2024-2025 Vascular Disorders (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (106 Solved Questions)

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Vasculardisorders(PEARLS)(SmartyPANCE)100% VERIFIED ANSWERS2024/2025What is anarteriovenous malformation?Arteriovenous malformationis when a group ofarteries directly link up with agroup of veinsinstead of through capillaries.What is themost common manifestationof brain arteriovenous malformations?The most common manifestation of brain arteriovenous malformations isintracranialhemorrhage.AVNs are thesecond most common cause of subarachnoidhemorrhagein the brainWhat are themost common arteriesaffected by the arteriovenousmalformations?The posterior branchesof themiddle cerebral arteryare the most common arteriesaffected by the arteriovenous malformations.What isOsler-Weber-Rendu syndrome?Osler-Weber-Rendu syndromeis anautosomal dominant vascular disorderthatpresents witharteriovenous malformationsand other blood vesselproblemsthroughout the body.Also known as Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasiasyndrome.

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How doesCT scan compare to MRIin detecting central nervous systemarteriovenous malformations?CT scan is less sensitivethan MRI in detecting central nervous system arteriovenousmalformationsWhat is thegrading systemused for preoperative risk-stratification of brainarteriovenous malformations?The Spetzler-Martin grading systemis used for preoperative risk-stratification of brainarteriovenous malformationsWhat is used for the treatment of patients with brain arteriovenous malformationswho arenot surgical candidates?Radiotherapyis used for the treatment of patients with brain arteriovenousmalformations who arenot surgical candidatesWhat can happen as a result ofthe heart having to work harder in people witharteriovenous malformations?Because the heart has to work harder in people with arteriovenous malformations, thiscan lead tohigh-output heart failureWhat is thegold standardfor thediagnosis of brain arteriovenousmalformations?Cerebral angiographyis the gold standard for the diagnosis of brain arteriovenousmalformationsWhat is acerebral aneurysm?A cerebral aneurysm or an intracranial aneurysm, is a weak bulging spot on the wall ofa brain artery very much like a thin balloon or weak spot on an inner tube.How are cerebral aneurysms classified?

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Cerebral aneurysms are classified both by size and shape● Small aneurysms have a diameter of less than 15 mm● Larger aneurysms include those classified aslarge (15 to 25 mm)● Giant (25 to 50 mm), and supergiant (over 50 mm)A small sac-like aneurysm of a cerebral artery. Most often found in the circle ofWillis in the brain circulationConsists of a small, spherical vessel dilationSaccular ("berry") aneurysmCircumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both endsFusiform aneurysmWeakening of the arterial wall caused by a closed head injury or penetratingtrauma to the brain.Traumatic aneurysmA dilation of an artery due to damage of the vessel wall by an infection which canbe bacterial, fungal, or viral in origin;Mycotic aneurysmAccounts for approximately 75% of nontraumatic cases of subarachnoidhemorrhage (SAH)and has amortality rate of50%.Ruptured saccular (berry) aneurysmClassicSAHPresentation?The classic SAH presents as sudden onset of an unusually severe, generalizedheadache, which patients may describe as "the worst headache I've had in my life." Theheadache may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, seizure activity, or an alteredstate of consciousness.

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What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysm?Cerebral angiography(Gold Standard)should be done to evaluate the entirevasculature when convenient because as many as 20% of individuals will have multipleaneurysms.The gold standard for diagnosis is cerebral angiography. We don't typically start withangiography, we will start with imaging such as CT or MRA because it is less sensitivebut easier to perform. But if the question asks you what is the Gold Standard forcerebral aneurysm the answer is angiographyTwotreatment optionsfor securing intracranial aneurysms?Two treatment options for securing intracranial aneurysms●Surgical clipping(watch video)●Endovascular coiling(watch video)What is a stroke?Damage to the brain frominterruption of its blood supplyWhat are the2 most basic types of strokes?Ischemic strokes (approximately 80%) andIntracranial hemorrhages(approximately20%). Bleeding into an area of primary ischemic stroke is called "hemorrhagicconversion."What is anintracranial hemorrhage (ICH)?An intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of stroke, called a hemorrhagic stroke, or"brain attack." Its name refers to the bleeding (hemorrhaging) within the brain or skullcaused by a blood vessel that ruptures and creates a pool of blood called a hematoma.4 typesofintracranial hemorrhages?

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1.Epidural2.Subdural3.Subarachnoid4.IntracerebralExtra-axial Hemorrhage(hemorrhages that occur outside the brain tissue)1.Epidural2.Subdural3.SubarachnoidIntra-Axial Hemorrhage(hemorrhages that occur inside the brain tissue)4.Intracerebral hemorrhage5.Intraventricular hemorrhageElderlypatient with ahistory of multiple fallswho is nowpresenting withneurological symptomSubdural hematomaWhat is asubdural hematoma?Blood collectionunder the dura matter and above arachnoid matterWhat causes asubdural hematoma?Tearing of "bridging" veinsthat pass through the space between the cortical surfaceand the Dural venous sinuses or injury to the brain surface with resultant bleeding fromcortical vesselsWhat classic findings appear on head CT scan for asubdural hematoma?

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