Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Edition Test Bank

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Understanding PathophysiologyTESTBANK/STUDYGUIDEChapter01:CellularBiologyTestBankMULTIPLECHOICE1.Astudentisobservingacellunderthemicroscope.ItisobservedtohavesupercoiledDNAwithhistones.Whichofthefollowingwouldalsobeobservedbythestudent?a.Asinglecircularchromosomeb.Anucleusc.Free-floatingnuclearmateriald.NoorganellesANS:BThecelldescribedisaeukaryoticcell,soithashistonesandasupercoiledDNAwithinitsnucleus;thus,thenucleusshouldbeobserved.Asinglecircularchromosomeischaracteristicofprokaryoticcells,whichdonothavehistones.Free-floatingnuclearmaterialdescribesaprokaryoticcell,whichwouldnothaveadistinctnucleus.Eukaryoticcellshavemembraneboundedcellularcomponentscalledorganelles.Noorganellesdescribesaprokaryoticcell.REF:p.22.Anurseisinstructingthestaffaboutcellularfunctions.Whichcellularfunctionisthenursedescribingwhenanisolatedcellabsorbsoxygenandusesittotransformnutrientstoenergy?a.Metabolicabsorptionb.Communicationc.Secretiond.RespirationANS:DTheabilityofthecelltoabsorboxygenreferstothecellsfunctionofrespiration.Theabilityofthecelltofunctionwithinasocietyofcellsreferstoitsfunctionofcommunication.Theabilityofthecelltotakeinnutrientsreferstothecellsfunctionofmetabolicabsorption.

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Theabilityofthecelltosynthesizenewsubstancesandsecretetheseelsewherereferstothecellsfunctionofsecretion.REF:p.33.AeukaryoticcellisundergoingDNAreplication.Inwhichregionofthecellwouldmostofthegeneticinformationbecontained?a.Mitochondriab.Ribosomec.Nucleolusd.NucleusANS:CTheregionofthecellthatcontainsgeneticmaterial,includingalargeamountofribonucleicacid,mostoftheDNA,andDNA-bindingproteins,isthenucleolus.Themitochondriaisthesiteofcellularrespiration.Theribosomesareinvolvedinmanufacturingofproteinswithinthecell.Thenucleuscontainsthenucleolus,anditisthenucleolusthatcontainsgeneticmaterial.REF:p.54.Thefluidmosaicmodelforbiologicmembranesdescribesmembranebehavior.Accordingtothismodel,whichofthefollowingfloatsinglyorasaggregatesinthefluidlipidbilayer?a.Peripheralmembraneproteinsb.Integralmembraneproteinsc.Glycoproteinsd.CelladhesionmoleculesANS:BIntegralmembraneproteinsfloatfreelyinthefluidlipidbilayer.Peripheralmembraneproteinsarenotembeddedinthelayer,butresideatthesurface.Glycoproteinsactascellsurfacemarkers.Celladhesionmoleculesareontheoutsideofthemembraneandallowcellstohooktogether.REF:p.65.Whichofthefollowingcanbindtoplasmamembranereceptors?a.Oxygenb.Ribosomesc.Amphipathiclipidsd.LigandsANS:D

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Ligandsarespecificmoleculesthatcanbindwithreceptorsonthecellmembrane.Oxygenmovesbydiffusion;itdoesnotbindtoreceptors.Ribosomesmakeproteinsandarenotinvolvedinbinding.Amphipathiclipidsareaportionofthecellmembrane.REF:p.116.Anurseisreviewingareportfromapatientwithmetastaticcancer.Whatfindingwouldsupportthediagnosisofmetastaticcancer?Alterationsinextracellularmatrixthatinclude:a.Decreasedfibronectinb.Increasedcollagenc.Decreasedelastind.IncreasedglycoproteinsANS:AReducedamountsoffibronectinarefoundinsometypesofcancerouscells,allowingcancercellstotravel,ormetastasize.Collagenprovidesstrength,anditsbreakdownisassociatedwithosteoarthritis,notcancer.Elastinisfoundinthelungsandallowstissuestostretch;itisnotassociatedwithcancerouscells.Decreased,notincreased,glycoproteinsareassociatedwithcancerouscells.REF:p.87.Whichformofcellcommunicationisusedtorelatetoothercellsindirectphysicalcontact?a.Celljunctionb.Gapjunctionc.Desmosomesd.TightjunctionsANS:ACelljunctionsholdcellstogetherandpermitmoleculestopassfromcelltocell.Gapjunctionsallowcommunicationfromtheinsideofonecelltotheinsideofanother.Desmosomesarenotinvolvedincommunication,butallowcellstoholdtogether.Tightjunctionsarebarriersthatpreventmovementofsomesubstancesandleakagesofothers.REF:p.98.Pancreaticbetacellssecreteinsulin,whichinhibitssecretionofglucagonfromneighboringalphacells.Thisactionisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingsignalingtypes?

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a.Paracrineb.Autocrinec.Neurohormonald.HormonalANS:AParacrinesignalinginvolvesthereleaseoflocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytakenup,destroyed,orimmobilized,asinthecaseofinsulinandtheinhibitionofthesecretionofglucagon.Whencellsproducesignalsthattheythemselvesrespondto,autocrinesignalingisused.Neurohormonalsignalinginvolvessecretionofhormonesintothebloodstreambyneurosecretoryhormones.Hormonalsignalinginvolvesspecializedendocrinecellsthatsecretehormonechemicalsreleasedbyonesetofcellsthattravelthroughthetissuethroughthebloodstreamtoproducearesponseinothersetsofcells.REF:p.119.Incellularmetabolism,eachenzymehasahighaffinityfora:a.Soluteb.Substratec.Receptord.RibosomeANS:BEachenzymehasahighaffinityforasubstrate,aspecificsubstanceconvertedtoaproductofthereaction.Solutesaresmallparticlesthatpassthroughthecellmembrane.Areceptorisasiteonthecellwallthatallowstransportintothecell.Ribosomesarelocatedinsidethecellandarenotrelatedtotheworkofenzymes.REF:p.1310.Anathleterunsamarathon,afterwhichhismusclesfeelfatiguedandunabletocontract.Theathleteasksthenursewhythishappened.Howshouldthenurserespond?Adeficiencyin________cancauseimpairedmusclecontraction.a.GTPb.AMPc.ATPd.GMPANS:C

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ThecellusesATPformusclecontraction.whenitisdeficient,impairedmusclecontractionresults.GTPisinvolvedincellsignaling,notmusclecontraction.AMPisnotinvolvedinmusclecontraction.GMPisnotinvolvedinmusclecontraction.REF:p.1311.WhichphaseofcatabolismproducesthemostATP?a.Digestionb.Glycolysisc.Oxidationd.CitricacidcycleANS:DMostoftheATPisgeneratedduringthecitricacidcycle.Largermoleculesarebrokendownintosmallerunitsduringdigestion;noATPisproducedduringthiscycle.Duringglycolysis,twomoleculesofATPareproducedfromeachglucosemolecule,butthemostATPisproducedduringthecitricacidcycle.OxidationispartoftheglycolysisprocessandATPisproduced,butmoreATPisproducedduringthecitricacidcycle.REF:p.1312.Anurseisteachingthestaffaboutthethreephasesofcellularcatabolism.Whichofthefollowingshouldthenurseinclude?a.Digestion,glycolysisandoxidation,andthecitricacidcycleb.Diffusion,osmosis,andmediatedtransportc.Sphase,Gphase,andMphased.Metabolicabsorption,respiration,andexcretionANS:ADigestion,glycolysisandoxidation,andthecitricacidcyclearethethreephasesofcellularcatabolism.Diffusion,osmosis,andmediatedtransportarepartsofthemovementoffluidsinandoutofcells.TheS,G,andMphasesarephasesofcellulardivision,notcatabolism.Metabolicabsorption,respiration,andexcretionarefunctionsofthecell.REF:p.1313.Arunnerhasdepletedalltheoxygenavailableformuscleenergy.Whichofthefollowingwillfacilitatehiscontinuedmuscleperformance?a.Electron-transportchainb.Aerobicglycolysis

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c.Anaerobicglycolysisd.OxidativephosphorylationANS:CWhennooxygenisavailable,anaerobicglycolysisoccurs.Theelectron-transportchainispartofthecitricacidcycle.Aerobicglycolysisinvolvesthepresenceofoxygen.Oxidativephosphorylationisthemechanismbywhichtheenergyproducedfromcarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsistransferredtoATP.Itisnotpartofmuscleperformance.REF:p.1414.Thefacultymemberaskedthestudenttoidentifytheappropriatetermforthemovementofsmall,electricallyunchargedmoleculesthroughasemipermeablebarrier.Whichanswerindicatesthenursingstudentunderstoodtheteaching?a.Osmosisb.Diffusionc.Hydrostaticpressured.ActivetransportANS:BDiffusionisthemovementofasolutemoleculefromanareaofgreatersoluteconcentrationtoanareaoflessersoluteconcentration.Osmosisisthemovementofwateracrossasemipermeablemembranefromaregionofhigherwaterconcentrationtooneoflowerconcentration.Hydrostaticpressureistheforceoffluidagainstacellmembrane.Withinthevascularsystem,thispressureisthebloodpressure.Inactivetransport,moleculesmoveupaconcentrationgradient.Thisprocessrequiresenergy.REF:p.1515.Anurseisteachingapatientaboutfluidandelectrolytes.Whichofthefollowingindicatestheteachingwassuccessfulregardingelectrolytes?Electrolytesare:a.Smalllipid-solublemoleculesb.Largeproteinmoleculesc.MicronutrientsusedtoproduceATPd.ElectricallychargedmoleculesANS:DElectrolytesareelectricallychargedmolecules.Electrolytesarenotlipidsoluble.Electrolytesarenotmadeupofprotein.ElectrolytesdonothavearoleintheproductionofATP.

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REF:p.1516.Anurseisreadingachartandseesthetermoncoticpressure.Thenurserecallsthatoncoticpressure(colloidosmoticpressure)isdeterminedby:a.Concentrationofsodiumb.Plasmaproteinsc.Hydrostaticpressured.AvailabilityofmembranetransporterproteinsANS:BOncoticpressureisdeterminedbytheeffectofcolloidsorplasmaproteins.Theconcentrationofsodiumplaysaroleintonicity.Hydrostaticpressureistheforcewithinavessel.Membranetransporterproteinsareinvolvedinactivetransportwithinaconcentrationgradient.REF:p.1617.Apatienthasabodyfluidof300mOsm/kg.Thislabresultismeasuring:a.Osmolalityb.Osmolarityc.Osmoticpressured.OncoticpressureANS:AOsmolalitymeasuresthenumberofmilliosmolesperkilogramofwater,ortheconcentrationofmoleculesperweightofwater.Osmolaritymeasuresthenumberofmilliosmolesperliterofsolution,ortheconcentrationofmoleculespervolumeofsolution.Osmoticpressureistheamountofhydrostaticpressurerequiredtoopposetheosmoticmovementofwater.Oncoticpressureisfromplasmaproteins,notbodyfluids.REF:p.1618.Inteachingapatientwithcirrhosis,whichinformationshouldthenurseincluderegardingcholesterol?a.Cholesteroldecreasesthemembranefluidityoftheerythrocyte,whichreducesitsabilitytocarryoxygen.b.Cholesteroldecreasesthemembranefluidityoferythrocytes,whichreducesitsabilitytocarryhemoglobin.c.Cholesterolincreasesthemembranefluidityoferythrocytes,whichallowsbindingofexcessglucose.

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d.Cholesterolincreasesthemembranefluidityoferythrocytes,whichprolongsitslifespanbeyond120days.ANS:AIncirrhosis,thecholesterolcontentoftheredbloodcellsplasmamembraneincreases,causingadecreaseinmembranefluiditythatseriouslyaffectsthecellsabilitytotransportoxygen.Incirrhosis,forexample,thecholesterolcontentoftheredbloodcellsplasmamembraneincreases,causingadecreaseinmembranefluiditythatseriouslyaffectsthecellsabilitytotransportoxygen,nothemoglobin;thehemoglobincarriestheoxygen.Incirrhosis,forexample,thecholesterolcontentoftheredbloodcellsplasmamembraneincreases,causingadecreaseinmembranefluiditythatseriouslyaffectsthecellsabilitytotransportoxygen;itdoesnotbindexcessglucose.Incirrhosis,forexample,thecholesterolcontentoftheredbloodcellsplasmamembraneincreases,causingadecreaseinmembranefluiditythatseriouslyaffectsthecellsabilitytotransportoxygen.ItdoesnotprolongthelifeoftheRBCandcoulddecreaseit.REF:p.719.Anurseisdiscussingthemovementoffluidacrossthearterialendofcapillarymembranesintotheinterstitialfluidsurroundingthecapillary.Whichprocessoffluidmovementisthenursedescribing?a.Hydrostaticpressureb.Osmosisc.Diffusiond.ActivetransportANS:ABloodreachingthecapillarybedhasahydrostaticpressureof25to30mmHg,whichissufficientforcetopushwateracrossthethincapillarymembranesintotheinterstitialspace.Osmosisinvolvesthemovementoffluidfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.Itdoesnotinvolvepressureorforce.Itisrelatedtohydrostaticpressure.Diffusionisthepassivemovementofasolutefromanareaofhighersoluteconcentrationtoanareaoflowersoluteconcentration.Activetransportinvolvesmovementupaconcentrationgradient.REF:p.1620.Apatientwhohasdiarrheareceivesahypertonicsalinesolutionintravenouslytoreplacethesodiumandchloridelostinthestool.Whateffectwillthisfluidreplacementhaveoncells?

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a.Cellswillbecomehydrated.b.Cellswillswellorburst.c.Cellswillshrink.d.Cellswilldivide.ANS:CThehypertonicsalinewillcausefluidtoleavetheintracellularspaceandenterthevascularspace,causingcellstoshrink.Intravenoushypertonicsolutionsleadtocelldehydration.Intravenoushypertonicsolutionscausefluidtoleavecells;thus,theywouldshrink,notswell.Intravenoushypertonicsolutionsdonotaffectcellulardivision.REF:p.1721.Anurseisteachingapatientwithdiabeteshowglucoseistransportedfromthebloodtothecell.Whattypeoftransportsystemshouldthenursediscusswiththepatient?a.Active-mediatedtransport(activetransport)b.Activediffusionc.Passiveosmosisd.Passive-mediatedtransport(facilitateddiffusion)ANS:DAwell-knownpassive-mediatedtransportsystemisthatforglucoseinerythrocytes(redbloodcells).Thetransportofglucosedoesnotrequireenergy,soactive-mediatedtransportisnotcorrect.Thetransportofglucosedoesnotrequireenergy,soactivediffusionisnotcorrect.Osmosisinvolvesthemovementofwater.REF:p.1722.Howarepotassiumandsodiumtransportedacrossplasmamembranes?a.Bypassiveelectrolytechannelsb.Bycoupledchannelsc.Byadenosinetriphosphateenzyme(ATPase)d.BydiffusionANS:CAcarriermechanismintheplasmamembranemediatesthetransportofionsandnutrients.Thebest-knownpumpistheNa+-K+dependentATPasepump.Electrolytemovementsrequireenergyanddonotmovepassively.Enzymes,notelectrolytes,arepassedviacoupledchannels.

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Electrolytesarenottransportedbydiffusion.REF:p.1723.Whyispotassiumabletodiffuseeasilyinandoutofcells?a.Becausepotassiumhasagreaterconcentrationintheintracellularfluid(ICF)b.Becausesodiumhasagreaterconcentrationintheextracellularfluid(ECF)c.Becausetherestingplasmamembraneismorepermeabletopotassiumd.BecausethereisanexcessofanionsinsidethecellANS:CTherestingmembraneismorepermeabletopotassiumbecausepotassiumismoreeasilytransportedinward.PotassiumisgreaterinconcentrationintheICF,butthisisnotwhyitistransportedmoreeasily.Sodiumdoeshaveagreaterconcentration,butthisisnotwhypotassiummoveseasilywhenthemembranepotentialisatrest.Itiscations,notanions,thatareinvolvedinmembranepotentialactivity.REF:p.1824.TheiontransporterthatmovesNa+andCa2+simultaneouslyinthesamedirectionisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingtypesoftransport?a.Biportb.Uniportc.Antiportd.SymportANS:DWhenionsaretransportedinonedirection,itistermedsymport.Thereisnosuchtermasbiport.Uniportreferstothemovementofasinglemolecule.Antiportreferstomovementofmoleculesintheoppositedirection.REF:p.1725.Duringwhichprocesscanlysosomalenzymesbereleasedtodegradeengulfedparticles?a.Endocytosisb.Pinocytosisc.Phagocytosisd.ExocytosisANS:CEngulfmentofparticlesoccursbyphagocytosis.Endocytosisinvolvestheformationofvesiclestofacilitatemovementintothecell.

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Pinocytosisisatypeofendocytosisinwhichfluidsandsolutemoleculesareingestedthroughformationofsmallvesicles.Exocytosisoccurswhencoatedpitsinvaginateandinternalizeligand-receptorcomplexesincoatedvesicles.REF:p.2026.Anurseisteachingthestaffaboutcholesterol.Whichinformationshouldbetaught?Thecellularuptakeofcholesteroldependson:a.Active-mediatedtransportb.Theantiportsystemc.Receptor-mediatedendocytosisd.PassivetransportANS:CThecellularuptakeofcholesteroldependsonreceptor-mediatedendocytosis.Thecellularuptakeofcholesteroldependsonreceptor-mediatedendocytosis;itisnotdependentonactive-mediatedtransport.Thecellularuptakeofcholesteroldependsonreceptor-mediatedendocytosis;itisnotapartoftheantiportsystem.Thecellularuptakeofcholesteroldependsonreceptor-mediatedendocytosis;itrequiresenergyandisnotpassiveintransport.REF:p.2027.Somecancerdrugsworkduringthecellcyclephasewherenuclearandcytoplasmicdivisionoccurs.Whatisthiscellcyclephasecalled?a.G1b.Sc.Md.G2ANS:CTheMphaseincludesbothnuclearandcytoplasmicdivision.TheG1phaseincludestheperiodbetweentheMphaseandthestartofDNAsynthesis.TheSphaseincludesynthesisofDNAinthecellnucleus.TheG2phaseincludesRNAandproteinsynthesis.REF:p.2328.Whatcausestherapidchangeintherestingmembranepotentialthatinitiatesanactionpotential?a.Potassiumgatesopen,andpotassiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembranepotentialfromnegativetopositive.

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b.Sodiumgatesopen,andsodiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembranepotentialfromnegativetopositive.c.Sodiumgatesclose,allowingpotassiumintothecelltochangethemembranepotentialfrompositivetonegative.d.Potassiumgatesclose,allowingsodiumintothecelltochangethemembranepotentialfrompositivetonegative.ANS:BWhenthethresholdisreached,thecellwillcontinuetodepolarizewithnofurtherstimulation.Thesodiumgatesopen,andsodiumrushesintothecell,causingthemembranepotentialtoreducetozeroandthenbecomepositive(depolarization).Sodiumisinvolvedincreatingtheactionpotential,notpotassium.Thesodiumgatemustbeopen,notclosed.Thesodiumchannelmustbeopen;thisisnotaffectedbyachangeinthepotassiumgate.REF:p.2129.Acellisisolated,andelectrophysiologystudiesrevealthattherestingmembranepotentialis70millivolts.ThepredominantintracellularionisNa+,andthepredominantextracellularionisK+.Withvoltagechange,whichofthefollowingwouldresultinanactionpotential?a.K+rushingintothecellb.Na+rushingintothecellc.Na+rushingoutofthecelld.K+rushingoutofthecellANS:AWithvoltagechange,potassiumrushesintothecell.Potassium,notsodium,rushesintothecell.Potassium,notsodium,isinvolvedintheprocess,andpotassiummovesintothecells,notout.Potassiumrushesintothecell,notout.REF:p.2230.Anurseisteachingthestaffaboutplatelet-derivedgrowthfactor.Whichinformationshouldthenurseinclude?Platelet-derivedgrowthfactor(PDGF)stimulatestheproductionof:a.Plateletsb.Epidermalcellsc.Connectivetissuecellsd.Fibroblastcells

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ANS:CDifferenttypesofcellsrequiredifferentgrowthfactors;forexample,PDGFstimulatestheproductionofconnectivetissuecells.Thefactorstimulatestheproductionofconnectivetissue,notplatelets.Thefactorstimulatestheproductionofconnectivetissue,notepidermalcells.Thefactorstimulatestheproductionofconnectivetissue,notfibroblastcells.REF:p.2431.Thephaseofthecellcycleduringwhichthecentromeressplitandthesisterchromatidsarepulledapartisreferredtoas:a.Anaphaseb.Telophasec.Prophased.MetaphaseANS:AAnaphasebeginswhenthecentromeressplitandthesisterchromatidsarepulledapart.Duringtelophase,thefinalstage,anewnuclearmembraneisformedaroundeachgroupof46chromosomes,thespindlefibersdisappear,andthechromosomesbegintouncoil.Duringprophase,thefirstappearanceofchromosomesoccurs.Metaphaseoccurswhentwocentrioleslocatedatoppositepolesofthecellpullthechromosomestooppositesidesofthecell.REF:p.2332.Whatistheroleofcytokinesincellreproduction?a.Providegrowthfactorfortissuegrowthanddevelopmentb.Blockprogressofcellreproductionthroughthecellcyclec.Restraincellgrowthanddevelopmentd.ProvidenutrientsforcellgrowthanddevelopmentANS:ACytokinesplayamajorroleintheregulationoftissuegrowthanddevelopment.Cytokineshelpovercomeintracellularbrakingmechanismsthatrestraincellgrowth.Cytokinespromotecellgrowth,notrestrainit.Cytokinesregulategrowth;theydonotprovidenutrients.REF:p.2333.Abiopsyofthelungbronchirevealedciliatedepithelialcellsthatarecapableofsecretionandabsorption.Thesecellsarecalled_____columnarepithelium.a.Simpleb.Ciliatedsimple

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c.Stratifiedd.PseudostratifiedciliatedANS:BCiliatedsimplecolumnarepitheliumarefoundinthelungs.Simplecolumnarepitheliumarefoundfromthestomachtotheanus.Stratifiedcolumnarepitheliumarefoundintheliningsofepiglottis,partofpharynx,anus,andmaleurethra.Pseudostratifiedciliatecolumnarepitheliumisfoundintheliningsoflargeductsofsomeglands(parotid,salivary),maleurethra,respiratorypassages,andeustachiantubesofears.REF:p.2634.Thenursewouldbecorrectinidentifyingthepredominantextracellularcationas:a.Sodiumb.Potassiumc.Chlorided.GlucoseANS:AThepredominantextracellularcationissodium.Potassiumisthepredominantintracellularcation.Chlorideisananion.Ureaisanonelectrolyte.Glucoseisanonelectrolyte.REF:p.2035.Thestudentisreviewingfunctionsofthecell.Thestudentwouldbecorrectinidentifyingtheprimaryfunctionofthenervecellas:a.Sensoryinterpretationb.Conductivityc.Maintenanceofhomeostasisd.CommunicationANS:BConductionasaresponsetoastimulusismanifestedbyawaveofexcitation;anelectricalpotentialthatpassesalongthesurfaceofthecelltoreachitsotherparts.Conductivityisthechieffunctionofnervecells.Nervecellsassistwithsensoryinterpretation,buttheirprimaryfunctionisconductivity.Nervecellsassistwithmaintenanceofhomeostasis,buttheirprimaryfunctionisconductivity.Nervecellsassistwithcommunication,buttheirprimaryfunctionisconductivity.REF:p.2

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36.Thestudentisstudyingforapathophysiologyexamandistryingtorememberthedefinitionofamphipathic.Thestudentshouldchoosewhichofthefollowingtobecorrect?a.Allcellshaveamembranethatiscomposedoflipids.b.Cellshaveorganellesthathavespecializedfunction.c.Moleculesarepolarwithonepartlovingwaterandoneparthatingwater.d.Cellshavereceptorsitesthatothersubstancesattachtoandcreateadditionalfunctions.ANS:CAmphipathicmeansthatonepartishydrophobic(uncharged,orwaterhating)andanotherpartishydrophilic(charged,orwaterloving).Cellshaveamembrane,butthisisnotthedefinitionofamphipathic.Cellshaveorganelles,butthisisnotthedefinitionofamphipathic.Cellshavereceptorsites,butthisisnotthedefinitionofamphipathic.REF:p.3MULTIPLERESPONSE1.Anurserecallsthatthefourbasictypesoftissuesare(selectallthatapply):a.Nerveb.Epithelialc.Mucosald.Connectivee.Skeletalf.MuscleANS:A,B,D,FNerveisoneofthefourbasictissuetypes.EpithelialisoneofthefourbasictissuetypesConnectiveisoneofthefourbasictissuetypes.Muscleisoneofthebasictissuetypes.Mucosalisatypeofepithelialcellandisnotabasictissuetype.Skeletalisatypeofconnectivetissueandisnotabasictissuetype.REF:p.242.Characteristicsofprokaryotesincludewhichofthefollowing?(Selectallthatapply.)a.Theycontainnoorganelles.b.Theirnuclearmaterialisnotencasedbyanuclearmembrane.c.Theycontainadistinctnucleus.

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d.Theycontainhistones.e.Theycontainacellularmembrane.ANS:A,BTheprokaryotescontainnoorganelles.Theprokaryoticcellsdonothavetheirnuclearmaterialsencasedbyanuclearmembrane.Prokaryoticcellsarecharacterizedbylackofadistinctnucleus.Prokaryoteslackaclassofproteinscalledhistones,whichineukaryoticcellsbindwithDNAandareinvolvedinthesupercoilingofDNA.Prokaryoticcellsdonothaveacellularmembrane.Chapter02:GenesandGeneticDiseasesTestBankMULTIPLECHOICE1.AnurserecallsthebasiccomponentsofDNAare:a.Pentosesugarsandfourphosphatebasesb.Aphosphatemolecule,deoxyribose,andfournitrogenousbasesc.Adenine,guanine,andpurined.Codons,oxygen,andcytosineANS:BDNAhasthreebasiccomponents:thepentosesugarmolecule,deoxyribose;aphosphatemolecule;andfourtypesofnitrogenousbases.DNAcontainsfournitrogenousbases,notphosphatebases.AdenineandquininearepurinesandareonlyaportionofthecomponentsofDNA.DNAsynthesizesbodyprotein,ofwhichacodonisacomponent.REF:p.352.Whichofthefollowingmutationshavethemostsignificanteffectonproteinsynthesis?a.Basepairsubstitutionsb.Silentmutationsc.Intronmutationsd.FrameshiftmutationsANS:DTheframeshiftmutationinvolvestheinsertionordeletionofoneormorebasepairsoftheDNAmolecule.Theyaltertheaminoacidsequence.Thebasepairsubstitutionisatypeofmutationinwhichonebasepairreplacesanother.Silentmutationsdonotchangeaminoacidsorproteinsynthesis.

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IntronmutationsarepartofRNAsequencing.REF:p.373.ThebasecomponentsofDNAare:a.A,G,C,andUb.P,G,C,andTc.A,G,C,andTd.X,XX,XY,andYYANS:CThefourbasecomponentsofDNAarecytosine,thymine,adenine,andguanineandarecommonlyrepresentedbytheirfirstletters:A,C,T,andG.ThefourbasecomponentsofDNAarecytosine,thymine,adenine,andguanineandarecommonlyrepresentedbytheirfirstletters:A,C,T,andG.Uisnotincluded.ThefourbasecomponentsofDNAarecytosine,thymine,adenine,andguanineandarecommonlyrepresentedbytheirfirstletters:A,C,T,andG.Pisnotincluded.X,XX,XYandYYarecomponentsofhumanchromosomes.REF:p.354.ADNAstrandhasaregionwiththesequenceATCGGAT.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeacomplementarystrand?a.CGATACGTb.TAGCCTAGc.TUGCCTUGd.UAGCCUAGANS:BTheconsistentpairingofadeninewiththymineandofguaninewithcytosineisknownascomplementarybasepairing;thus,AcomplementstoTandCtoGandviceversathroughoutthestrand.AcomplementstoT;thus,thefirstlettermustbeaT.Udoesnotrepresentacomplementinthesequence.Udoesnotrepresentacomplementinthesequence.REF:p.355.AbiologistisexplaininghowRNAdirectsthesynthesisofprotein.Whichprocessisthebiologistdescribing?a.Terminationb.Transcriptionc.Translocationd.TranslationANS:D

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Intranslation,RNAdirectsthesynthesisofapolypeptide,interactingwithtransferRNA(tRNA),acloverleaf-shapedstrandofabout80nucleotides.Ataterminationsignal,translationandpolypeptideformationcease.Thisdoesnotinvolvesynthesisofprotein.TranscriptionistheprocessbywhichDNAspecifiesasequenceofmessengerRNA(mRNA).Translocationistheinterchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweennonhomologouschromosomes.REF:p.396.Whenhomologouschromosomesfailtoseparateduringmeiosis,whichofthefollowingoccurs?a.Neurofibromatosisb.Nondisjunctionc.Polyploidyd.ConjoinedtwinsANS:BNondisjunctionisanerrorinwhichhomologouschromosomesorsisterchromatidsfailtoseparatenormallyduringmeiosisormitosis.Neurofibromatosisisadominantdisorder.Itisnotduetochromosomefailureduringmeiosis.Polyploidyoccurswhenaeuploidcellhasmorethanthediploidnumberofchromosomes.Conjoinedtwinsarenotduetochromosomefailureduringmeiosis.REF:p.427.Acellthatdoesnotcontainamultipleof23chromosomesiscalleda_____cell.a.diploidb.euploidc.polyploidd.haploidANS:CApolyploidcellisoneinwhichaeuploidcellhasmorethanthediploidnumberofchromosomes.Adiploidcelliswhenthesomaticcellnucleushas46chromosomesin23pairs.Aeuploidcellisacellwithmultiplesofthenormalnumberofchromosomes.Ahaploidcellhasonlyonememberofeachchromosomepair,foratotalof23chromosomes.REF:p.39

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8.A20-year-oldpregnantfemalegivesbirthtoastillbornchild.Autopsyrevealsthatthefetushas92chromosomes.Whattermmaybeontheautopsyreporttodescribethiscondition?a.Biploidyb.Triploidyc.Tetraploidyd.AneuploidyANS:CTetraploidyisaconditioninwhicheuploidcellshave92chromosomes.Biploidyisaeuploidcellwith2timesmorechromosomes,or46.Triploidyisazygotethathasthreecopiesofeachchromosome,ratherthantheusualtwo.Aneuploidyiswhenananeuploidcelldoesnotcontainamultipleof23chromosomes.REF:p.409.Theconditioninwhichanextraportionofachromosomeispresentineachcelliscalled:a.Reciprocaltranslocationb.Partialtrisomyc.Inversiond.DownsyndromeANS:BPartialtrisomyisaconditioninwhichonlyanextraportionofachromosomeispresentineachcell.Areciprocaltranslocationoccurswhenbreakstakeplaceintwodifferentchromosomesandthematerialisexchanged.Aninversionoccurswhentwobreakstakeplaceonachromosome,followedbythereinsertionofthemissingfragmentatitsoriginalsite,butininvertedorder.Downsyndromeisananeuploidyofthetwenty-firstchromosome.REF:p.4010.Afterageneticisttalkstothepatientaboutbeingachromosomalmosaic,thepatientasksthenursewhatthatmeans.Howshouldthenurserespond?Youmay_____geneticdisease(s).a.Onlybeacarrieroftheb.Haveamildformofthec.Havetwod.BesterileasaresultoftheANS:B

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Achromosomalmosaicmeansthebodyhastwoormoredifferentcelllines,eachofwhichhasadifferentkaryotype;thus,thepersonhasamildformofthedisease.Mosaicsarenotonlycarriers;theyhavethedisease.Mosaicshavetwodifferentlinesbutnottwodifferentdiseases.Mosaicsarenotsterile.REF:p.4211.ThenurseisteachingstaffaboutthemostcommoncauseofDownsyndrome.Whatisthenursedescribing?a.Paternalnondisjunctionb.Maternaltranslocationsc.Maternalnondisjunctiond.PaternaltranslocationsANS:CThemostcommoncauseofDownsyndromeismaternalnondisjunction.Downsyndromeisnotrelatedtopaternalnondisjunction.Downsyndromeisrelatedtothematernalside,butnotduetotranslocation.Downsyndromeisnotrelatedtopaternalabnormalities.REF:p.4212.ApatientwantstoknowtheriskfactorsforDownsyndrome.Whatisthenursesbestresponse?a.Fetalexposuretomutagensintheuterusb.Increasedpaternalagec.FamilyhistoryofDownsyndromed.Pregnancyinwomenoverage35ANS:DTheprimaryriskforDownsyndromeispregnancyinwomenover35.Downsyndromeisatrisomyandnotduetofetalexposure.PaternalageisnotariskfactorinDownsyndrome.Downsyndromeisachromosomalabnormalityandisnotrelatedtofamilyhistory.REF:p.4213.A13-year-oldgirlhasakaryotypethatrevealsanabsenthomologousXchromosomewithonlyasingleXchromosomepresent.Whatmedicaldiagnosiswillthenurseobserveonthechart?a.Downsyndromeb.Criduchatsyndromec.Turnersyndromed.FragileXsyndrome

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ANS:CAconditionwiththepresenceofasingleXchromosomeandnohomologousXorYchromosome,sotheindividualhasatotalof45chromosomes,isknownasTurnersyndrome.Downsyndromeisachangeinonearmofachromosome.Criduchatsyndromeisduetoachromosomedeletion.FragileXsyndromeisduetoabreakoragapinachromosome.REF:p.4314.AnXXYpersonasksthenursewhatthisgeneticdisorderiscalled.Whatisthenursesbestresponse?Thisdisorderis_____syndrome.a.Turnerb.Klinefelterc.Downd.FragileXANS:BIndividualswithatleasttwoXchromosomesandoneYchromosomeineachcell(47XXYkaryotype)haveadisorderknownasKlinefeltersyndrome.AconditionwiththepresenceofasingleXchromosomeandnohomologousXorYchromosome,sotheindividualhasatotalof45chromosomes,isknownasTurnersyndrome.Downsyndromeisatrisomy.FragileXsyndromeisduetoabreakoragapinachromosome,notanextrachromosome.REF:p.4315.Apatienthasseverementalretardationcausedbyadeletionofpartofchromosome5.Whatgeneticdisorderwillthenurseseedocumentedinthechart?a.Prader-Willisyndromeb.Downsyndromec.Criduchatsyndromed.TrisomyXANS:CCriduchatsyndromemeanscryofthecatanddescribesthecharacteristiccryoftheaffectedchild.Anothersymptomofthedisorderismentalretardation.Prader-Willisyndromeischaracterizedbyshortstature,obesity,andhypogonadism.Downsyndromedoescausementalretardation,butisduetochromosome21,notchromosome5.TrisomyXcanresultinmentalretardation,butisduetoanextraXchromosome.REF:p.43

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16.Acouplehasthreeoffspring:onechildwithanautosomaldominantdiseasetraitandtwowhoarenormal.Thefatherisaffectedbytheautosomaldominantdisease,butthemotherdoesnothavethediseasegene.Whatistherecurrenceriskofthisautosomaldominantdiseasefortheirnextchild?a.50%b.33%c.25%d.ImpossibletodetermineANS:AForeachchildwithanautosomaldominantdiseaseparentthereisa1in2,or50%,risk.Theriskis50%.Theriskis50%.Theriskcanbedeterminedandtheriskis50%.REF:p.4617.Anaideasksthenursewhypeoplewhohaveneurofibromatosiswillshowvaryingdegreesofthedisease.Whichgeneticprincipleshouldthenurseexplaintotheaide?a.Penetranceb.Expressivityc.Dominanced.RecessivenessANS:BExpressivityistheextentofvariationinphenotypeassociatedwithaparticulargenotype.Forneurofibromatosis,avarietyofmanifestationsoccuramongindividuals.Thepenetranceofatraitisthepercentageofindividualswithaspecificgenotypewhoalsoexhibittheexpectedphenotype.Dominancereferstoobservabletraitsandriskoftransmission.Recessivenessreferstosilentstrainswithreducedriskofoccurrence.REF:p.4818.Whenapatientaskswhatcausescysticfibrosis,howshouldthenurserespond?Cysticfibrosisiscausedbyan_____gene.a.X-linkeddominantb.X-linkedrecessivec.Autosomaldominantd.AutosomalrecessiveANS:DCysticfibrosisisanautosomalrecessivedisorder.

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CysticfibrosisisnotXlinked,butautosomal.CysticfibrosisisnotXlinked,butrecessive.Cysticfibrosisisnotdominant.REF:p.5019.A15-year-oldfemaleisdiagnosedwithPrader-Willisyndrome.Thisconditionisanexampleof:a.Geneimprintingb.Anautosomalrecessivetraitc.Anautosomaldominanttraitd.Asex-linkedtraitANS:APrader-Williisanexampleofgeneimprinting.Prader-Williisnotanautosomalrecessivetrait,butduetogeneimprinting.Prader-Williisnotanautosomaldominanttrain,butduetogeneimprinting.Prader-Williisnotasex-linkedtrait,butduetogeneimprinting.REF:p.4920.Apatient,age9,isadmittedtoapediatricunitwithDuchennemusculardystrophy.Whenplanningcarethenurserecallsthepatientinheritedthisconditionthrougha_____trait.a.Sex-linkeddominantb.Sex-influencedc.Sex-limitedd.Sex-linkedrecessiveANS:DDuchennemusculardystrophyisarelativelycommonX-linkedrecessivedisorder.Duchenneisarecessivetrait,notdominant.Duchenneisasex-linked,notsex-influenced,trait.Duchenneisasex-linked,notsex-limited,trait.REF:p.5221.Achildisbornwithblueeyes(bb).Thechildsmotherhasblueeyesandthefatherhasbrowneyes.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthefather?a.Bbb.Bbc.BBd.BbbANS:B

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ThefatherwouldneedtohaveonebandoneBbecauseblueeyesarerecessiveandthefatherhasadominanteyecolor.bbisincorrectbecause,withthisdescription,thefathercouldnothavebrowneyes.BBwoulddescribethefathersbrowneyes,butwithoutabhecouldnotfatherablue-eyedchild.Thefatherwouldhaveonlytwo,notthree.REF:p.5222.Achildisdiagnosedwithcysticfibrosis.Historyrevealsthatthechildsparentsaresiblings.Cysticfibrosiswasmostlikelytheresultof:a.Xinactivationb.Genomicimprintingc.Consanguinityd.ObligatecarriersANS:CConsanguinityreferstothematingoftworelatedindividuals,andtheoffspringofsuchmatingsaresaidtobeinbred.Consanguineousmatingsproduceasignificantincreaseinrecessivedisordersandareseenmostofteninpedigreesforrarerecessivedisorders.XinactivationoccurswhenoneXchromosomeinthesomaticcellsoffemalesispermanentlyinactivated.Genomicimprintingisrelatedtomethylationandotherchanges.Obligatecarriersarethosewhohaveanaffectedparentandaffectedchildrenand,therefore,mustthemselvescarrythemutation.REF:p.5023.A12-year-oldmaleisdiagnosedwithKlinefeltersyndrome.Hiskaryotypewouldrevealwhichofthefollowing?a.XYb.XXc.XYYd.XXYANS:DApersonwithKlinefeltersyndromehasanXXYkaryotype.AnXYisanormalmale.AnXXisanormalfemale.AnXYYisananeuploidkaryotype.REF:p.5124.Toexpressapolygenictrait:a.Genesmustinteractwiththeenvironment.

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b.Severalgenesmustacttogether.c.Multiplemutationsmustoccurinthesamefamily.d.Penetrancemustoccur.ANS:BPolygenictraitsarethosethatresultfromseveralgenesactingtogether.Whenenvironmentalfactorsinfluencetheexpressionofthetrait,thetermmultifactorialinheritanceisused.Whenmultiplemutationsoccurinthesamefamily,themechanismmostlikelyresponsibleistermedgermlinemosaicism.Penetranceofatraitisthepercentageofindividualswithaspecificgenotypewhoalsoexhibittheexpectedphenotype.REF:p.5425.Whatisthediagnosisofa13-year-oldfemalewhohasakaryotypethatrevealsanabsenthomologousXchromosomewithonlyasingleXchromosomepresent?Herfeaturesincludeashortstature,widelyspacednipples,reducedcarryingangleattheelbow,andsparsebodyhair.a.Downsyndromeb.Criduchatsyndromec.Turnersyndromed.KlinefeltersyndromeANS:CTurnersyndromeischaracterizedbyshortstature,femalegenitalia,webbedneck,shieldlikechestwithunderdevelopedbreastsandwidelyspacednipples,andimperfectlydevelopedovaries.Downsyndromeischaracterizedbydistinctivecharacteristics:lownasalbridge,epicanthalfolds,protrudingtongue,andlow-setears.Criduchatsyndromeischaracterizedbylowbirthweight,severementalretardation,microcephaly(smallerthannormalheadsize),andheartdefects.Klinefeltersyndromeischaracterizedbysmalltestes,somedevelopmentofthebreasts,sparsebodyhair,andlonglimbs.REF:p.4326.Anormalmaleandafemalecarrierforred-greencolorblindnessmate.Giventhatred-greencolorblindnessisanX-linkedrecessivetrait,whatisthelikelihoodoftheirchildrenbeingaffected?a.25%b.50%c.Femalesmostaffected;nomalesaffected

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d.Malesmostaffected;nofemalesaffectedANS:DBecauseasinglecopyofanX-linkedrecessivegenewillcausediseaseinamale,whereastwocopiesarerequiredfordiseaseexpressioninfemales,moremalesareaffectedbyX-linkedrecessivediseasesthanarefemales.Malesaremoreoftenaffectedatagreaterthan25%rate.Malesaremoreoftenaffectedatagreaterthan50%rate.Malesaremostoftenaffected.REF:p.2727.Thegradualincreaseinheightamongthehumanpopulationoverthepast100yearsisanexampleof:a.Apolygenictraitb.Amultifactorialtraitc.Crossingoverd.RecombinationANS:BThegradualincreaseinheightisanexampleofmultifactorialtraitsinfluencedbygenesandalsobyenvironment.Polygenictraitsresultfromseveralgenesactingtogether.Crossingoverisanabnormalchromosomestructure.Recombinationresultsfromnewarrangementsofalleles.REF:p.5428.WhendiscussingDNAreplication,whichenzymeismostimportant?a.RNApolymeraseb.TransferRNAc.MessengerRNAd.DNApolymeraseANS:DDNApolymeraseistheprimaryenzymeinvolvedinreplication.ItaddsbasestothenewDNAstrandandperformsproofreadingfunctions.ItisDNApolymerase,notRNApolymerase,thatismostimportantforDNAreplication.ItisDNApolymerase,nottransferRNA,thatismostimportantforDNAreplication.ItisDNApolymerase,notmessengerRNA,thatismostimportantforDNAreplication.REF:p.3629.TheregionsoftheheterogeneousnuclearRNAthatmustbesplicedouttoformfunctionalRNAarecalled:

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a.Promotersitesb.Intronsc.Exonsd.AnticodonANS:BIntronsaresplicedfromthemRNAbeforethemRNAleavesthenucleus.ApromotersiteisasequenceofDNAthatspecifiesthebeginningofagene.Ineukaryotes,manyRNAsequencesareremovedbynuclearenzymes;thesequencesthatarelefttocodeforproteinsarecalledexons.Intranslation,RNAdirectsthesynthesisofapolypeptide,acloverleaf-shapedstrandofabout80nucleotides.ThetRNAmoleculehasasitewhereanaminoacidattaches.Thethree-nucleotidesequenceattheoppositesideofthecloverleafiscalledtheanticodon.REF:p.3930.A5-year-oldmalepresentswithmentalretardationandisdiagnosedwithfragileXsyndrome.Whentheparentsaskwhatcausedthis,howshouldthegeneticistrespond?Thiswasmostprobablycausedfrom:a.Translocationb.Inversionc.Nondisjunctiond.DuplicationatfragilesitesANS:DUnaffectedtransmittingmaleshavebeenshowntohavemorethanabout50repeatedDNAsequencesnearthebeginningofthefragileXgene.Translocationeffectsdonotresultinmentalretardation.Inversionshavenophysicaleffects.FragileXisnotrelatedtonondisjunction.REF:p.4531.A50-year-oldmalewasrecentlydiagnosedwithHuntingtondisease.Transmissionofthisdiseaseisassociatedwith:a.Penetranceb.Recurrenceriskc.Expressivityd.DelayedageofonsetANS:DAkeyfeatureofHuntingtondiseaseisitsdelayedageofonsetsuchthatsymptomsarenotseenuntil40yearsofageorlater.

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Thepenetranceofatraitisthepercentageofindividualswithaspecificgenotypewhoalsoexhibittheexpectedphenotype.Recurrenceriskisthepercentageoffamilymembersthatwillinheritthedisease.Expressivityistheextentofvariationinphenotypeassociatedwithaparticulargenotype.REF:p.4832.Mutationsthatdonotchangetheaminoacidsequenceandthushavenoconsequencearetermed_____mutations.a.Frameshiftb.Spontaneousc.Silentd.MissenseANS:CSilentmutationsdonotchangetheaminoacidsequenceandhavenoconsequences.FrameshiftmutationinvolvestheinsertionordeletionofoneormorebasepairsoftheDNAmolecule.Theyaltertheaminoacidsequence.Spontaneousmutationsoccurintheabsenceofexposuretoamutagenandproducechangesinaminoacidsequence.Missensemutations,aformofbasepairsubstitution,alteraminoacids,whichproduceachange(i.e.,thesense)inasingleaminoacid.REF:p.3733.Anurseisreviewingthepedigreechart.Whencheckingforaproband,whatisthenurselookingfor?a.Thepersonwhoisfirstdiagnosedwithageneticdiseaseb.Theindividualwhohasadiseasegenebutisphenotypicallynormalc.Thephenotypeofgeneticmateriald.ThecodominanceANS:AThepedigreechartsummarizesfamilyrelationshipsandshowswhichmembersofafamilyareaffectedbyageneticdisease.Thepedigreebeginswiththeproband.Thepersonwhohasadiseasegenebutisphenotypicallynormalisacarrier.Thephenotypeistheresultofbothgenotypeandenvironment;itisnotaproband.Codominanceisnotrepresentedbyproband,butitoccurswhentheheterozygoteisdistinguishablefrombothhomozygotes.REF:p.4634.Whichofthefollowingdisordersismanifestedprimarilyinmales?a.Cysticfibrosisb.Neurofibromatosis

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c.Musculardystrophyd.KlinefeltersyndromeANS:CMusculardystrophyismanifestedprimarilyinmales.Cysticfibrosisismanifestedinmalesandfemales.Neurofibromatosisismanifestedinmalesandfemales.Klinefeltersyndromeismanifestedinmalesandfemales.REF:p.52MULTIPLERESPONSE1.WhenthenurseisteachingthestaffaboutX-linkedrecessivedisorders,whichinformationshouldthenurseinclude?(Selectallthatapply.)a.Thetraitisseenmuchmoreofteninfemalesthaninmales.b.Thetraitisnevertransmittedfromfathertoson.c.Thegenecanbetransmittedthroughaseriesofcarrierfemales.d.Thegeneispassedfromanaffectedfathertoallhisdaughters.e.Thetraitneverskipsgenerations.ANS:B,C,DTheprinciplesofX-linkedrecessiveinheritanceinclude:thetraitisseenmuchmoreofteninmalesthaninfemales;thetraitisnevertransmittedfromfathertoson;thegenecanbetransmittedthroughaseriesofcarrierfemales;thegeneispassedfromanaffectedfathertoallhisdaughters,who,asphenotypicallynormalcarriers,transmitittoapproximatelyhalftheirsons,whoareaffected.X-linkedrecessivedisorderscanskipgenerationssinceitisa1in4chance.Chapter03:EpigeneticsandDiseaseTestBankMULTIPLECHOICE1.Geneticdisordersthatinvolveasinglegenetraitarecharacterizedby:A)multifactorialgenemutations.B)chromosomerearrangements.C)Mendelianpatternsoftransmission.D)abnormalnumbersofchromosomes.2.Inadditiontohavinga50%chanceofinheritinganautosomaldominantdisorderfromanaffectedparent,suchadisorderischaracterizedby:A)aneuploidyofgenesinallcells.B)deficienciesinenzymesynthesis.

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C)affectedXtransmissiontodaughters.D)variedgenepenetrationandexpression.3.Autosomalrecessivedisordersarecharacterizedby:A)ageofonsetlaterinlife.B)abnormalproteinstructure.C)inbornerrorsofmetabolism.D)oneintworiskofacarrierchild.4.WhenamalechildinheritsanX-linkeddisorderfromhisheterozygouscarriermother,A)hissonswillbecarriers.B)hisfatherhasthedisorder.C)someofhissisterswillbecarriers.D)hisdaughterswillhavethedisorder.5.Multifactorialinheritancedisorders,suchascleftpalate,areoftencausedby____________duringfetaldevelopment.A)multiplegenemutationsB)dominantgeneexpressionC)X-linkedcrossoverproblemD)polyploidyofchromosomes6.Thenewbornhasthedistinctivephysicalfeaturesoftrisomy21,Downsyndrome,whichincludes:A)upwardslantingofeyes.B)large,protrudingears.C)thinlipsandsmalltongue.D)longfingerswithextracreases.7.AneuploidyoftheXchromosomecanresultinamonosomyorpolysomydisorder.ThemanifestationsofmonosomyX,Turnersyndrome,differfrompolysomyXdisordersinnumerouswaysthatinclude:A)short-staturefemaleindividual..B)mentalretardation.C)enlargedbreasts.D)earlyonsetpuberty.

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