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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Document preview page 1

VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 1

Document preview content for VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020)

VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020)

With VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) , you�ll find everything you need to succeed�summarized notes, problem-solving techniques, and exam strategies.

Amelia Ward
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 1 preview image
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 2 preview image
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 3 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEDescribe prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 4 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyProkaryotic cells are simple organisms without a nucleus (i.e., a centralstructure that contains chromosomes and genes). Bacteria are acommon form of prokaryotes. A typical bacterium is a single celled,parasitic microorganism. Bacteria are parasitic in that they live in or onand feed off of other organisms.Eukaryotic cells are characterized by multiple complex structuresenclosed within cellular membranes. Most eukaryotes have 3 mainparts. The first part is the outer cell membrane or protective shell thatallows oxygen and food particles to pass through, and waste to beexcreted. The second part is the inner cytoplasm – an organic compoundwith the consistency of jelly – that contains cytosol and organelles. Inanimal life, cytoplasm occupies over half of the cell’s volume. Cytosol isthe watery portion of the cytoplasm, excluding all structures andorganelles.Cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi bodies,perform specific functions within the cell. The third part of theeukaryotic cell, also found in the cytoplasm, is the nucleus. It containsgenetic material and controls cell growth and reproduction processes.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 5 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEList some of the cellular organelles within the cytoplasm andtheir functions.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 6 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThere are numerous organelles found in cellular cytoplasm. Theyinclude ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, chloroplasts(chlorophyll, in plant cells), and Golgi bodies. Ribosomes are cellularorganelles which manufacture cellular proteins. They can be foundfreely floating in the cytoplasm, arranged in small clusters, or attached toendoplasmic reticula (intracellular tubular membranes which transportmaterials). Ribosomes manufacture essential proteins by “reading” theRNA produced by genetic DNA, and translating it into the kind of proteinindicated.Mitochondria are specialized organelles which make up as much as 25%of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria transform organic substances from foodsinto a useable source of chemical energy.The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes that alters andtransports proteins, produces and stores macromolecules (i.e., glycogenand natural steroids), and sequesters calcium.Golgi bodies process cellular products, releasing them back into the cellor excreting them as needed.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 7 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEDescribe cell structure, material processing and routing, andcertain enzymatic functions and processes.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 8 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThe cytoskeleton is the framework of the cell, and allows movementwithin the cell. Further, this structure protects the cell. Intracellulartransportation is carried out as organelles and vesicles move aboutwithin the cytoskeleton framework.Within each cell is a “center” called the centrosome. It organizes cellularmicrotubules, and regulates cell-cycle progression. Within thecentrosome are centrioles. Centrioles organize and replicate the mitoticspindle for successful cell division and reorganization. The Golgicomplex (also called the Golgi body, apparatus, or dictyosome) serves asa processing and routing system for the cell. This organelle packagesproteins for use in the cell or for secretion outside the cell. The Golgicomplex also builds lysosomes, which are responsible for breaking downand recycling molecules within the cell. Non-working organelles,intracellular bacteria, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are alsocontained in the lysosomes.Arising from the endoplasmic reticulum are “peroxisomes,” which areresponsible for removing toxins from the cell. Peroxisome enzymesknown as oxidase and catalase carry out this elimination process.Peroxisomes can self-replicate through a process of enlarging anddivision.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 9 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEList and define epithelial and connective tissues as 2 of the 4primary types of tissues.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 10 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThere are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial,connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. The first 2 are described here.Epithelial tissue lines the exterior of the body, as well as all cavities andsurfaces of solid structures within the body. This tissue is composed ofeither a single-cell layer (i.e., simple squamous or columnar cells) orseveral “stratified” layers of cells. Primary epithelial tissue functionsinclude: secretion, excretion, absorption, protection, sensation detection,and selective permeability.The second type of tissue is known as connective tissue. This tissue islocated in a variety of places within the body. Connective tissue typesdetermine the function that is carried out. Some types of connectivetissues work to connect, support, and protect the structures and organswithin the body. Other types of connective tissues work to insulate. Stillothers are responsible for the transportation of fluids and for energystorage.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 11 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEList and define muscles and nerves as the 2 remaining types ofprimary tissues.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 12 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThere are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial,connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. The latter 2 are described here.Muscle tissue consists of 3 main subtypes known as skeletal, smooth, andcardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is described as striated contractile tissueattached to the skeleton. It has a striated appearance – characterized byalternating light and dark bands under microscopic view. Skeletalmuscle is responsible for voluntary control and movement.Smooth muscle is involuntarily controlled muscle, and is found in thewalls of the hollow organs. It moves much more slowly, has nostriations, and is “autonomically” or involuntarily regulated. Holloworgans, specifically, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, and thegastrointestinal tract derive dilation, contraction, and peristalticmovement from smooth muscles. The third muscle tissue subtype,Cardiac muscle, is located within the heart. It is also striated, but unlikestriated skeletal muscle, it is involuntarily controlled.The fourth type of tissue is nervous tissue. It is located within the brain,spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons and neuroglia are 2 key cell types.Neurons are nerve cells which work to transmit signals or impulses, toreact to stimuli, or produce voluntary actions or responses. Neuroglia(or “glial”) cells can be described as a network of tissues and fibers foundin the brain and spinal column that provide support, protection, andnutrition to neurons, among other functions.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 13 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEName the 2 major types of bone and describe thecharacteristics of compact bone.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 14 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThere are 2 types of bone tissue, compact and spongy. Compact bonesgive structural strength and support to the body. Compact bones allowfor strenuous movement and weight-bearing activities.Compact bone is composed of very tightly grouped osteons (also called“haversian systems”). Each osteon is comprised of a solid matrix ofosseous lamellae (concentric rings of deposited minerals and proteins)surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels to nurture thebone. Between the lamellar rings are osteocytes (bone cells) situated inlacunae (small spaces). Channels called canaliculi extend from thelacunae to the osteonic (or haversian) canal. Nutrition is brought inthrough the canaliculi, and waste is moved out.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 15 preview imageAnatomy/Physiology© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/vtneVTNEName the 2 major types of bone and describe thecharacteristics of cancellous bone.
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VTNE Flashcard Study System: VTNE Test Practice Questions and Review (2020) - Page 16 preview imageAnatomy/PhysiologyThe 2 major types of bone are compact bone and cancellous (also called“trabecular” or “spongy”) bone. Cancellous bone is found inside and atthe rounded ends of long bones, in the pelvic bones and breastbone. Itsprimary purpose is to protect bone marrow, and to provide interiorstructural support. Cancellous bone is honeycomb-like in appearance,having numerous cavities and spaces interspersed with boney plates andridges known as trabeculae. Trabeculae are arranged to providemaximum support for stresses and loads incurred, and may graduallyrearrange themselves in response to new stresses or burdens.Cancellous bone does not receive nourishment via osteonic canals (i.e.,haversian systems), but rather via canaliculi connecting the variousspaces within the trabecular structure. Osseous trabeculae may becomposed of mineralized bone or collagen. Collagen is a connectivetissue made up of fibrous proteins. The larger trabecular spaces arefilled with red bone marrow, where the production of blood cellularcomponents takes place.
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