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2024-2025 West Coast EMT Block Exam #2 with Answers (180 Solved Questions)

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    West Coast EMT BLOCK EXAM #2 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 What is the electrical conduction system of the heart? - A network of specialized tissue that is capable of conducting electrical current runs throughout the heart. - The flow of electrical current causes smooth, coordinated heart contractions. - The contractions produce the pumping action of the heart. - E ach mechanical contraction is associated with two electrical processes: 1. Depolarization: electrical charges on the surface of the muscle cell change from positive to negative 2. Repolarization: the heart returns to its resting state, and the positive cha rge is restored to the surface - Electrical impulses begin high in the atria at the sinoatrial node, travel to the atrioventricular node and bundle of His, and then move through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles. What are the layers of the blood vesse ls? Adventitia (outer layer), tunica media (middle layer), tunica (intima) inner layer What is the function of the adventitia (outlet layer)? - provides structural support and shape to the vessel

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    What is the function of the tunica media (middle layer)? - c omposed of elastic and muscular tissue which regulates the internal diameter of the vessel What is the function of the tunica intima (inner layer)? - consists of an endothelial lining which provides a frictionless pathway for the movement of blood Name all 6 pulses - Carotid artery pulse - Femoral artery pulse - Radial artery pulse - Brachial artery pulse - Posterior tibial artery pulse - Dorsalis pedis pulse Where is the Carotid artery pulse located? - At the upper portion of the neck Where is the femoral artery pulse located? - In the groin Where is the Radial pulse located? - At the wrist at the base of the thumb Where is the Brachial artery pulse located? - Medial aspect of the arm, midway between elbow and shoulder Where is the Posterior tibia artery pulse located?

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    - Posterior to the medial malleolus Where is the Dorsalis pedis artery pulse located? - On the top of the foot What is Inhalation? - Active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lu ngs - Also a medication delivery route What is Exhalation? - Passive part of the breathing process - Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax - forcing air out of the lungs What is Respiration? - Physiologic process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxi de - in context of environment emergencies it is the loss of body heat as warm air in the lungs is exhaled into the atmosphere and cooler air is inhaled What is Ventilation? - Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment - Spontaneously by the pat ient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT What is the Epiglottis? - Thin, leaf - shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering What is the Pharynx? - Upper airway - also known as the throat

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    - extends from nose and mouth to the esophagus and trachea - composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx What is the Uvula? - the teardrop - shaped piece of soft tissue that hangs down from the roof of your mouth. What is the anatomy of the upper airway and its main function? - Consists of the nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. - Major functions are to warm, filter, and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth. What is the anatomy of the lower airway and its main function? - Main function of the lower airway is to deliver oxygen to the alveoli. - External boundaries consists of the fourth cervical vertebra and the xiphoid process. - The trachea/windpipe is responsible for air entry into the lungs - Bro nchi and heart - vena cava and aorta What is the Sternal notch (Jugular notch)? - visible dip in between the neck, between the clavicles - trachea lies behind it - effortlessly palpated and can be generally seen as an impression on the surface. What is the Xiphoid process? - The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum. What is the spinal column and how many bones does it consists of? - central supporting structure of the body - composed of 33 bones - divided into 5 sections

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    What is the cervical spine? - first seven vertebrae in the neck (C1 - C7) - skull rests and attaches to both the first cervical vertebrae (the atlas) and the second vertebrae (the axis) What is the thoracic spine? - 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervic al vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae - one pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae What is the lumbar spine? - lower part of the back - formed by the lowest 5 non - fused vertebrae - also called the dorsal spine What is the Sacrum? - One of the three bones that make up the pelvic ring (sacrum and two pelvic bones) - Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae What is the Coccyx? - tailbone - last three or four vertebrae of the spine What are the three types of muscle in the human body? Skeleta l, Smooth, Cardiac What is Skeletal muscle? - Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint - striated or voluntary muscle What is Smooth muscle?

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    - Involuntary muscle - constitutes the bulk of the GI tract - present in nearly ever y organ to regulate automatic activity What is Cardiac muscle? - also called heart muscle, - contains interlocking involuntary striated muscles as well as smooth muscle, which allow the electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers What is t he anatomy of the lung? - two lungs held in place by the trachea, arteries and veins, and the pulmonary ligaments - lungs contain millions of air sacs (alveoli), which lie at the ends of air passages - Small blood vessels surround the alveoli allowing for gas exchange How many lobes does the right lung have? - three lobes - upper, middle, and lower How many lobes does the left lung have? - two lobes - upper lobe - lower lobe How do we breathe? - your diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increases space in your chest cavity, lungs expand What is negative pressure breathing?

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    - Muscle contractions expand lungs, lowering air pressure inside and allow air to be pulled into lungs What are the parts of the skull? - Parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, frontal bone, zygomatic bone, mandible, nasal bone, maxillae, maxilla, foramen magnum What are the parietal bones? - The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regi ons of the cranium What are the temporal bones? - lateral bones on each side of the cranium - the temples What are the occipital bones? What is the frontal bone? - portion of the cranium that forms the forehead What are the zygomatic bones? - cheek bones W hat is the mandible? - lower jaw bone What are the nasal bones? - form the bridge of the nose What is the maxillae?

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    - upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, palate - hold the upper teeth What is the maxilla? - upper jaw bo ne What is the foramen magnum? - large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord How does blood flow through the heart? Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the b ody (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1) What are the major coronary arteries? - right coronary artery and left coronary artery What does the right coronary artery supply? - blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium - SA (si noatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which regulate the heart rhythm. What does the left coronary artery supply? - blood to the left atrium and left ventricle What are signs of normal breathing?

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