The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 9th Edition Test Bank

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Moore:The Developing Human,9thEditionChapter 01:Gametogenesis and FertilizationTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICEDirections: Each group of questions below consists of a numbered list of descriptivewords or phrases accompanied by a diagram with certain parts indicated by letters orby a list of lettered headings. For each numbered word or phrase, select the letteredpart or heading that matches it correctly and then insert the letter in the space to theright of the appropriate number. Sometimes more than one numbered word or phrasemay be correctly matched to the same lettered part or heading.1.________ Haploid nuclei that fuse to form a zygotea.Polar bodyb.Capacitationc.Acrosomed.Zona pellucidae.PronucleiANS:EThe male and female pronuclei are the haploid nuclei of the sperm and oocyte,respectively. They fuse during fertilization to form the diploid nucleus of a zygote.The nucleus occupies most of the head of the sperm, and after it enters the oocyte, itswells to form the male pronucleus. The pronuclei are about equal in size and showsimilar features.2.________ Changes occur in it that inhibit entry of sperma.Polar bodyb.Capacitationc.Acrosomed.Zona pellucidae.PronucleiANS:DThe zona pellucida undergoes changes, called the zona reaction, when a spermcontacts the cell membrane of a secondary oocyte. These changes, caused by therelease of substances from the oocyte, prevent other sperms from passing through thezona pellucida and entering the oocyte.3.________ Contains enzymes that digest a path for the sperma.Polar bodyb.Capacitationc.Acrosomed.Zona pellucida

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e.PronucleiANS:CThe acrosome isa caplike structure that invests the anterior half of the head of thesperm. It contains enzymes that pass through perforations in its wall and digest a pathfor the sperm to follow through the zona pellucida to fertilize the oocyte.4.________ Polar bodya.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:DThe first polar body forms during the first meiotic division. Note that it is inside thezona pellucida with the secondary oocyte. Although it may divide into two polarbodies, these cells degenerate. The secondary oocyte receives the same number ofchromosomes as the polar body; however, it gets almost all the cytoplasm.5.________ Zona pellucidaa.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:CThe zona pellucida surrounds the secondary oocyte and the polar body. Thismembrane is surrounded by a layer of follicular cells called the corona radiata. Thezona pellucida appears homogeneous in the fresh condition, but under the electronmicroscope it appears granular and shows some concentric layering.

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6.________ Meiotic spindlea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:EContact of a sperm with the cell membrane of the oocyte stimulates the secondaryoocyte to complete its second meiotic division. This contact also brings about the zonareaction, preventing entry of more sperms. The sperm penetrates the cell membrane ofthe secondary oocyte and then passes into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, leaving its cellmembrane outside the oocyte.7.________Corona radiataa.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:AThe corona radiata consists of one or more layers of follicular cells that surround thezona pellucida, the polar body, and the secondary oocyte. The corona radiata isdispersed during fertilization by enzymes released from the acrosomes of the spermsthat surround the oocyte.8.________ Haploid cell

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a.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:DThe polar body is the labeled haploid cell formed during the first meiotic division ofthe oocyte. The sperm is also a haploid cell zygote.9.________ Embryoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe embryoblast (inner cell mass) is recognizable about 4 days after fertilization. It isderived from the central cells of the morula. The embryoblast gives rise to the embryoand some extraembryonic tissues.10.________ Gives rise to part of the placentaa.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:DThe trophoblast gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta; the other part isderived from the endometrium. When the trophoblast becomes lined byextraembryonic somatic mesoderm, the combined layers are called the chorion. Thetrophoblast forms no part of the embryo.

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11.________ Gives rise to the hypoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BAt the end of the first week, differentiation of the embryoblast gives rise to thehypoblast. It appears as a flattened layer on the ventral surface of the inner cell mass.Later, it forms the roof of the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) and is incorporated into theembryo as the lining of the primordial gut.12.________ Degenerates and disappearsa.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:AThe zona pellucida begins to degenerate about 4 days after fertilization as theblastocyst begins to expand rapidly. Implantation of the blastocyst begins on the sixthday.13.________ Blastocystic cavitya.Ab.Bc.Cd.D

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e.EANS:CThe blastocystic cavity forms as fluid passes into the morula from the uterus andaccumulates. The spaces around the central cells of the morula coalesce to form theblastocystic cavity, converting the morula into a blastocyst. The uterine fluid in theblastocystic cavity bathes the ventral surface of the embryoblast and probably suppliesnutrients to the embryonic cells.14.________ Once filled the cavity of the ovarian folliclea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:CFollicular fluid fills the cavities of mature ovarian follicles. When the stigma of thefollicle ruptures at ovulation, the oocyte is expelled with the fluid from the follicle andthe ovary in a few seconds. The expulsion of the oocyte and the fluid is the result ofintrafollicular pressure and, possibly, ovarian smooth muscle contraction.15.________ Develops under luteinizing hormone influencea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:E

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The corpus luteum develops under the influence of the luteinizing hormone. Itproduces progesterone and some estrogen. These hormones act on the endometrium,bringing about the secretory phase and preparing the endometrium for implantation ofa blastocyst. If the oocyte is fertilized, the corpus luteum enlarges into a corpus luteumof pregnancy and increases its hormone production. If the ovum is not fertilized, thecorpus luteum begins to degenerate about 9 days after ovulation and is called a corpusluteum of menstruation.16.________ Produces progesteronea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:EThe corpus luteum usually produces progesterone for about 9 days. If the oocyte isfertilized, it produces progesterone until about the end of the fourth month ofpregnancy.17.________ Expelled with the follicular fluida.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe secondary oocyte is expelled with follicular fluid at ovulation. Ovulation is underFSH and LH influence and occurs through the ruptured stigma. The oocyte quicklyleaves the peritoneal cavity and enters the infundibulum of the uterine tube.

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18.________ Fimbriaea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:DThe fimbriae of the uterine tube embrace the ovary at ovulation. The sweeping motionof the fimbriae and the motion of the cilia on their epithelial lining cells carry theoocyte into the uterine tube.19.________ Derived from a primary oocytea.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe secondary oocyte is derived from a primary oocyte after the first meiotic division.This division produces two haploid cells, the secondary oocyte and the first polarbody. By the time of ovulation, the secondary oocyte has begun the second meioticdivision but progresses only to the metaphase stage, where division is arrested. If theoocyte is fertilized, it completes the division, forming a mature oocyte.20.

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________ Cytotrophoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:DThe trophoblast of the implanting blastocyst differentiates into two layers. The internallayer is the cytotrophoblast. Rapid proliferation of cells of the cytotrophoblast giverise to the syncytiotrophoblast, a nucleated cytoplasmic mass.21.________ Embryoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:CThe embryoblast gives rise to the embryo. It arises from cells that have segregatedfrom the morula. This occurs about 4 days after fertilization. The remaining cells ofthe morula become the trophoblast of the blastocyst.22.________ Endometriuma.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:A

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The blastocyst attaches to the epithelium covering the compact layer of theendometrium about 6 days after fertilization. The endometrium is in the secretoryphase of the uterine cycle, with abundant blood vessels and secreting glands. Theendometrial cells are enlarged and filled with glycogen as well as lipids.23.________ Hypoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:EThe hypoblast appears at about 7 days after fertilization. It is a flattened layer of cellson the surface of the inner cell mass facing the blastocyst cavity. The hypoblast givesrise to the embryonic endoderm and the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle.24.________ Syncytiotrophoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe syncytiotrophoblast, like the cytotrophoblast, is derived from the trophoblast. Thetrophoblast proliferates rapidly following implantation of the blastocyst. Thesyncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass with no discernible cellboundaries. The syncytiotrophoblast invades the uterine endometrium and facilitatesimplantation of the blastocyst.

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Moore:The Developing Human,9thEditionChapter 02:Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc and Chorionic SacTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICEDirections: Each group of questions below consists of a numbered list of descriptivewords or phrases accompanied by a diagram with certain parts indicated by letters orby a list of lettered headings. For each numbered word or phrase, select the letteredpart or heading that matches it correctly and then insert the letter in the space to theright of the appropriate number. Sometimes more than one numbered word or phrasemay be correctly matched to the same lettered part or heading.1.________ Extraembryonic coeloma.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:EThe extraembryonic coelom, part of which is indicated in the diagram, consists ofisolated spaces in the extraembryonic mesoderm. Later, these spaces coalesce to forma single, large cavity.2.________ Cytotrophoblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.E

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ANS:DThe cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast. It gives rise to (1) the outerlayer of trophoblast (syncytiotrophoblast), (2) amnioblasts (cells that form theamnion), and (3) part of the extraembryonic mesoderm. The cytotrophoblast, as theprefix cyto-implies, is a cellular layer.3.________ Lacunar networka.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:AThe lacunar networks form by coalescence of lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast. Asthe maternal sinusoids are eroded, blood seeps into these networks. Nutrients in theembryotroph diffuse through the two layers of trophoblast and pass to the embryo byway of the extraembryonic coelom.4.________ Epiblast forms its floora.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the epiblast. The amnion enclosing theamniotic cavity is attached to the epiblast of the embryonic disc. Initially, someamniotic fluid may be secreted by the amniotic cells, but most of it is derived from thematernal blood.5.________ Develops as a localized thickening of hypoblasta.Corpus luteum

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b.Zona pellucidac.Prechordal plated.Ectopic implantatione.Chorionic sacANS:CThe prechordal plate indicates the future cranial end of the embryo and the future siteof the mouth. It is a circular area of endoderm that is firmly adherent to the overlyingembryonic epiblast. It is an important landmark in the early embryo and serves as anorganizer of the cranial region of the embryo.6.________ Develops from a ruptured ovarian folliclea.Corpus luteumb.Zona pellucidac.Prechordal plated.Ectopic implantatione.Chorionic sacANS:AThe corpus luteum develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation. Under theinfluence of luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the adenohypophysis (anteriorlobe of pituitary gland), the ruptured follicle develops into a glandular structure. Atovulation, the walls of the follicle collapse and, with cells of the theca folliculi, formthe corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is an important source of progesterone for about4 months. After this, the placenta is the major producer of this hormone.7.________ Surrounds embryo, amnion, and umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)a.Corpus luteumb.Zona pellucidac.Prechordal plated.Ectopic implantatione.Chorionic sacANS:EThe chorion forms the chorionic sac from the wall of which the embryo, its amnionand umbilical vesicle are suspended by the connecting stalk. The chorionic sac givesrise to the embryonic part of the placenta.8.________ Derived from cytotrophoblasta.Ab.Bc.C

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d.De.EANS:DThe syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated protoplasmic mass, is derived from thecytotrophoblast. Cells of the cytotrophoblast divide mitotically, and some of thesecells move outward, where they fuse with and become part of the increasing mass ofsyncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast produces human chorionic gonadotropin,which acts like luteinizing hormone in maintaining the corpus luteum. Later, it alsoproduces other hormones. The syncytiotrophoblast is actively involved inimplantation.9.________ Ventral layer of embryonic disca.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:EThe hypoblast (primordial endoderm) forms the ventral layer of the embryonic disc. Itis first recognizable on the ventral surface of the embryoblast about 7 days afterfertilization.10.________ Site of the decidual reactiona.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:CThe connective tissue inthe compact layer of the endometrium in the region of theimplanting blastocyst is the site of cellular and other changes known as the decidualreaction. The enlarged decidual cells contain large amounts of glycogen and lipids thatprovide nourishment for the embryo.

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11.________ Lies between the cytotrophoblast and the epiblasta.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:BThe amniotic cavity lies between the cytotrophoblast and the epiblast of the embryonicdisc. Cells from the epiblast (amnioblasts) soon form a thin roof over this cavity calledtheamnion. It is continuous with the epiblast of the embryonic disc.12.________ Most common site of an ectopic pregnancya.Ab.Bc.Cd.De.EANS:CThe most common site of an ectopic pregnancy is the uterine tube, usually in theampulla or isthmus. The incidence of tubal pregnancy ranges from 1 in 80 to 1 in 250pregnancies, depending on the geographic location, socioeconomic level, and age ofthe pregnant woman. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common cause of tubal ectopicpregnancy. As the embryo increases in size, the uterine tube ruptures, leading tohemorrhage and a serious threat to the mother’s life.13.

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