Solution Manual for Precalculus, 8th Edition

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SSOLUTIONSMANUALTIMBRITTJackson State Community CollegePRECALCULUSNINTHEDITIONMichael SullivanChicago State University

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Table of ContentsPrefaceChapter 1Graphs1.1 The Distance and Midpoint Formulas......................................................................................... 11.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry ................................................ 121.3 Lines ......................................................................................................................................... 241.4 Circles....................................................................................................................................... 41Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................... 52Chapter Test..................................................................................................................................... 62Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................... 64Chapter 2Functions and Their Graphs2.1 Functions .................................................................................................................................. 662.2 The Graph of a Function........................................................................................................... 802.3 Properties of Functions ............................................................................................................. 872.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-defined Functions ............................................................... 1022.5 Graphing Techniques: Transformations ................................................................................. 1132.6 Mathematical Models: Building Functions............................................................................. 129Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 135Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 148Cumulative Review ....................................................................................................................... 152Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 155Chapter 3Linear and Quadratic Functions3.1 Linear Functions and Their Properties.................................................................................... 1573.2 Linear Models: Building Linear Functions from Data ........................................................... 1673.3 Quadratic Functions and Their Properties .............................................................................. 1723.4 Build Quadratic Models from Verbal Descriptions and from Data ........................................ 1903.5 Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions............................................................................ 198Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 216Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 229Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 230Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 233Chapter 4Polynomial and Rational Functions4.1 Polynomial Functions and Models.......................................................................................... 2364.2 Properties of Rational Functions............................................................................................. 2584.3 The Graph of a Rational Function .......................................................................................... 2654.4 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities ..................................................................................... 3124.5 The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function .............................................................................. 3284.6 Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra ............................................................... 355Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 362Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 391Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 395Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 400

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Chapter 5Exponential and Logarithmic Functions5.1 Composite Functions .............................................................................................................. 4025.2 One-to-One Functions; Inverse Functions .............................................................................. 4185.3 Exponential Functions ............................................................................................................ 4375.4 Logarithmic Functions............................................................................................................ 4565.5 Properties of Logarithms ........................................................................................................ 4765.6 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations................................................................................. 4845.7 Financial Models .................................................................................................................... 5015.8 Exponential Growth and Decay Models; Newton’s Law; Logistic Growthand Decay Models .................................................................................................................... 5085.9 Building Exponential, Logarithmic, and Logistic Models from Data .................................... 515Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 520Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 540Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 544Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 548Chapter 6Trigonometric Functions6.1 Angles and Their Measure...................................................................................................... 5506.2 Trigonometric Functions: Unit Circle Approach.................................................................... 5576.3 Properties of the Trigonometric Functions ............................................................................. 5726.4 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions ............................................................................... 5846.5 Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant, and Secant Functions...................................... 6036.6 Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting ..................................................................................... 611Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 622Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 637Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 640Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 644Chapter 7Analytic Trigonometry7.1 The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions.................................................................. 6487.2 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued) ................................................................ 6587.3 Trigonometric Equations ........................................................................................................ 6697.4 Trigonometric Identities ......................................................................................................... 6887.5 Sum and Difference Formulas ................................................................................................ 6997.6 Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas.................................................................................. 7217.7 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas...................................................................... 744Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 754Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 778Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 782Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 787Chapter 8Applications of Trigonometric Functions8.1 Right Triangle Trigonometry; Applications ........................................................................... 7918.2 The Law of Sines.................................................................................................................... 8038.3 The Law of Cosines................................................................................................................ 8168.4 Area of a Triangle................................................................................................................... 8258.5 Simple Harmonic Motion; Damped Motion; Combining Waves ........................................... 832Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 840Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 852Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 855Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 861

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Chapter 9Polar Coordinates; Vectors9.1 Polar Coordinates.................................................................................................................... 8659.2 Polar Equations and Graphs.................................................................................................... 8729.3 The Complex Plane; DeMoivre’s Theorem............................................................................ 9009.4 Vectors.................................................................................................................................... 9109.5 The Dot Product...................................................................................................................... 9209.6 Vectors in Space ..................................................................................................................... 9249.7 The Cross Product................................................................................................................... 930Chapter Review ............................................................................................................................. 940Chapter Test................................................................................................................................... 958Cumulative Review........................................................................................................................ 962Chapter Projects............................................................................................................................. 964Chapter 10Analytic Geometry10.2 The Parabola ......................................................................................................................... 96810.3 The Ellipse ............................................................................................................................ 98210.4 The Hyperbola ...................................................................................................................... 99710.5 Rotation of Axes; General Form of a Conic ....................................................................... 101510.6 Polar Equations of Conics................................................................................................... 102710.7 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations ............................................................................. 1034Chapter Review ........................................................................................................................... 1045Chapter Test................................................................................................................................. 1063Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 1068Chapter Projects........................................................................................................................... 1070Chapter 11Systems of Equations and Inequalities11.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination............................................... 107411.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices .............................................................................. 109311.3 Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants....................................................................... 111511.4 Matrix Algebra.................................................................................................................... 112711.5 Partial Fraction Decomposition .......................................................................................... 114411.6 Systems of Nonlinear Equations......................................................................................... 115711.7 Systems of Inequalities ....................................................................................................... 118411.8 Linear Programming ........................................................................................................... 1198Chapter Review ........................................................................................................................... 1209Chapter Test................................................................................................................................. 1235Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 1244Chapter Projects........................................................................................................................... 1248Chapter 12Sequences; Induction; the Binomial Theorem12.1 Sequences ........................................................................................................................... 125012.2 Arithmetic Sequences ......................................................................................................... 125912.3 Geometric Sequences; Geometric Series ............................................................................ 126512.4 Mathematical Induction ...................................................................................................... 127512.5 The Binomial Theorem....................................................................................................... 1282Chapter Review ........................................................................................................................... 1287Chapter Test................................................................................................................................. 1294Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 1297Chapter Projects........................................................................................................................... 1300

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Chapter 13Counting and Probability13.1 Counting ............................................................................................................................. 130313.2 Permutations and Combinations ......................................................................................... 130413.3 Probability ........................................................................................................................... 1308Chapter Review ........................................................................................................................... 1313Chapter Test................................................................................................................................. 1315Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 1317Chapter Projects........................................................................................................................... 1320Chapter 14A Preview of Calculus: The Limit, Derivative, and Integral of a Function14.1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs ........................................................................... 132214.2 Algebra Techniques for Finding Limits.............................................................................. 132714.3 One-sided Limits; Continuous Functions ........................................................................... 133114.4 The Tangent Problem; The Derivative................................................................................ 133914.5 The Area Problem; The Integral ......................................................................................... 1348Chapter Review ........................................................................................................................... 1362Chapter Test................................................................................................................................. 1374Chapter Projects........................................................................................................................... 1378Appendix AReviewA.1 Algebra Essentials................................................................................................................ 1383A.2 Geometry Essentials............................................................................................................. 1388A.3 Polynomials ......................................................................................................................... 1393A.4 Synthetic Division................................................................................................................ 1402A.5 Rational Expressions............................................................................................................ 1404A.6 Solving Equations ................................................................................................................ 1409A.7 Complex Numbers; Quadratic Equations in the Complex Number System ........................ 1423A.8 Problem Solving: Interest, Mixture, Uniform Motion, Constant Rate Job Applications ..... 1428A.9 Interval Notation; Solving Inequalities ................................................................................ 1436A.10nth Roots; Rational Exponents............................................................................................ 1447Appendix BGraphing UtilitiesB.1 The Viewing Rectangle........................................................................................................ 1456B.2 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Equations...................................................................... 1457B.3 Using a Graphing Utility to Locate Intercepts and Check for Symmetry ............................ 1461B.5 Square Screens ..................................................................................................................... 1463

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1Chapter 1GraphsSection 1.11.02.()5388− −==3.2234255+==4.22211601213600372161+=+==Since the sum of the squares of two of the sidesof the triangle equals the square of the third side,the triangle is a right triangle.5.12bh6.true7.x-coordinate;y-coordinate8.quadrants9.midpoint10.False; the distance between two points is nevernegative.11.False; points that lie in Quadrant IV will have apositivex-coordinate and a negativey-coordinate.The point()1, 4lies in Quadrant II.12.True;1212,22xxyyM++=13.(a)Quadrant II(b)x-axis(c)Quadrant III(d)Quadrant I(e)y-axis(f)Quadrant IV14.(a)Quadrant I(b)Quadrant III(c)Quadrant II(d)Quadrant I(e)y-axis(f)x-axis15.The points will be on a vertical line that is twounits to the right of they-axis.

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Chapter 1:Graphs216.The points will be on a horizontal line that isthree units above thex-axis.17.221222(,)(20)(10)21415d P P=+=+=+=18.221222(,)( 20)(10)( 2)1415d P P=+=+=+=19.221222(,)( 21)(21)( 3)19110d P P=+=+=+=20.()221222(,)2( 1)(21)319110d P P=− −+=+=+=21.()()( )221222(,)(53)4428464682 17d P P=+− −=+=+==22.()()()( )221222(,)214034916255d P P=− −+=+=+==23.()221222(,)6( 3)(02)9(2)81485d P P=− −+=+ −=+=24.()()221222(,)422( 3)2542529d P P=+− −=+=+=25.()221222(,)(64)4( 3)2744953d P P=+− −=+=+=26.()()221222(,)6(4)2( 3)1051002512555d P P=− −+− −=+=+==27.22122222(,)(0)(0)()()d P Pababab=+=+ −=+28.221222222(,)(0)(0)()()22d P Paaaaaaaa=+=+ −=+==29.( 2,5),(1,3),( 1, 0)ABC= −== −()()()222222222222(,)1( 2)(35)3( 2)9413(,)11(03)( 2)( 3)4913(,)1( 2)(05)1( 5)12526d A Bd B Cd A C=− −+=+ −=+==− −+=+ −=+==− − −+=+ −=+=Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()()()222222(,)(,)(,)1313261313262626d A Bd B Cd A C+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In thisproblem,

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Section 1.1:The Distance and Midpoint Formulas3[] []1(,)(,)2111313132213 square units2Ad A Bd B C====30.( 2, 5),(12, 3),(10,11)ABC= −==()()()222222222222(,)12( 2)(35)14( 2)1964200102(,)1012( 113)( 2)( 14)4196200102(,)10( 2)( 115)12(16)14425640020d A Bd B Cd A C=− −+=+ −=+===+ −=+ −=+===− −+ −=+ −=+==Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()()()222222(,)(,)(,)10210220200200400400400d A Bd B Cd A C+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In thisproblem,[] []1(,)(,)21 102 10221 100 22100 square unitsAd A Bd B C====31.(5,3),(6, 0),(5,5)ABC===()()()222222222222(,)6(5)(03)11(3)1219130(,)56(50)(1)512526(,)5(5)(53)1021004104226d A Bd B Cd A C=− −+=+ −=+==+=+=+==− −+=+=+==Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()()()222222(,)(,)(,)1042613010426130130130d A Cd B Cd A B+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In this

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Chapter 1:Graphs4problem,[] []1(,)(,)211042621 2262621 2 26226 square unitsAd A Cd B C=====32.( 6, 3),(3,5),( 1, 5)ABC= −== −()()()222222222222(,)3( 6)( 53)9( 8)8164145(,)13(5( 5))( 4)1016100116229(,)1(6)(53)5225429d A Bd B Cd A C=− −+ −=+ −=+==− −+− −=+=+===− − −+=+=+=Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()()()222222(,)(,)(,)29229145294 2914529116145145145d A Cd B Cd A B+=+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In thisproblem,[] []1(,)(,)2129 22921 2 29229 square unitsAd A Cd B C====33.(4,3),(0,3),(4, 2)ABC===()()()()222222222222(,)(04)3( 3)(4)0160164(,)402( 3)45162541(,)(44)2( 3)05025255d A Bd B Cd A C=+ −− −=+=+===+− −=+=+==+− −=+=+==Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()222222(,)(,)(,)45411625414141d A Bd A Cd B C+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In this

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Section 1.1:The Distance and Midpoint Formulas5problem,[] []1(,)(,)21 4 5210 square unitsAd A Bd A C===34.(4,3),(4, 1),(2, 1)ABC===()()()()222222222222(,)(44)1( 3)04016164(,)2411( 2)04042(,)(24)1( 3)( 2)44162025d A Bd B Cd A C=+− −=+=+===+=+=+===+− −=+=+==Verifying thatABC is a right triangle by thePythagorean Theorem:[][][]()222222(,)(,)(,)4225164202020d A Bd B Cd A C+=+=+==The area of a triangle is12Abh=. In this problem,[] []1(,)(,)21 4 224 square unitsAd A Bd B C===35.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),224435 ,2280,22(4, 0)xxyyx y++=++===36.The coordinates of the midpoint are:()1212( ,),222204,2204,220, 2xxyyx y++=++===37.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),223620,2232,223 ,12xxyyx y++=++===38.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),222432,2261,2213,2xxyyx y++=++===

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Chapter 1:Graphs639.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),224631,22210 ,22(5,1)xxyyx y++=++===40.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),224232,2221,2211,2xxyyx y++=++===41.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),2200,22,22xxyyx yabab++=++==42.The coordinates of the midpoint are:1212( ,),2200,22,22xxyyx yaaaa++=++==43.The x coordinate would be235+=and the ycoordinate would be523=. Thus the newpoint would be()5,3.44.The new x coordinate would be123− −= −andthe new y coordinate would be6410+=. Thusthe new point would be()3,1045.a.If we use a right triangle to solve theproblem, we know the hypotenuse is 13 units inlength. One of the legs of the triangle will be2+3=5. Thus the other leg will be:222225132516914412bbbb+=+===Thus the coordinates will have an y value of11213− −= −and11211− +=. So the pointsare()3,11and()3,13.b.Consider points of the form()3,ythat are adistance of 13 units from the point()2,1.()()()()( )()2221212222223( 2)1512512226dxxyyyyyyyy=+=− −+ − −=+ − −=+++=++()()()22222213226132261692260214301113yyyyyyyyyy=++=++=++=+=+11011yy==or13013yy+== −Thus, the points()3,11and()3,13are adistance of 13 units from the point()2,1.46.a.If we use a right triangle to solve theproblem, we know the hypotenuse is 17 units inlength. One of the legs of the triangle will be2+6=8. Thus the other leg will be:222228176428922515bbbb+=+===Thus the coordinates will have an x value of11514= −and11516+=. So the points are()14,6and()16,6.

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Section 1.1:The Distance and Midpoint Formulas7b.Consider points of the form(),6xthat area distance of 17 units from the point()1, 2.()()()()()( )2221212222221262182164265dxxyyxxxxxxx=+=+− −=++=++=+()()()22222217265172652892650222401416xxxxxxxxxx=+=+=+==+14014xx+== −or16016xx==Thus, the points()14,6and()16,6are adistance of 13 units from the point()1, 2.47.Points on thex-axis have ay-coordinate of 0. Thus,we consider points of the form(), 0xthat are adistance of 6 units from the point()4,3.()()()()()22212122222243016831689825dxxyyxxxxxxx=+=+ −=++ −=++=+()222222268256825368250811( 8)( 8)4(1)( 11)2(1)864448108228634332xxxxxxxxx=+=+=+=− −±=±+±==±==±433x=+or433x=Thus, the points()433,0+and()433, 0areon thex-axis and a distance of 6 units from thepoint()4,3.48.Points on they-axis have anx-coordinate of 0.Thus, we consider points of the form()0,ythatare a distance of 6 units from the point()4,3.()()()()2221212222224034961696625dxxyyyyyyyyy=+=+ −=+++=+++=++()222222266256625366250611( 6)(6)4(1)( 11)2(1)63644680226453252xxxxxxxxx=++=++=++=+±=±+±==±== −±625x= −+or625x= −Thus, the points()0,625+and()0,625

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Chapter 1:Graphs8are on they-axis and a distance of 6 units from thepoint()4,3.49.()1212,,22xxyyMx y++==.()111,( 3, 6)Pxy== −and( ,)( 1, 4)x y=, so122222312231xxxxxx+=+== −+=and122222642862yyyyyy+=+==+=Thus,2(1, 2)P=.50.()1212,,22xxyyMx y++==.()222,(7,2)Pxy==and( ,)(5,4)x y=, so1211127521073xxxxxx+=+==+=and121112( 2)428( 2)6yyyyyy+=+ −==+ −=Thus,1(3,6)P=.51.The midpoint of AB is:()0600,223, 0D++==The midpoint of AC is:()0404,222, 2E++==The midpoint of BC is:()6404,225, 2F++==()2222(,)04(34)(4)(1)16117d C D=+=+ −=+=()2222(,)26(20)(4)21642025d B E=+=+=+==2222(,)(20)(50)2542529d A F=+=+=+=52.Let12(0, 0),(0, 4),( ,)PPPx y===()()()221222122222222222,(00)(40)164,(0)(0)416,(0)(4)(4)4(4)16dPPdPPxyxyxydPPxyxyxy=+===+=+=+==+=+=+=Therefore,()222248168162yyyyyyy==+==which gives2222161223xxx+=== ±Two triangles are possible. The third vertex is()()23, 2or23, 2.53.Let()10, 0P=,()20,Ps=,()3, 0Ps=, and()4,Ps s=.yx(0,)s(0, 0)( , 0)s( ,)s sThe points1Pand4Pare endpoints of onediagonal and the points2Pand3Pare the

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Section 1.1:The Distance and Midpoint Formulas9endpoints of the other diagonal.1,400,,2222ssssM++==2,300,,2222ssssM++==The midpoints of the diagonals are the same.Therefore, the diagonals of a square intersect attheir midpoints.54.Let()10, 0P=,()2, 0Pa=, and33,22aaP=. To show that these verticesform an equilateral triangle, we need to showthat the distance between any pair of points is thesame constant value.()()()()()22122121222,000dP Pxxyyaaa=+=+==()()()22232121222222,302234444dPPxxyyaaaaaaaa=+=+=+===()()()22132121222222,3002234444dP Pxxyyaaaaaaa=+=+=+===Since all three distances have the same constantvalue, the triangle is an equilateral triangle.Now find the midpoints:1 22 31 3456000,, 02223330,22,4422300322,,2244P PP PP PaaPMaaaaaPMaaaaPM++===++===++===()2245222233,0424344316162aaadPPaaaaa=+=+=+=()224622223,0424344316162aaadPPaaaaa=+=+=+=()2256222333,44440242aaaadPPaaa=+=+==Since the sides are the same length, the triangleis equilateral.55.221222(,)(42)(11)(6)0366d P P=+=+==()222322(,)4(4)( 31)0(4)164d PP=− −+ −=+ −==221322(,)(42)( 31)(6)(4)3616522 13d P P=+ −=+ −=+==Since[][][]222122313(,)(,)(,)d P Pd PPd P P+=,the triangle is a right triangle.

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Chapter 1:Graphs1056.()221222(,)6( 1)(24)7(2)49453d P P=− −+=+ −=+=()222322(,)46( 52)(2)(7)44953d PP=+ −=+ −=+=()221322(,)4( 1)( 54)5(9)2581106d P P=− −+ −=+ −=+=Since[][][]222122313(,)(,)(,)d P Pd PPd P P+=,the triangle is a right triangle.Since()()1223,,dPPdPP=, the triangle isisosceles.Therefore, the triangle is an isosceles righttriangle.57.()()221222(,)0(2)7( 1)28464682 17d P P=− −+− −=+=+==()222322(,)30(27)3(5)92534d PP=+=+ −=+=()()221322(,)3( 2)2( 1)5325934d P P=− −+− −=+=+=Since2313(,)(,)d PPd P P=, the triangle isisosceles.Since[][][]222132312(,)(,)(,)d P Pd PPd P P+=,the triangle is also a right triangle.Therefore, the triangle is an isosceles righttriangle.58.()()221222(,)4702( 11)(2)121412555d P P=+=+ −=+==()222322(,)4(4)(60)86643610010d PP=− −+=+=+==()()221322(,)4762( 3)4916255d P P=+=+=+==Since[][][]222132312(,)(,)(,)d P Pd PPd P P+=,the triangle is a right triangle.59.Using the Pythagorean Theorem:222229090810081001620016200902127.28 feetdddd+=+====90909090d60.Using the Pythagorean Theorem:222226060360036007200720060284.85 feetdddd+=+====60606060d61.a.First: (90, 0), Second: (90, 90),Third: (0, 90)
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