Psychology Questions and Answers

this discussion, we will explore cognition and the world as it is today. To answer the questions below, use the required resources as well as your own life experiences. Your initial post should be a minimum of 200 words. When you describe ideas that are not your own, be sure to paraphrase and not use direct quotations. Knowing what we do now about the true capacity of the human mind, or a better estimate of what it can do, have we built a world and a society that is beneficial to cognition or not? For your initial post, you can consider the following questions to help you answer this question: Are Google and social media good for us? Are the distractions that these sites present good, or do they overtax our attention? Is the extension to cognition offered by these technologies worth it, relative to any detrimental effects to cognition? What role may deep fakes play in cognition, with their ability to fool our perception, memory, and/or decision making? Why is this significant? What implications might this have for society, the entertainment industry, and the political sphere? When you move away from the individual and move into groups, how do cognitive abilities interact to create social currents like human rights, nationalism, and social justice, for example? How does the concept of cognition in the modern world apply to at least one of the following programmatic course themes? Self-care Social justice Emotional intelligence (EI) Career connections Ethics

Create a study plan for DSM 5 TR Alcohol Use Disorder i DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS FIFTH EDITION TEXT REVISION DSM-5-TR™ ii American Psychiatric Association DSM-5-TR Officers 2021–2022 P RESIDENT V IVIAN B. P ENDER , M.D. P RESIDENT -E LECT R EBECCA W. B RENDEL , M.D., J.D. T REASURER R ICHARD F. S UMMERS , M.D. S ECRETARY S ANDRA D E J ONG , M.D., M.S C . Assembly S PEAKER M ARY J O F ITZ -G ERALD , M.D., M.B.A. S PEAKER -E LECT A DAM P. N ELSON , M.D. Board of Trustees E LIE G. A OUN , M.D., M.R.O. J ENNY L. B OYER , M.D., P H .D., J.D. K ENNETH C ERTA , M.D. C. F REEMAN , M.D., M.B.A. M ARY H ASBAH R OESSEL , M.D. G LENN A. M ARTIN , M.D. E RIC M. P LAKUN , M.D. M ICHELE R EID , M.D. F ELIX T ORRES , M.D., M.B.A. S ANYA V IRANI , M.D., M.P.H. C HERYL D. W ILLS , M.D. M ELINDA Y OUNG , M.D. U ROOJ Y AZDANI , M.D., R ESIDENT -F ELLOW M EMBER T RUSTEE -E LECT DSM-5 Officers 2012–2013 P RESIDENT D ILIP V. J ESTE , M.D. P RESIDENT -E LECT J EFFREY A. L IEBERMAN , M.D. T REASURER D AVID F ASSLER , M.D. S ECRETARY R OGER P EELE , M.D. Assembly S PEAKER R. S COTT B ENSON , M.D. S PEAKER -E LECT M ELINDA L. Y OUNG , M.D. Board of Trustees J EFFREY A KAKA , M.D. C AROL A. B ERNSTEIN , M.D. B RIAN C ROWLEY , M.D. A NITA S. E VERETT , M.D. J EFFREY G ELLER , M.D., M.P.H. M ARC D AVID G RAFF , M.D. J AMES A. G REENE , M.D. J UDITH F. K ASHTAN , M.D. M OLLY K. M C V OY , M.D. J AMES E. N ININGER , M.D. J OHN M. O LDHAM , M.D. A LAN F. S CHATZBERG , M.D. A LIK S. W IDGE , M.D., P H .D. E RIK R. V ANDERLIP , M.D., M EMBER - IN -T RAINING T RUSTEE -E LECT iii DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS FIFTH EDITION TEXT REVISION DSM-5-TR™ iv Copyright © 2022 American Psychiatric Association DSM, DSM-5, and DSM-5-TR are registered trademarks of the American Psychiatric Association. Use of these terms is prohibited without permission of the American Psychiatric Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unless authorized in writing by the APA, no part of this book may be reproduced or used in a manner inconsistent with the APA’s copyright. This prohibition applies to unauthorized uses or reproductions in any form, including electronic applications. Correspondence regarding copyright permissions should be directed to DSM Permissions, American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 800 Maine Avenue SW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20024-2812. Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6 (Hardcover) 1st printing February 2022 ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3 (Paperback) 1st printing February 2022 American Psychiatric Association 800 Maine Avenue SW Suite 900 Washington, DC 20024-2812 www.psychiatry.org The correct citation for this book is American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2022. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: American Psychiatric Association, issuing body. Title: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5-TR / American Psychiatric Association. Other titles: DSM-5-TR Description: Fifth edition, text revision. | Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association Publishing, [2022] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021051781 (print) | LCCN 2021051782 (ebook) | ISBN 9780890425756 (hardcover ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9780890425763 (paperback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9780890425770 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed | Mental Disorders —classification | Mental Disorders—diagnosis Classification: LCC RC455.2.C4 (print) | LCC RC455.2.C4 (ebook) | NLM WM 15 | DDC 616.89/ 075—dc23/eng/20211209 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051781 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051782. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Text Design—Tammy J. Cordova Manufacturing—Sheridan Books, Inc. v Contents DSM-5-TR Chairs and Review Groups DSM-5 Task Force and Work Groups Preface to DSM-5-TR Preface to DSM-5 DSM-5-TR Classification Section I DSM-5 Basics Introduction Use of the Manual Cautionary Statement for Forensic Use of DSM-5 Section II Diagnostic Criteria and Codes Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Bipolar and Related Disorders Depressive Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders Elimination Disorders Sleep-Wake Disorders vi Sexual Dysfunctions Gender Dysphoria Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Neurocognitive Disorders Personality Disorders Paraphilic Disorders Other Mental Disorders and Additional Codes Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Section III Emerging Measures and Models Assessment Measures Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Conditions for Further Study Appendix Alphabetical Listing of DSM-5-TR Diagnoses and ICD-10- CM Codes Numerical Listing of DSM-5-TR Diagnoses and ICD-10-CM Codes DSM-5 Advisors and Other Contributors Index vii DSM-5-TR Chairs M ICHAEL B. F IRST , M.D. Revision Subcommittee Co-Chair and DSM-5-TR Editor P HILIP W ANG , M.D., D R .P.H. Revision Subcommittee Co-Chair W ILSON M. C OMPTON , M.D., M.P.E. Revision Subcommittee Vice Chair D ANIEL S. P INE , M.D. Revision Subcommittee Vice Chair S USAN K. S CHULTZ , M.D. Text Consultant P HILIP R. M USKIN , M.D., M.A. Conflict of Interest Review Editor A NN M. E NG DSM Managing Editor APA Division of Research Staff on DSM-5-TR N ITIN G OGTAY , M.D. Chief, Division of Research, and Deputy Medical Director P HILIP W ANG , M.D., D R .P.H. former Deputy Medical Director and Director of Research Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., Managing Director of Research and Senior Research Statistician/Epidemiologist Lamyaa H. Yousif, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior DSM Operations Manager and Research Associate Sejal Patel, M.P.H., Senior Research Associate Laura Thompson, M.S., Research Associate and Program Manager Stephanie Smith, Ph.D., former Senior DSM Operations Manager and Science Writer APA Office of the Medical Director S AUL L EVIN , M.D., M.P.A. CEO and Medical Director C OLLEEN M. C OYLE , J.D. General Counsel DSM Steering Committee P AUL S. A PPELBAUM , M.D. Chairperson E LLEN L EIBENLUFT , M.D. Vice Chairperson K ENNETH S. K ENDLER , M.D. Vice Chairperson Members Renato D. Alarcón, M.D., M.P.H Pamela Y. Collins, M.D., M.P.H. Michelle G. Craske, Ph.D. Michael B. First, M.D. Dolores Malaspina, M.D., M.S., M.S.P.H. Glenn Martin, M.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D. Andrew E. Skodol, M.D. Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D. viii Liaisons Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E., National Institute on Drug Abuse George F. Koob, Ph.D. (2019–2020) , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Lorenzo Leggio, M.D., Ph.D. (2020– ) , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Sarah Morris, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health Cross-Cutting Review Groups Cross-Cutting Culture Review Group R OBERTO L EWIS -F ERNÁNDEZ , M.D. Chair Renato D. Alarcón, M.D., M.P.H. Anne E. Becker, M.D., Ph.D. Kamaldeep Bhui, C.B.E., M.D. Guilherme Borges, Ph.D. Suparna Choudhury, Ph.D. Jack Drescher, M.D. Ana Gómez-Carrillo, M.D. Brian J. Hall, Ph.D. Felicia Heidenreich-Dutray, M.D. Eva Heim, Ph.D. Stefan G. Hofmann, Ph.D. G. Eric Jarvis, M.D. Christian Kieling, M.D., Ph.D. Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D. Brandon Kohrt, M.D., Ph.D. Rishav Koirala, M.D., Ph.D. candidate Andrian Liem, Ph.D. Francis G. Lu, M.D. Kwame McKenzie, M.D. Fahimeh Mianji, Ph.D. Byamah Brian Mutamba, M.B.Ch.B., M.Med. (Psych), M.P.H., Ph.D. Claudia Rafful, Ph.D. Cécile Rousseau, M.D. Andrew G. Ryder, Ph.D. Vedat Şar, M.D. Soraya Seedat, M.D., Ph.D. Gwen Yeo, Ph.D. Ricardo Orozco Zavala, Ph.D. Cross-Cutting Forensic Review Group D EBRA A. P INALS , M.D. Chair Carl E. Fisher, M.D. Steven K. Hoge, M.D. Reena Kapoor, M.D. Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D. Howard Zonana, M.D. Cross-Cutting Sex and Gender Review Group K IMBERLY A. Y ONKERS , M.D. Chair Margaret Altemus, M.D. Lucy C. Barker, M.D. Ariadna Forray, M.D. Constance Guille, M.D. Susan G. Kornstein, M.D. Melissa A. Nishawala, M.D. Jennifer L. Payne, M.D. Walter A. Rocca M.D., M.P.H. Manpreet K. Singh, M.D., M.S. Simone Vigod, M.D., M.Sc. Kristine Yaffe, M.D. Anahita Bassir Nia, M.D., Consultant ix Cross-Cutting Suicide Review Group M ICHAEL F. G RUNEBAUM , M.D. Lead Reviser David A. Brent, M.D., Reviewer Katalin Szanto, M.D., Reviewer Ethnoracial Equity and Inclusion Work Group R OBERTO L EWIS -F ERNÁNDEZ , M.D. Co-Chair D ANIELLE H AIRSTON , M.D. Co-Chair Renato D. Alarcón, M.D., M.P.H. Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., ex officio Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc. Constance E. Dunlap, M.D. Nitin Gogtay, M.D. Joseph P. Gone, Ph.D. Jessica E. Isom, M.D., M.P.H. Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D. Francis G. Lu, M.D. Dolores Malaspina, M.D., M.S., M.S.P.H. Altha J. Stewart, M.D. Lamyaa H. Yousif, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc. Review Groups by Section II Chapter Neurodevelopmental Disorders G ILLIAN B AIRD , M.B., B.C HIR . Section Editor Michael H. Bloch, M.D., M.S. Jane E. Clark, Ph.D. James C. Harris, M.D. † Bryan H. King, M.D., M.B.A. James F. Leckman, M.D., Ph.D. Amy E. Margolis, Ph.D. Diane Paul, Ph.D. Steven R. Pliszka, M.D. Mabel L. Rice, Ph.D. Amy M. Wetherby, Ph.D. Juliann Woods, Ph.D. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders S TEPHAN H ECKERS , M.D. Section Editor Somya Abubucker, M.D. Oliver Freudenreich, M.D. Paolo Fusar-Poli, M.D., Ph.D. Dr. med. Stefan Gutwinski Andreas Heinz, M.D., Ph.D. Frank Pillmann, M.D., Ph.D. James B. Potash, M.D., M.P.H. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Paul Summergrad, M.D. Rajiv Tandon, M.D. Sebastian Walther, M.D. Bipolar and Related Disorders M ICHAEL J. O STACHER , M.D., M.P.H., M.M.S C . Section Editor Benjamin I. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D. Greg Murray, Ph.D. Martha Sajatovic, M.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Paul Summergrad, M.D. Trisha Suppes, M.D., Ph.D. Holly A. Swartz, M.D. Bryan K. Tolliver, M.D., Ph.D. x Depressive Disorders W ILLIAM H. C ORYELL , M.D. Section Editor Scott R. Beach, M.D. Ellen Leibenluft, M.D. Robert M. McCarron, D.O. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D. Sidney Zisook, M.D. Anxiety Disorders M ICHELLE G. C RASKE , P H .D. Section Editor Katja Beesdo-Baum, Ph.D. Susan Bogels, Ph.D. Lily A. Brown, Ph.D. Richard LeBeau, Ph.D. Vijaya Manicavasagar, Ph.D. Bita Mesri, Ph.D. Peter Muris, Ph.D. Thomas H. Ollendick, Ph.D. Kate Wolitzky-Taylor, Ph.D. Tomislav D. Zbozinek, Ph.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Consultant Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders K ATHARINE A. P HILLIPS , M.D. Section Editor Randy O. Frost, Ph.D. Jon E. Grant, M.D., M.P.H., J.D. Christopher Pittenger, M.D., Ph.D. Helen Blair Simpson, M.D., Ph.D. Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Gail Steketee, Ph.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Consultant Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders M ATTHEW J. F RIEDMAN , M.D., P H .D. Section Editor David A. Brent, M.D. Richard Bryant, Ph.D. Julianna M. Finelli, M.D. Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D. Roberto Lewis-Fernández, M.D. Holly G. Prigerson, Ph.D. Robert S. Pynoos, M.D., M.P.H. Paula P. Schnurr, Ph.D. James J. Strain, M.D. Robert J. Ursano, M.D. Frank W. Weathers, Ph.D. Charles H. Zeanah Jr., M.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Consultant Dissociative Disorders R ICHARD J. L OEWENSTEIN , M.D. Section Editor Frank W. Putnam Jr., M.D. Daphne Simeon, M.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Consultant Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders J AMES L. L EVENSON , M.D. Section Editor Marc D. Feldman, M.D. Bernd Löwe, Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. Jill M. Newby, Ph.D. Jon Stone, M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D. Gregory Yates, M.A. xi Feeding and Eating Disorders B. T IMOTHY W ALSH , M.D. Section Editor M ICHAEL J. D EVLIN , M.D. Reviewer Elimination Disorders D ANIEL S. P INE , M.D. Section Editor Israel Franco, M.D. Patricio C. Gargollo, M.D. Peter L. Lu, M.D., M.S. Stephen A. Zderic, M.D. Sleep-Wake Disorders M ICHAEL J. S ATEIA , M.D. Section Editor R. Robert Auger, M.D. Jack D. Edinger, Ph.D. Kiran Maski, M.D., M.P.H. Stuart F. Quan, M.D. Thomas E. Scammell, M.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Erik K. St. Louis, M.D., M.S. John W. Winkelman, M.D., Ph.D. Sexual Dysfunctions L ORI A. B ROTTO , P H .D. Section Editor Stanley E. Althof, Ph.D. Cynthia A. Graham, Ph.D. Dennis Kalogeropoulos, Ph.D. Julie Larouche, M.Ps. Pedro Nobre, Ph.D. Michael A. Perelman, Ph.D. Natalie O. Rosen, Ph.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Sharon J. Parish, M.D., Medical Reviewer Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Consultant Gender Dysphoria J ACK D RESCHER , M.D. Section Editor Stewart L. Adelson, M.D. Walter O. Bockting, Ph.D. William Byne, M.D., Ph.D. Annelou L.C. de Vries, M.D., Ph.D. Cecilia Dhejne, M.D., Ph.D. Thomas D. Steensma, Ph.D. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders P AUL J. F RICK , P H .D. Section Editor Jeffrey D. Burke, Ph.D. S. Alexandra Burt, Ph.D. Emil F. Coccaro, M.D. Jon E. Grant, M.D., M.P.H., J.D. xii Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders D EBORAH S. H ASIN , P H .D. Section Editor Carlos Blanco, M.D., Ph.D. David Bochner, Ph.D. Alan J. Budney, Ph.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. John R. Hughes, M.D. Laura M. Juliano, Ph.D. Bradley T. Kerridge, Ph.D. Marc N. Potenza, M.D., Ph.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Neurocognitive Disorders S USAN K. S CHULTZ , M.D. Section Editor Brian S. Appleby, M.D. David B. Arciniegas, M.D. Karl Goodkin, M.D., Ph.D. Sharon K. Inouye, M.D., M.P.H. Constantine Lyketsos, M.D., M.H.S. Ian G. McKeith, M.D. Bruce L. Miller, M.D. David J. Moser, Ph.D. Peggy C. Nopoulos, M.D. Howard J. Rosen, M.D. Perminder S. Sachdev, M.D., Ph.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Paul Summergrad, M.D. Daniel Weintraub, M.D. Personality Disorders M ARK Z IMMERMAN , M.D. Section Editor Donald W. Black, M.D. Robert F. Bornstein, Ph.D. Erin A. Hazlett, Ph.D. Lisa Lampe, M.B.,B.S., Ph.D. Royce Lee, M.D. Joshua D. Miller, Ph.D. Anthony Pinto, Ph.D. Elsa F. Ronningstam, Ph.D. Douglas B. Samuel, Ph.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D. Glen L. Xiong, M.D. Mary C. Zanarini, Ed.D. Paraphilic Disorders R ICHARD B. K RUEGER , M.D. Section Editor Peer Briken, M.D. Luk Gijs, Ph.D. Andreas Mokros, Ph.D. Pekka Santtila, Ph.D. Michael C. Seto, Ph.D. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication A LAN F. S CHATZBERG , M.D. Section Editor Jacob S. Ballon, M.D., M.P.H. Kevin J. Black, M.D. Peter F. Buckley, M.D. Leslie Citrome, M.D., M.P.H. Ira D. Glick, M.D. Rona Hu, M.D. Paul E. Keck Jr., M.D. Stephen R. Marder, M.D. Laura Marsh, M.D. Richard C. Shelton, M.D. Nolan Williams, M.D. xiii Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Michael B. First, M.D. Nitin Gogtay, M.D. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D. Lamyaa H. Yousif, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc. Reviewers for Section III Texts Assessment Measures Nitin Gogtay, M.D. Philip Wang, M.D., Dr.P.H. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D. Lamyaa H. Yousif, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc. Stephanie Smith, Ph.D. Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis R OBERTO L EWIS -F ERNÁNDEZ , M.D. Section Editor Neil Krishan Aggarwal, M.D., M.B.A., M.A. Ana Gómez-Carrillo, M.D. G. Eric Jarvis, M.D. Bonnie N. Kaiser, Ph.D., M.P.H. Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D. Brandon Kohrt, M.D., Ph.D. Conditions for Further Study Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Paolo Fusar-Poli, M.D., Ph.D. Stephan Heckers, M.D. Depressive Episodes With Short-Duration Hypomania Benjamin I. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D. Greg Murray, Ph.D. Michael J. Ostacher, M.D., M.P.H., M.M.Sc. Caffeine Use Disorder Laura M. Juliano, Ph.D. Alan J. Budney, Ph.D. Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. Internet Gaming Disorder Charles O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D. Jon E. Grant, M.D., M.P.H., J.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D. Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Suicidal Behavior Disorder Michael F. Grunebaum, M.D. David A. Brent, M.D. Katalin Szanto, M.D. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury E. David Klonsky, Ph.D. Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp, Ph.D. Jason J. Washburn, Ph.D. Review Committees of the DSM Steering Committee Note: These groups reviewed formal proposals for changes vetted by the DSM Steering Committee since the publication of DSM-5. Neurodevelopmental Disorders D ANIEL S. P INE , M.D. Chairperson Catherine E. Lord, Ph.D. Sally Ozonoff, Ph.D. Joseph Piven, M.D. Moira A. Rynn, M.D. Anita Thapar, M.D. xiv Serious Mental Disorders C ARRIE E. B EARDEN , P H .D. Chairperson William T. Carpenter, M.D. Benoit H. Mulsant, M.D., M.S. Peter V. Rabins, M.D., M.P.H. Mark Zimmerman, M.D. Internalizing Disorders R OBERTO L EWIS -F ERNÁNDEZ , M.D. Chairperson William H. Coryell, M.D. Constance Hammen, Ph.D. James L. Levenson, M.D. Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Additional Reviewers for Prolonged Grief Disorder David A. Brent, M.D. Michael B. First, M.D. Matthew J. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Christopher M. Layne, Ph.D. Roberto Lewis-Fernández, M.D. Paul K. Maciejewski, Ph.D. Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. Holly G. Prigerson, Ph.D. Robert S. Pynoos, M.D. Charles F. Reynolds III, M.D. M. Katherine Shear, M.D. Thomas A. Widiger, Ph.D. Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D. Helena Chmura Kraemer, Ph.D., Consultant Externalizing Disorders and Personality Disorders C ARLOS B LANCO , M.D., P H .D. Chairperson Lee Anna Clark, Ph.D. Richard B. Krueger, M.D. Christopher J. Patrick, Ph.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Body Systems Disorders P ETER D ANIOLOS , M.D. Chairperson Cynthia A. Graham, Ph.D. Debra K. Katzman, M.D. B. Timothy Walsh, M.D. Joel Yager, M.D. † Died April 5, 2021. xv DSM-5 Task Force and Work Groups D AVID J. K UPFER , M.D. Task Force Chair D ARREL A. R EGIER , M.D., M.P.H. Task Force Vice-Chair William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H., Research Director Susan K. Schultz, M.D., Text Editor Emily A. Kuhl, Ph.D., APA Text Editor Dan G. Blazer, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Jack D. Burke Jr., M.D., M.P.H. William T. Carpenter Jr., M.D. F. Xavier Castellanos, M.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. Joel E. Dimsdale, M.D. Javier I. Escobar, M.D., M.Sc. Jan A. Fawcett, M.D. Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D. (2009–) Steven E. Hyman, M.D. (2007–2012) Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. (2007–2011) Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D. Daniel T. Mamah, M.D., M.P.E. James P. McNulty, A.B., Sc.B. Howard B. Moss, M.D. (2007–2009) Charles P. O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D. Roger Peele, M.D. Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. Daniel S. Pine, M.D. Charles F. Reynolds III, M.D. Maritza Rubio-Stipec, Sc.D. David Shaffer, M.D. Andrew E. Skodol II, M.D. Susan E. Swedo, M.D. B. Timothy Walsh, M.D. Philip Wang, M.D., Dr.P.H. (2007–2012) William M. Womack, M.D. Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D. Kenneth J. Zucker, Ph.D. Norman Sartorius, M.D., Ph.D., Consultant APA Division of Research Staff on DSM-5 Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Division of Research William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H., Associate Director Emily A. Kuhl, Ph.D., Senior Science Writer; Staff Text Editor Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc., Research Statistician Lisa H. Greiner, M.S.S.A., DSM-5 Field Trials Project Manager Eve K. Moscicki, Sc.D., M.P.H., Director, Practice Research Network S. Janet Kuramoto, Ph.D., M.H.S., Senior Scientific Research Associate, Practice Research Network Amy Porfiri, M.B.A. Director of Finance and Administration Jennifer J. Shupinka, Assistant Director, DSM Operations Seung-Hee Hong, DSM Senior Research Associate Anne R. Hiller, DSM Research Associate Alison S. Beale, DSM Research Associate Spencer R. Case, DSM Research Associate Joyce C. West, Ph.D., M.P.P., Health Policy Research Director, Practice Research Network Farifteh F. Duffy, Ph.D., Quality Care Research Director, Practice Research Network Lisa M. Countis, Field Operations Manager, Practice Research Network Christopher M. Reynolds, Executive Assistant APA Office of the Medical Director J AMES H. S CULLY J R ., M.D. Medical Director and CEO xvi Editorial and Coding Consultants Michael B. First, M.D. Maria N. Ward, M.Ed., RHIT, CCS-P DSM-5 Work Groups ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders D AVID S HAFFER , M.D. Chair F. X AVIER C ASTELLANOS , M.D. Co-Chair Paul J. Frick, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Glorisa Canino, Ph.D. Terrie E. Moffitt, Ph.D. Joel T. Nigg, Ph.D. Luis Augusto Rohde, M.D., Sc.D. Rosemary Tannock, Ph.D. Eric A. Taylor, M.B. Richard Todd, Ph.D., M.D. (d. 2008) Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorders K ATHARINE A. P HILLIPS , M.D. Chair Michelle G. Craske, Ph.D., Text Coordinator J. Gavin Andrews, M.D. Susan M. Bögels, Ph.D. Matthew J. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Eric Hollander, M.D. (2007–2009) Roberto Lewis-Fernández, M.D., M.T.S. Robert S. Pynoos, M.D., M.P.H. Scott L. Rauch, M.D. H. Blair Simpson, M.D., Ph.D. David Spiegel, M.D. Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Murray B. Stein, M.D. Robert J. Ursano, M.D. Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Ph.D. Childhood and Adolescent Disorders D ANIEL S. P INE , M.D. Chair Ronald E. Dahl, M.D. E. Jane Costello, Ph.D. (2007–2009) Regina Smith James, M.D. Rachel G. Klein, Ph.D. James F. Leckman, M.D. Ellen Leibenluft, M.D. Judith H. L. Rapoport, M.D. Charles H. Zeanah, M.D. Eating Disorders B. T IMOTHY W ALSH , M.D. Chair Stephen A. Wonderlich, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Evelyn Attia, M.D. Anne E. Becker, M.D., Ph.D., Sc.M. Rachel Bryant-Waugh, M.D. Hans W. Hoek, M.D., Ph.D. Richard E. Kreipe, M.D. Marsha D. Marcus, Ph.D. James E. Mitchell, M.D. Ruth H. Striegel-Moore, Ph.D. G. Terence Wilson, Ph.D. Barbara E. Wolfe, Ph.D., A.P.R.N. xvii Mood Disorders J AN A. F AWCETT , M.D. Chair Ellen Frank, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Jules Angst, M.D. (2007–2008) William H. Coryell, M.D. Lori L. Davis, M.D. Raymond J. DePaulo, M.D. Sir David Goldberg, M.D. James S. Jackson, Ph.D. Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D. (2007–2010) Mario Maj, M.D., Ph.D. Husseini K. Manji, M.D. (2007–2008) Michael R. Phillips, M.D. Trisha Suppes, M.D., Ph.D. Carlos A. Zarate, M.D. Neurocognitive Disorders D ILIP V. J ESTE , M.D. (2007–2011) Chair Emeritus D AN G. B LAZER , M.D., P H .D., M.P.H. Chair R ONALD C. P ETERSEN , M.D., P H .D. Co-Chair Mary Ganguli, M.D., M.P.H., Text Coordinator Deborah Blacker, M.D., Sc.D. Warachal Faison, M.D. (2007–2008) Igor Grant, M.D. Eric J. Lenze, M.D. Jane S. Paulsen, Ph.D. Perminder S. Sachdev, M.D., Ph.D. Neurodevelopmental Disorders S USAN E. S WEDO , M.D. Chair Gillian Baird, M.A., M.B., B.Chir., Text Coordinator Edwin H. Cook Jr., M.D. Francesca G. Happé, Ph.D. James C. Harris, M.D. Walter E. Kaufmann, M.D. Bryan H. King, M.D. Catherine E. Lord, Ph.D. Joseph Piven, M.D. Sally J. Rogers, Ph.D. Sarah J. Spence, M.D., Ph.D. Rosemary Tannock, Ph.D. Fred Volkmar, M.D. (2007–2009) Amy M. Wetherby, Ph.D. Harry H. Wright, M.D. Personality and Personality Disorders 1 A NDREW E. S KODOL , M.D. Chair J OHN M. O LDHAM , M.D. Co-Chair Robert F. Krueger, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Renato D. Alarcón, M.D., M.P.H. Carl C. Bell, M.D. Donna S. Bender, Ph.D. Lee Anna Clark, Ph.D. W. John Livesley, M.D., Ph.D. (2007–2012) Leslie C. Morey, Ph.D. Larry J. Siever, M.D. Roel Verheul, Ph.D. (2008–2012) xviii Psychotic Disorders W ILLIAM T. C ARPENTER J R ., M.D. Chair Deanna M. Barch, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Juan R. Bustillo, M.D. Wolfgang Gaebel, M.D. Raquel E. Gur, M.D., Ph.D. Stephan H. Heckers, M.D. Dolores Malaspina, M.D., M.S.P.H. Michael J. Owen, M.D., Ph.D. Susan K. Schultz, M.D. Rajiv Tandon, M.D. Ming T. Tsuang, M.D., Ph.D. Jim van Os, M.D. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders K ENNETH J. Z UCKER , P H .D. Chair Lori Brotto, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Irving M. Binik, Ph.D. Ray M. Blanchard, Ph.D. Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D. Jack Drescher, M.D. Cynthia A. Graham, Ph.D. Martin P. Kafka, M.D. Richard B. Krueger, M.D. Niklas Långström, M.D., Ph.D. Heino F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, Dr. rer. nat. Friedemann Pfäfflin, M.D. Robert Taylor Segraves, M.D., Ph.D. Sleep-Wake Disorders C HARLES F. R EYNOLDS III, M.D. Chair Ruth M. O’Hara, Ph.D., Text Coordinator Charles M. Morin, Ph.D. Allan I. Pack, Ph.D. Kathy P. Parker, Ph.D., R.N. Susan Redline, M.D., M.P.H. Dieter Riemann, Ph.D. Somatic Symptom Disorders J OEL E. D IMSDALE , M.D. Chair James L. Levenson, M.D., Text Coordinator Arthur J. Barsky III, M.D. Francis Creed, M.D. Nancy Frasure-Smith, Ph.D. (2007–2011) Michael R. Irwin, M.D. Francis J. Keefe, Ph.D. (2007–2011) Sing Lee, M.D. Michael Sharpe, M.D. Lawson R. Wulsin, M.D. Substance-Related Disorders C HARLES P. O’B RIEN , M.D., P H .D. Chair T HOMAS J. C ROWLEY , M.D. Co-Chair Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E., Text Coordinator Marc Auriacombe, M.D. Guilherme L. G. Borges, M.D., Dr.Sc. Kathleen K. Bucholz, Ph.D. Alan J. Budney, Ph.D. Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D. Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Thomas R. Kosten, M.D. (2007–2008) Walter Ling, M.D. Spero M. Manson, Ph.D. (2007-2008) A. Thomas McLellan, Ph.D. (2007–2008) Nancy M. Petry, Ph.D. Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Wim van den Brink, M.D., Ph.D. (2007–2008) xix DSM-5 Study Groups Diagnostic Spectra and DSM/ICD Harmonization S TEVEN E. H YMAN , M.D. Chair (2007–2012) William T. Carpenter Jr., M.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. Jan A. Fawcett, M.D. Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D. David J. Kupfer, M.D. William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H. Charles P. O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D. John M. Oldham, M.D. Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H. Lifespan Developmental Approaches E RIC J. L ENZE , M.D. Chair S USAN K. S CHULTZ , M.D. Chair Emeritus D ANIEL S. P INE , M.D. Chair Emeritus Dan G. Blazer, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. F. Xavier Castellanos, M.D. Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E. Daniel T. Mamah, M.D., M.P.E. Andrew E. Skodol II, M.D. Susan E. Swedo, M.D. Gender and Cross-Cultural Issues K IMBERLY A. Y ONKERS , M.D. Chair R OBERTO L EWIS -F ERNÁNDEZ , M.D., M.T.S. Co-Chair, Cross-Cultural Issues Renato D. Alarcón, M.D., M.P.H. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc. Javier I. Escobar, M.D., M.Sc. Ellen Frank, Ph.D. James S. Jackson, Ph.D. Spero M. Manson, Ph.D. (2007–2008) James P. McNulty, A.B., Sc.B. Leslie C. Morey, Ph.D. William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H. Roger Peele, M.D. Philip Wang, M.D., Dr.P.H. (2007–2012) William M. Womack, M.D. Kenneth J. Zucker, Ph.D. Psychiatric/General Medical Interface L AWSON R. W ULSIN , M.D. Chair Ronald E. Dahl, M.D. Joel E. Dimsdale, M.D. Javier I. Escobar, M.D., M.Sc. Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. (2007–2011) Walter E. Kaufmann, M.D. Richard E. Kreipe, M.D. Ronald C. Petersen, M.D., Ph.D. Charles F. Reynolds III, M.D. Robert Taylor Segraves, M.D., Ph.D. B. Timothy Walsh, M.D. xx Impairment and Disability J ANE S. P AULSEN , P H .D. Chair J. Gavin Andrews, M.D. Glorisa Canino, Ph.D. Lee Anna Clark, Ph.D. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc. Michelle G. Craske, Ph.D. Hans W. Hoek, M.D., Ph.D. Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D. William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H. David Shaffer, M.D. Diagnostic Assessment Instruments J ACK D. B URKE J R ., M.D., M.P.H. Chair Lee Anna Clark, Ph.D. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc. Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D. Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D. William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H. David Shaffer, M.D. DSM-5 Research Group W ILLIAM E. N ARROW , M.D., M.P.H. Chair Jack D. Burke Jr., M.D., M.P.H. Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., M.Sc. Helena C. Kraemer, Ph.D. David J. Kupfer, M.D. Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H. David Shaffer, M.D. Course Specifiers and Glossary W OLFGANG G AEBEL , M.D. Chair Ellen Frank, Ph.D. Charles P. O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D. Norman Sartorius, M.D., Ph.D., Consultant Susan K. Schultz, M.D. Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Eric A. Taylor, M.B. David J. Kupfer, M.D. Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H. 1 The members of the Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group are responsible for the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders that is included in Section III. The Section II personality disorders criteria and text (with updating of the text) are retained from DSM-IV-TR. xxi Preface to DSM-5-TR The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM- 5-TR), is the first published revision to DSM-5. This revised manual integrates the original published DSM-5 diagnostic criteria with modifications (mostly for clarity) for over 70 disorders, comprehensively updated descriptive text accompanying each of the DSM disorders based on reviews of the literature since the publication of DSM-5, and the addition of a new diagnosis, prolonged grief disorder, and symptom codes for reporting suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior. These changes differ from the scope of the prior text revision, DSM-IV-TR, in which the updates were confined almost exclusively to the text, leaving the diagnostic criteria virtually unchanged. This edition also integrates all prior online updates made to DSM-5 after its publication in 2013, in response to usage, specific scientific advances, and ICD-10-CM coding adjustments through an iterative revision process. Consequently, DSM-5-TR is the product of three separate revision processes, each one overseen by separate (but overlapping) groups of experts: the development of the original DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and text by the DSM-5 Task Force, published in 2013; updates to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and text by the DSM Steering Committee, which has overseen the iterative revision process; and fully updated text overseen by the Revision Subcommittee. The clinical and research understanding of mental disorders continues to advance. As a result, most of the DSM-5-TR disorder texts have had at least some revision since the 9 years from original publication in DSM-5, with the overwhelming majority having had significant revisions. Sections of the text that were most extensively updated were Prevalence, Risk and Prognostic Factors, Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues, Sex- and Gender- Related Diagnostic Issues, Association With Suicidal Thoughts or Behavior, and Comorbidity. Also, for the first time ever, the entire DSM text has been reviewed and revised by a Work Group on Ethnoracial Equity and Inclusion to ensure appropriate attention to risk factors such as the experience of racism and discrimination, as well as to the use of non-stigmatizing language. For future periodic DSM-5-TR coding and other updates, see www.dsm5.org. For benefit of reference in this manual, “DSM” refers generally to DSM as an entity, not specifying a particular edition (e.g., “Clinical training and experience are needed to use DSM for determining a clinical diagnosis.”). “DSM-5” refers to the entire set of currently approved criteria sets, disorders, other conditions, and content officially published in May 2013. “DSM-5-TR” refers to approved text in this current volume. Although the scope of the text revision did not include conceptual changes to the criteria sets or to other DSM-5 constructs, the need to make changes in certain diagnostic criteria sets for the purpose of clarification became apparent in conjunction with the text updates made across the book. Because the conceptual construct of criteria is unchanged, the criteria sets in DSM-5-TR that had their origins in DSM-5 are still referred to as “DSM-5-criteria.” The new diagnostic entity prolonged grief disorder is referred to as a DSM- 5-TR disorder, because of its addition in this volume. The development of DSM-5-TR was a tremendous team effort. We are especially indebted to the tireless efforts of Wilson M. Compton, M.D., M.P.E., and Daniel S. Pine, M.D., as DSM-5 Text Revision Subcommittee Vice Chairs, as well as the more than 200 experts from across our field who did the lion’s share of the work in the preparation of the text revision. We would also like to thank Paul Appelbaum, M.D., Chair of the DSM Steering xxii Committee, along with the entire DSM Steering Committee, for their careful review of the text and criteria clarifications, and for making other helpful suggestions. Special gratitude goes to Ann M. Eng, DSM Managing Editor, for her timely shepherding of the DSM-5-TR development process from planning to completion and for her meticulous attention to detail, all critical to the success of this revision. We are grateful for the valuable contributions and help of Nitin Gogtay, M.D., Chief of the American Psychiatric Association Division of Research and Deputy Medical Director; Diana E. Clarke, Ph.D., Managing Director of Research and Senior Research Statistician/Epidemiologist; and Lamyaa H. Yousif, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior DSM Operations Manager and Research Associate. We are thankful for the leadership of John McDuffie, Publisher, American Psychiatric Association Publishing, and the work of the following editorial and production staff at American Psychiatric Association Publishing in bringing this important work to fruition: Greg Kuny, Managing Editor, Books; Tammy Cordova, Graphic Design Manager; Andrew Wilson, Director of Production; Judy Castagna, Assistant Director of Production Services; Erika Parker, Acquisitions Editor; Alisa Riccardi, Senior Editor, Books; and Carrie Y. Farnham, Senior Editor, Books. Finally, we also recognize with appreciation Saul Levin, M.D., M.P.A., CEO and Medical Director of the American Psychiatric Association, for his advocacy and support of this comprehensive text revision. Michael B. First, M.D. Revision Subcommittee Co-Chair and DSM-5-TR Editor Philip Wang, M.D., Dr.P.H. Revision Subcommittee Co-Chair November 5, 2021 xxiii Preface to DSM-5 The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a classification of mental disorders with associated criteria designed to facilitate more reliable diagnoses of these disorders. With successive editions over the past 60 years, it has become a standard reference for clinical practice in the mental health field. Since a complete description of the underlying pathological processes is not possible for most mental disorders, it is important to emphasize that the current diagnostic criteria are the best available description of how mental disorders are expressed and can be recognized by trained clinicians. DSM is intended to serve as a practical, functional, and flexible guide for organizing information that can aid in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. It is a tool for clinicians, an essential educational resource for students and practitioners, and a reference for researchers in the field. Although this edition of DSM was designed first and foremost to be a useful guide to clinical practice, as an official nomenclature it must be applicable in a wide diversity of contexts. DSM has been used by clinicians and researchers from different orientations (biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, family/systems), all of whom strive for a common language to communicate the essential characteristics of mental disorders presented by their patients. The information is of value to all professionals associated with various aspects of mental health care, including psychiatrists, other physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses, counselors, forensic and legal specialists, occupational and rehabilitation therapists, and other health professionals. The criteria are concise and explicit and intended to facilitate an objective assessment of symptom presentations in a variety of clinical settings—inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, consultation-liaison, clinical, private practice, and primary care—as well in general community epidemiological studies of mental disorders. DSM-5 is also a tool for collecting and communicating accurate public health statistics on mental disorder morbidity and mortality rates. Finally, the criteria and corresponding text serve as a textbook for students early in their profession who need a structured way to understand and diagnose mental disorders as well as for seasoned professionals encountering rare disorders for the first time. Fortunately, all of these uses are mutually compatible. These diverse needs and interests were taken into consideration in planning DSM-5. The classification of disorders is harmonized with the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the official coding system used in the United States, so that the DSM criteria define disorders identified by ICD diagnostic names and code numbers. In DSM-5, both ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes (the latter scheduled for adoption in October 2015) are attached to the relevant disorders in the classification. Although DSM-5 remains a categorical classification of separate disorders, we recognize that mental disorders do not always fit completely within the boundaries of a single disorder. Some symptom domains, such as depression and anxiety, involve multiple diagnostic categories and may reflect common underlying vulnerabilities for a larger group of disorders. In recognition of this reality, the disorders included in DSM-5 were reordered into a revised organizational structure meant to stimulate new clinical perspectives. This new structure corresponds with the organizational arrangement of disorders planned for ICD-11 scheduled for release in 2015. Other enhancements have been introduced to promote ease of use across all settings: xxiv Representation of developmental issues related to diagnosis. The change in chapter organization better reflects a lifespan approach, with disorders more frequently diagnosed in childhood (e.g., neurodevelopmental disorders) at the beginning of the manual and disorders more applicable to older adulthood (e.g., neurocognitive disorders) at the end of the manual. Also, within the text, subheadings on development and course provide descriptions of how disorder presentations may change across the lifespan. Age-related factors specific to diagnosis (e.g., symptom presentation and prevalence differences in certain age groups) are also included in the text. For added emphasis, these age-related factors have been added to the criteria themselves where applicable (e.g., in the criteria sets for insomnia disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specific criteria describe how symptoms might be expressed in children). Likewise, gender and cultural issues have been integrated into the disorders where applicable. Integration of scientific findings from the latest research in genetics and neuroimaging. The revised chapter structure was informed by recent research in neuroscience and by emerging genetic linkages between diagnostic groups. Genetic and physiological risk factors, prognostic indicators, and some putative diagnostic markers are highlighted in the text. This new structure should improve clinicians’ ability to identify diagnoses in a disorder spectrum based on common neurocircuitry, genetic vulnerability, and environmental exposures. Consolidation of autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder into autism spectrum disorder. Symptoms of these disorders represent a single continuum of mild to severe impairments in the two domains of social communication and restrictive repetitive behaviors/interests rather than being distinct disorders. This change is designed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the criteria for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and to identify more focused treatment targets for the specific impairments identified. Streamlined classification of bipolar and depressive disorders. Bipolar and depressive disorders are the most commonly diagnosed conditions in psychiatry. It was therefore important to streamline the presentation of these disorders to enhance both clinical and educational use. Rather than separating the definition of manic, hypomanic, and major depressive episodes from the definition of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and major depressive disorder as in the previous edition, we included all of the component criteria within the respective criteria for each disorder. This approach will facilitate bedside diagnosis and treatment of these important disorders. Likewise, the explanatory notes for differentiating bereavement and major depressive disorder will provide far greater clinical guidance than was previously provided in the simple bereavement exclusion criterion. The new specifiers of anxious distress and mixed features are now fully described in the narrative on specifier variations that accompanies the criteria for these disorders. Restructuring of substance use disorders for consistency and clarity. The categories of substance abuse and substance dependence have been eliminated and replaced with an overarching new category of substance use disorders—with the specific substance used defining the specific disorders. “Dependence” has been easily confused with the term “addiction” when, in fact, the tolerance and withdrawal that previously defined dependence are actually very normal responses to prescribed medications that affect the central nervous system and do not necessarily indicate the presence of an addiction. By revising and clarifying these criteria in DSM-5, we hope to alleviate some of the widespread misunderstanding about these issues. Enhanced specificity for major and mild neurocognitive disorders. Given the explosion in neuroscience, neuropsychology, and brain imaging over the past 20 years, it was critical to convey the current state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of specific types of disorders that were previously referred to as the “dementias” or organic brain diseases. Biological markers identified by imaging for vascular and traumatic brain disorders and xxv specific molecular genetic findings for rare variants of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease have greatly advanced clinical diagnoses, and these disorders and others have now been separated into specific subtypes. Transition in conceptualizing personality disorders. Although the benefits of a more dimensional approach to personality disorders have been identified in previous editions, the transition from a categorical diagnostic system of individual disorders to one based on the relative distribution of personality traits has not been widely accepted. In DSM-5, the categorical personality disorders are virtually unchanged from the previous edition. However, an alternative “hybrid” model has been proposed in Section III to guide future research that separates interpersonal functioning assessments and the expression of pathological personality traits for six specific disorders. A more dimensional profile of personality trait expression is also proposed for a trait-specified approach. Section III: new disorders and features. A new section (Section III) has been added to highlight disorders that require further study but are not sufficiently well established to be a part of the official classification of mental disorders for routine clinical use. Dimensional measures of symptom severity in 13 symptom domains have also been incorporated to allow for the measurement of symptom levels of varying severity across all diagnostic groups. Likewise, the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), a standard method for assessing global disability levels for mental disorders that is based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and is applicable in all of medicine, has been provided to replace the more limited Global Assessment of Functioning scale. It is our hope that as these measures are implemented over time, they will provide greater accuracy and flexibility in the

Create study guide for Margaret Mahler Object Relations Theory

impact of dementia to itself and family

What are three types of shame noted by Gershen Kaufman?

Create an example Conduct a PIC/NIC analysis for several behaviors that you or your coworkers engage in at your workplace (RBT at an autism therapy clinic). Recall that the PIC/NIC analysis is not simply an ABC analysis with one A and one C for each B; instead, there are many different As and Cs--both appetitive and aversive--to consider for each B. This should be reflected in your answers, along with the determination of the P/N, I/F, and C/U properties of each consequence. List some desired behaviors and whether they occur as frequently or high quality as they are supposed to, and how that relates to the PIC/NIC analysis for each. Then list some undesired behaviors and analyze them through the PIC/NIC framework, and consider why they continue to occur.

Describe why cognitive dissonance is not always easy to recognize in ourselves.

Which of the following is an example of selective attention? Select one: a. You assume that an employee is lazy because they work in a department with lazy people. b. You select a few job applicants through structured interviews. c. You conclude that the person near the cash register is a sales clerk. d. You watch only a few television channels based on your interests. e. You notice that two employees are arguing in the company’s quiet library.

Based on the PIC/NIC analysis of behavior, the factors that seem to be most important in maintaining behavior are which of the answers below The immediacy and certainty of the consequence The certainty of the consequence and whether it is positive (appetitive) Whether the consequence is positive (appetitive) or negative (aversive) The immediacy of the consequence

Adverse childhood experiences can have a lasting impact on: A. Children B. Persons Legally Responsible (PLR) for children C. Mandated Reporters D. All of the above

The combining form ment/o means what?

"Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior? Group of answer choices dating an abusive partner because you believe you don’t deserve good treatment babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee mowing your elderly neighbor’s lawn for free because he can’t do it himself jerking your hand back from a hot burner"

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? A) Celeste thinks that her friend only bought lunch for her because he just found out he was hired for the job she wanted. B) Nelson thinks that his colleague is just a generous person after she bought doughnuts for the office, even though he heard she was up for promotion. C) Danielle assumes that because her friend got a bad mark on the test, he didn't get a good night's sleep the night before. D) Bart assumes that his daughter was yelling at her brother because she was upset about her dog running away.

"Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are."

"Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? Question 10 options: We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race. We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster. We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear. Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear."

"Which of these is an example of a blind experiment? a.) Asking a group of kids to choose their favorite candy from a jar containing different candies. b.)Asking a group of students about their favorite sports from a list containing names of 10 sports. c.)Asking a group of students about the candidate they will vote for in the school elections. d.)Asking a group of students to compare the tastes of different brands of potato chips without revealing the names of the brands."

What are the 5 levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from first to last?

Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation? A. Your chances of getting an A increase as the difficulty of the test decreases. B. The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said. C. You should study longer because that helps you get a better grade. D. Alicia loves to eat ice cream on hot afternoons.

The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively low, and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are higher. Options: A) True B) False

Which of the following is NOT an example of episodic memory? Remembering your address. Recalling the name of someone you met at a party a month ago. Remembering what the teacher said in class last week. Recalling what you had for dinner four days ago.

"Which of the following is an example of observer bias? A. You ask your fellow students to be participants in a study of adult memory. B. You ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values. C. You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment. D. You allow a student to quit an experiment simply because he or she is bored."

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. A child who has been conditioned to fear a white rabbit also shows fear towards other white, fluffy animals. B. A dog trained to salivate at the sound of a bell also begins to salivate at the sound of a doorbell. C. A person who learned to associate the smell of roses with happy memories also feels happy when smelling other flowers. D. All of the above.

Provide an example of a hallucinogen.

"Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. A rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog. B. Earning tokens for good behavior and spending them. C. Learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons. D. Remembering where the nearest gas station is when needed."

"Drug addiction is a clinical diagnosis that: Anyone using substances can develop. People with a family history cannot avoid. People can avoid if they really wanted to. Only people misusing drugs can develop."

"Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation? A. Men with high testosterone levels are more prone to violence B. People who exercise regularly live longer than those who do not C. The more children watch TV, the less they read D. There is no relationship between the amount of violent crime and whether the state has a death penalty"

What is the difference between observation and inference?

"Identify three important elements of learned helplessness. A. Apathy, optimism, self-efficacy B. Despair, motivation, resilience C. Lack of control, belief in helplessness, passivity D. Confidence, determination, self-esteem"

"Which of the following best describes what a cognitive bias is? A. A rational decision that is based on research and facts B. The belief that a person should change their opinions when new facts arise C. The belief that we are right until someone provides information that contradicts our belief D. An error in the way we think that can influence our decisions"

"Give insights from ""Internalized Homophobia: A Guide to Overcoming Shame and Self-hatred"" by The Trevor Project and ""The Internalized Homophobia Workbook"" by Richard Isay. A. Discuss the historical context of internalized homophobia. B. Analyze the psychological impacts of internalized homophobia. C. Provide strategies for overcoming internalized homophobia. D. All of the above."

"Which of the following is a common example of anecdotal evidence? A. Data obtained from an experiment B. A double-blind study C. Testimonial from a nonscientist D. Statistical evidence "

According to the dual - process theory of non - associative learning, whether you become habituated or sensitized to a certain stimulus depends on your level of arousal. existing sensitivity to the stimulus. cognitive capacity. previous exposure to the stimulus.

Solving a problem based on your perception of the situation, positive or negative is known as a (n) programmed decision framing error representative heuristic availability heuristic

Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Which of the following best defines stereotype? A. A fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing B. The combining of individual efforts of team members to achieve a common goal C. Inclusion of people from different races, religions, age groups, ethnic backgrounds, etc. D. Prejudice in the treatment of a person because of their race, religion, age, national origin, gender, or other personal attributes

What is an example of manifest and latent content?

"Which of the following is an example of eustress? A. Getting a divorce B. Losing a job C. Recovering from a car accident D. Buying a new home"

The term discrimination is defined in the text as: Prejudiced action against a group of people. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. An expression of dissatisfaction with the justice system. Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people.

"Emily has not been taking her school work seriously. Her friends are concerned that she is failing English, so they have planned a study session. What are Emily's friends doing? A. showing disappointment B. showing reciprocity C. engaging in positive peer pressure D. engaging in negative peer pressure"

"What is the main point of the quizmaster study? A. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior. B. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. C. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. D. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior."