are excellent examples of new stock offerings that exceeded all expectations. No one can know whichcompanies will be the winners. The main point of this case is to encourage students to understand moreabout the business aspects of the IT industry, and to decide whether they want to invest in this area.6: Information System ComponentsLECTURE NOTES•Define system and mission-critical system using Figure 1-5, and point out that an informationsystem requires data•Explain how data is different from information, and emphasize that data is processed intoinformation•Use Figure 1-6 to identify the key components of an information system•Define hardware, list types of hardware, and define server farm•Describe Moore’s Law, and discuss Figure 1-7•Define software, and explain how system software is different from application software•Examples of application software include word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, databaseprograms, video and audio editing programs, and Web browsers•Describe enterprise applications, and provide examples such as order processing systems, payrollsystems, and company communication networks•Differentiate between a horizontal system and a vertical system•Define legacy systems•Redefine data using a typical payroll system as an example•Use Figure 1-8 to show how an information system such as payroll can store data in related tables•Describe processes•Emphasize that an analyst must understand and document processes to build a successfulinformation system•Define stakeholders and users (end users), and list internal and external users

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 6 of 23•Emphasize that the success of a system usually depends on user satisfactionFIGURES: 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8TEACHING TIPSAlthough they may not know it, students probably are familiar with a number of systems: the digestivesystem consists of related organs that process food; the highway system consists of related roads used todrive to various locations; the decimal number system consists of symbols and rules used to performcalculations.Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, unveiled what is now known as Moore’s Law in an article forElectronics magazine. At that time, Moore predicted that the number of transistors and resistors placedon computer chips would double every year, with a proportional increase in computing power anddecrease in cost. The forecast proved amazingly accurate for 10 years, when Moore revised the estimateto doubling every one and a half to two years.Explain that system software is necessary to run any type of application software. It serves as aninterface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. Offer examples ofsystem software, which include: Windows, UNIX, Mac OS X, and Linux (operating systems); personalfirewalls (security software); and file viewers, file compression utilities, disk scanners, and screen savers(utility programs).Explain that software packages are prewritten applications available for various functions. In-houseapplications often are developed when a software package that meets a company’s needs is not available.Because they are not prewritten, the advantage of in-house applications is that they can be developed tomatch a company’s requirements exactly. The disadvantage of custom software is that it is moreexpensive, and usually takes longer to design and implement, than software packages. With in-houseapplications, debugging and testing costs, and the attendant frustrations, must be borne alone. Oneguideline for evaluating an organization’s need for in-house applications versus software packages is tolook for a software package that has an 80 percent or better fit with requirements. If the fit is less than80 percent, an organization either should consider an in-house application or reevaluate itsrequirements.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students for examples of mission-critical systems.2. Class Discussion: Challenge students to give examples of data and information. Encourage them toexplain why they classified each example as they did.3. Class Discussion: Ask students to suggest processes that might be used to perform a simple result, suchas selling an item in a grocery store.4. Critical Thinking: Which is more widely available and less expensive: horizontal or vertical systems?Why?

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 7 of 235. Critical Thinking: Clifford Stoll — lecturer, computer security expert, and author ofSilicon SnakeOil: Second Thoughts on the Information Superhighway — notes a wide gap between data andinformation. “The Internet has great gobs of data,” Stoll maintains, “and little, little information.” Whyor why not?9: Business in the 21st CenturyLECTURE NOTES•Define e-commerce (electronic commerce), or I-commerce (Internet-commerce)•Differentiate between B2C (business-to-consumer) e-commerce and B2B (business-to-business) e-commerce•Describe B2C e-commerce, and point out types of companies that participate in B2C e-commerce•Explain how B2C e-commerce is changing traditional business models•Note the growth in B2C marketing and the resulting call for systems analysts and programmers•Describe B2B e-commerce, and point out the advantages of B2B e-commerce•Point out how businesses use the advantages of the Internet using Figures 1-11 and 1-13•Describe electronic data interchange (EDI)•Use Figure 1-9 to illustrate supply chain management (SCM) and define supply chain•Differentiate between product-oriented companies and service-oriented companies, noting thetrend toward companies combining products, services, information, and technical resources•Use Figure 1-10 as part of a discussion about the diminishing distinctions between product-orientedand service-oriented companies•Discuss the growth of the digital content market using Figure 1-12FIGURES: 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13TEACHING TIPSNote that some authorities identify another form of e-commerce called C2C (consumer-to-consumer) inwhich transactions take place between individuals. Online auctions are a type of C2C.Mention that B2C e-commerce involves the sale of products or services to the general public. Inaddition to allowing customers to compare and buy products, some B2C Web sites offer access toproduct reviews, chat rooms, and other product-related information.Explain that B2B e-commerce consists of the sale and exchange of products and services betweenbusinesses.Newsweek magazine has described B2B e-commerce as “the nuts and bolts of Americanindustry.” One of the reasons for the phenomenal growth of B2B (especially when compared to thegrowth of B2C) is that companies often are more willing than individuals to transact business online; infact, the online marketplace is more efficient than the traditional ways in which companies do business.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students for examples of product-oriented companies and service-orientedcompanies.2. Class Discussion: Ask students to describe their B2C experiences. What types of services or products(such as travel, hobbies, electronic products, and so on) did they purchase? How satisfied were theywith the transaction? Why?

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 8 of 233. Critical Thinking: Assign Discussion Topic 1 on page 37.4. Projects to Assign: Assign Project 2 on page 37.5. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Question 4 on page 37.13: Modeling Business OperationsLECTURE NOTES•Point out that IT professionals must understand a company’s business operations in order to design asuccessful system•Note that different businesses have different requirements•Define business profile, and explain how systems analysts develop a business profile•Describe business process modeling•Define business process model (BPM) and business process, and discuss Figure 1-14•Point out that complex business operations can require linked models•Describe business process modeling notation (BPMN), and discuss Figure 1-15FIGURES: 1-14, 1-15BOXES1. Toolkit Time: Refer students to Part B of the four-part Toolkit that follows Chapter 12 for moreinformation about business process modeling tools.TEACHING TIPSExplain that a system produces specific results. To design any successful system, it is important torecognize the results desired and the processes needed to produce those results.Discuss how business process models (BPM) provide visual representations of business processes helpingIT professionals understand a company’s business operations.Use Figures 1-14 and 1-15 to illustrate business process models (BPM) and business process modelingnotation (BPMN).CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students for examples of business processes for registration for classes at theirUniversity.2. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Question 3 on page 37.14: Business Information SystemsLECTURE NOTES•Compare how systems were categorized in the past with the way they are classified today, and listthe new set of system definitions

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 9 of 23•Define enterprise computing•Identify the main objective of enterprise computing•Define enterprise resource planning (ERP), and note the benefits, and potential disadvantage, ofERP•Discuss Figure 1-16 and Herman Miller’s use of ERP•Describe transaction processing (TP) systems, and use Figure 1-17 to identify tasks performed by TPsystems•Describe business support systems and management information systems (MIS)•Describe radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, including a discussion of Figure 1-18•Point out the decision support capability of business support systems•Describe what-if scenarios as an alternative•Describe knowledge management systems•Characterize the knowledge base and inference rules that make up knowledge management systems•Discuss Figure 1-19•List examples of user productivity systems, which systems increase employee efficiency and assistwith communications•Define groupware, and tell how user productivity systems have impacted the office•Explain why most large companies integrate information systemsFIGURES: 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19TEACHING TIPSEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are used by most organizations today to increaseefficiencies and maximize effectiveness of operations. Explain why ERP systems are considered essentialto integrate business processes, improve data security, and help managers make key decisions. Mentionseveral of the key vendors of ERP systems and discuss how an understanding of these systems isrequired in most organizations.Transaction processing systems were among the first computerized systems that processed business data.Explain why TP systems are mission-critical systems. Note the efficiency of TP systems. Transactionscan be processed immediately online (called online transaction processing) or collected and processedlater together (called batch processing). Most systems use online transaction processing, but batchprocessing sometimes is used for certain tasks, like calculating paychecks and printing invoices. Somebusinesses use a combination of batch and online processing. Department stores might handle checkouttransactions with an online point-of-sale system, but batch process data at the end of the day to restockinventory levels, calculate sales reports, and identify trends.Explain that management information systems evolved from transaction processing systems as a way toorganize information for managers. Management information systems can produce detailed reports thatlist transactions, summary reports that consolidate data, or exception reports that identify data outsideof normal conditions.For students familiar with spreadsheets, explain that what-if analysis is an important component of thatkind of software, in which certain values are changed in order to reveal the effects of the changes.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 10 of 23Explain that in addition to inference rules, a knowledge management system can employ heuristics(rules of thumb made up of accepted guidelines that usually find a good solution) and attempt toemulate human thought processes. Knowledge management systems often contain an explanationfacility that helps users understand how certain conclusions were reached and a knowledge acquisitionfacility that allows the knowledge base to be updated.With regard to fuzzy logic, mention that fuzzy logic deals in probable, rather than definite, outcomesbased on the data. These are the systems meteorologists use to frame their predictions. Knowledgemanagement systems are an aspect of artificial intelligence (AI), which applies human intelligence tocomputers.Mention that a single database can support a transaction processing system, business support system,knowledge management system, and user productivity system; the data and information simply are usedin different ways for different purposes.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Group Activity: Assembling the knowledge of multiple experts can be a challenge; human expertsfrequently disagree. To show this, have students select a topic on which they all are “experts” (such aschoosing a class) and challenge them to develop a consensus knowledge base and inference rules.2. Critical Thinking: Assign Discussion Topic 4 on page 37.3. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Question 6 on page 37.18: What Information Do Users Need?LECTURE NOTES•Note how corporate organizational structure has changed in recent years•Use Figure 1-20 to describe a typical organizational model•Point out why a systems analyst must understand a company’s organizational model•Describe top managers and strategic plans•Point out how strategic plans affect a company’s future•Note the information needed to develop a strategic plan•Describe middle managers•Characterize knowledge workers, noting that knowledge workers support an organization’s basicfunctions•Describe supervisors, or team leaders•Define operational employees, and describe the empowerment trendFIGURE: 1-20TEACHING TIPSOrganizational levels affect not only the type of information needed; it also colors the presentation ofinformation. A night shift supervisor can be given raw columns of data. A report for a top manager,however, often requires an artistic title page, a summary page, and several pages of graphicalpresentations complete with footnotes.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 11 of 23Many claim that top managers deal primarily with unstructured problems that require intuition andjudgment, while lower management levels confront structured problems that can be solved usingestablished routines and specific facts. Some authorities feel top management should not issue specificdirectives, but instead provide guidelines, direction, and a budget framework.Point out how the information required by middle managers is different from the information requiredby top managers. While top managers make strategic decisions, some say that middle managers maketactical decisions, determining specific programs and plans to meet stated objectives. As businessesexpand and new companies grow, middle managers are in increasing demand. To take advantage of theopportunities available, employment counselors recommend that middle managers:1) Stay current in their field2) Remain abreast of technology3) Develop professional contacts4) Keep their resume up to date5) Have a backup planExplain that supervisors make operational decisions that involve a company’s day-to-day activities.These decisions should be consistent with and support the decisions made by middle management. Topmanagers often have far less computer experience than middle managers and supervisors.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Projects to Assign: Assign Project 1 on page 37.2. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Question 7 on page 37.3. Critical Thinking: Assign Discussion Topic 2 on page 37.4. Critical Thinking: Is it possible to rely too heavily on computers and not enough on judgment andintuition? Is it possible to count too much on intuition and not enough on information from computers?19: Systems Development ToolsLECTURE NOTES•List various systems development tools, and point out that systems analysts should be familiar witheach of these•Define modeling•Differentiate among a business model (or requirements model), a data model, an object model, anetwork model, and a process model•Mention that models work together to describe an environment, and list techniques used inmodeling•Define prototyping and prototype•Point out the disadvantage of prototyping, and mention that a second problem is that prototypesoften have insufficient documentation, or even no documentation at all•Define computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) (also called computer-aided softwareengineering) and CASE tools

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 12 of 23•Discuss Figures 1-21 and 1-22FIGURES: 1-21, 1-22BOXES1. Toolkit Time: Refer students to Part B of the four-part Toolkit that follows Chapter 12 for moreinformation about CASE tools.TEACHING TIPSExplain that a prototype allows users to work with a system before it is completed to make sure it meetstheir needs. Prototypes and test data commonly are used to see how a complex system will work beforecommitting large amounts of time and money. Prototyping rarely is used in small businesses.Explain that CASE tools increase the efficiency of systems development. CASE tools can existindependently or be integrated together. Mention that Part B of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit explainshow analysts use CASE tools. CASE technology allows programmers to retrieve commonly usedalgorithms from a central repository and piece them together to form modules. CASE tools can be usedto design a program in a condensed form of English and then automatically generate code in aprogramming language. One disadvantage of CASE tools is that it can take a long time to learn them.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students if a kind of prototyping could be used before deciding on a personalcourse of action (such as asking for a date or deciding whether or not to take a part-time job). If so,how?2. Critical Thinking: Is prototyping a method being used by system developers to avoid documentingrequirements? Why or why not?21: Systems Development MethodsLECTURE NOTES•Identify methods used in systems development•Using Figure 1-23, introduce structured analysis, object-oriented (O-O) analysis, and agile (oradaptive) methods; note the importance of understanding different methods•Define project management, and refer students to the chapter about project management tools andtechniques for more information•Define structured analysis and systems development life cycle (SDLC)•Explain why structured analysis is called a predictive approach and a process-centered technique•Explain what business rules are and use Figure 1-24 to illustrate a process model•Define data flow diagram (DFD)•Point out that the SDLC describes activities and functions employed in all systems development,regardless of the approach used•Introduce the waterfall model, and define deliverable, or end product•List the steps in the SDLC; explain that depending on the system being developed, the length andcomplexity of each phase in the SDLC can vary•Use the circular symbols in Figure 1-25 to illustrate an alternative model of the SDLC•Describe the systems planning phase

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 13 of 23•List sources of a systems request, with requests from top managers or other governing bodiesgenerally receiving the highest priority•Define preliminary investigation, and point out how systems analysts can react when they receive arequest for system changes•Define feasibility study and explain its importance•Describe the systems analysis phase, defining requirements modeling and system requirementsdocument•Describe the systems design phase; during the systems design, analysts acquire any necessaryhardware and software and develop the details of the new or modified system•Define system design specification•Describe the systems implementation phase, and discuss systems evaluation•Describe the systems support and security phase, and define scalable design•Describe objects•Define class and properties•Use Figure 1-26 to show how an object inherits properties from its class•Define methods, and mention that the data elements in an object are called attributes or variables•Define message as something that indicates the name of a method to be used•Explain why O-O methodology is popular; a major benefit of the O-O approach is the ability toreuse and modify existing objects•Discuss the importance of creating a model for the many tasks required in system development•Use Figure 1-27 to show an interactive model, more representative of object-oriented methods•Use Figure 1-28 as a reference in a definition of agile methods (iterative development), and definespiral model•Briefly introduce Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP)•Describe joint application development (JAD) and rapid application development (RAD)•Point out the existence of other systems development techniques; discuss IBM’s Rational®softwareand the Microsoft Solutions Framework®•Mention that companies can choose their own approach, often using CASE toolsFIGURES: 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-26, 1-27, 1-28BOXES1. Toolkit Time: Refer students to Part B of the four-part Toolkit that follows Chapter 12 for moreinformation about CASE tools.TEACHING TIPSInstructors who teach online will be especially interested in the three Video Learning Sessions in thissection, on project management, on DFD symbols and diagrams and on object modeling, as resources towhich they can send their distance-learning students.Point out that the SDLC is formalized in many organizations, with detailed instructions outliningreporting requirements, specific tasks that must occur in each phase, and individual responsibilities. Thegoal of structured analysis and the SDLC is to create a system with the desired capabilities, withinbudget, and on time.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 14 of 23Point out how perceived problems can be different from actual problems. Benefits of a new system canbe intangible, such as greater customer satisfaction, or tangible, such as reduced expenses. A compellingbenefit can be the cost ofnot acting; a bank’s installation of an ATM may not yield positive cash benefit,but consider the impact that not installing an ATM would have on business.Explain that during systems analysis, developers study the current system, determine the user’srequirements (requirements modeling), and recommend a solution (systems requirement document).The time spent on this phase of the SDLC usually is quite short when compared with the rest of theproject.Mention that some experts feel an impartial third party who has not been actively involved in thedesign of the system should do the systems evaluation. Users and systems analysts may have a tendencyto test only what has been designed; a third party is more likely to discover a procedure or type of datathat has been overlooked.During the systems support and security phase, explain that a systems analyst reviews the system,identifies errors, identifies enhancements, monitors system performance, and protects the system.When systems implementation is complete, the key issue is whether the system performs as advertised:does it work as intended and meet users’ needs? Experienced systems analysts find that the worstsituation occurs when management or users have changed their expectations, and these changes are notreflected in the new system. The best insurance against this problem is frequent communicationbetween and feedback from all participants throughout the SDLC. Point out that information systemsdevelopment is a continuing process.Mention that Alan Kay pioneered the concept of object-oriented analysis in the late 1960s with hisprogramming language, Smalltalk. As an example of packaging data and processes together in an object,consider an employee object. This object might contain data about the employee (name, address, SocialSecurity number, and so on) together with processes that can print an employee record or compute theemployee’s pay. When an object changes, any program that accesses the object automatically accessesthe change.Students may need help differentiating between JAD and RAD. A JAD session is a lengthy, structured,group work meeting in which users and IT professionals discuss an aspect of a systems developmentproject. The goal is to obtain group agreement on an issue. RAD is the concept of developing softwareduring the system development process. Prototyping is a common RAD technique.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Projects to Assign: Assign Project 3 on page 37.2. Quick Quiz:1)Assign Questions 8 and 9 on page 37.3. Critical Thinking: Agile methods are quickly becoming a preferred development approach. Askstudents to compare and contrast the Agile approach with the Structured and Object-oriented analysismethods.

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Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s ManualPage 15 of 2327: The Information Technology DepartmentLECTURE NOTES•Describe an information technology (IT) department•Define technical support•Use Figure 1-29 to identify the seven main functions of an IT department•Describe the application development group, listing members of a development team andcharacterizing a popular model for information systems development•Define systems support and security; point out the responsibilities of the systems support andsecurity group•Describe user support; define help desk (IC) or service desk, and explain the role of user supportspecialists•Define database administration, and note the importance of continuous attention and technicalsupport for mission-critical database applications•Define network administration; point out the responsibilities of network administration, and referstudents to Chapter 10 for more detail about network administration•Define Web support, and note the tasks involved in Web support•Define quality assurance (QA), and note the responsibilities of the QA teamFIGURE: 1-29TEACHING TIPSA help desk specialist is an entryway into the information technology (IT) field. Almost allorganizations provide their employees with some type of help desk assistance. Within most companies,this job is one of the least technical. Some of the job requirements may include the following:1) Solve procedural and software questions both in person and over the telephone2) Develop and maintain help desk operations manuals3) Assist in training new help desk personnelThe type of questions one might encounter as a help desk specialist depends on the setting. In mostinstances a help desk specialist must be informed about major software packages in use. Entry-levelpositions primarily answer calls from people with questions. Other positions, however, provideadditional assistance and assume further responsibilities, often demanding greater knowledge andproblem-solving skills that can serve as a springboard to more advanced positions in the IT field.CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Critical Thinking: Assign Discussion Topic 3 on page 37.28: Case In Point 1.2: Global Health and Momma's MotelsSuppose you work in the IT department of Global Hotels, a multinational hotel chain. Global Hotelsruns several specialized business support systems, including a guest reservations system that wasdeveloped in-house to meet the requirements of a large company with worldwide operations. Guestscan make one-stop online reservations by visiting Global’s Web site, which has links to all major travelindustry sites.Global Hotels just acquired Momma’s, a regional chain of 20 motels in western Canada.Momma’s uses a vertical reservations package suitable for small- to medium-sized businesses, and a

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