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Test Bank For Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, 6th Edition

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    True / False 1. The terms “growth” and “development” are synonymous. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 2. John B. Watson’s theory emphasizes libidinal energy and erogenous zones. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 3. Theories are related statements about events. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 4. Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand Page 1

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    5. According to Erikson, successful resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of later crises. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 6. The first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 7. A conditioned stimulus is one that occurs without prior learning. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 8. Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand Page 2

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    9. The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture (environment). a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.3 Controversies in Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of child development KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 10. According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature). a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.3 Controversies in Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of child development KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 11. Theorists who believe that a number of rapid, successive changes bring about development adhere to the belief that development is continuous. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.3 Controversies in Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of child development KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 12. Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget were both stage theorists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 1.3 Controversies in Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of child development KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand Page 3

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    13. The first step in the scientific method is testing the hypothesis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.4 How Do We Study Child Development? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.4 - Examine how researchers study child development. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 14. In naturalistic observation studies, the researcher tries to change or alter the environment they are observing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.4 How Do We Study Child Development? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.4 - Examine how researchers study child development. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand 15. Once agreeing to participate in a study, parents and children must remain in the study until it is over. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 1.5 Ethical Considerations LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.5 - Debate the ethical considerations involved in studying child development. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s Understand Multiple Choice 16. In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?” a. A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty b. A person undergoing development during the first three years of life c. Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture d. The period of development prior to the development of complex speech ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 4

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    17. How is the definition of “child” different from that of “infant?” a. Infancy is defined as the first two years of life where complex speech is absent, whereas childhood lasts from birth until puberty. b. Infancy lasts until age 2, whereas childhood lasts until age 5. c. Infancy is defined by a presence of complex speech, whereas childhood involves the absence of complex speech. d. The definition of child and infant are the same. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 18. The term “infancy” is derived from Latin roots meaning a. not walking. b. not speaking. c. not eating solid foods. d. a child younger than age 3. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 19. Dillon is in the period known as “early” childhood. His membership in this group is determined by his a. ability to communicate with others. b. age. c. level of social skill. d. height and weight. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 5

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    20. Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the a. blank slate period. b. years from 6 to 12. c. years from 6 to 9. d. time of greatest gains in height and weight. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 21. In Western societies, the beginning of middle childhood is usually marked by a. a child’s entry into preschool. b. a child’s entry into first grade. c. the development of mixed-sex friendship groups. d. a well-defined sense of self-concept. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 22. The study of development includes an examination of a. the process of conception, but not the prenatal period. b. the prenatal period only. c. the origin of sperm and ova only. d. the process of conception and the prenatal period. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG. RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 6

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    23. Development is a. quantitative change in the individual over time and location. b. predictable and consistent for all people across various cultures and time periods, and with regard to genetic background. c. the orderly appearance, over time, of physical structures, psychological traits, behaviors, and ways of adapting to demands of life. d. qualitative change in the individual over time and location. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 24. Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent a. qualitative changes. b. quantitative changes. c. both qualitative and quantitative changes. d. neither qualitative nor quantitative changes. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 25. Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined by a. biological factors only, such as genetics. b. external factors only, such as nutrition and parenting style. c. the combined influence of factors such as genetics and nutrition. d. her level of cognitive and socioemotional development. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 7

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    26. The terms “growth” and “development” are a. synonymous. b. opposites. c. different; growth refers to changes in quality, whereas development refers to changes in quantity. d. different; growth refers to changes in quantity only, whereas development refers to changes in quantity and/or quality. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 27. What is the best description for why we study child development? a. To resolve differences with regard to sex and gender b. To help us eliminate all developmental problems c. To give advice to parents in how to raise successful adults d. To help us ensure optimal conditions of child development ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 28. Dr. Thomas wants to determine why some children are hyperactive, while others are not. Which of the following motives for studying child development does this best represent? a. To gain insight into the origins of adult behavior b. To gain insight into sex differences and gender roles and the effects of culture on development c. To gain insight into the origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problems d. To optimize conditions for development ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 8

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    29. According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children’s social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development? a. Gaining insight into human nature b. Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles c. Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems d. Optimizing conditions of development ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 30. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were a. nurtured until they reached the “age of reason.” b. perceived as innately good. c. considered blank slates. d. protected by laws from harsh treatment. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 31. Which thinker suggested that children are born a “tabula rasa?” a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. John Locke c. Alfred Binet d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 32. Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth? a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. John Locke c. Alfred Binet d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 9

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    33. How have children been viewed in different historical eras? a. As inherently good, with no need of discipline b. As miniature adults from day one c. As unchangeable spirits from birth d. As clean slates changed by experience ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 34. What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20 th century? a. Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7 b. Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse c. Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consent d. Viewing children as the property of their parents ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 35. Charles Darwin is best known as the a. creator of the theory known as behaviorism. b. founder of child development as an academic discipline. c. originator of the theory of evolution. d. developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 10

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    36. Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the “contents of children’s minds?” a. John Watson b. G. Stanley Hall c. Jean Piaget d. John Locke ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 37. Developmentalists seek to a. describe, but not predict child development. b. explain, but not predict child development. c. describe and explain, but not predict child development. d. describe, explain, and predict child development. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 38. Just four years after Watson proposed his behavioralist views that ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by the environment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development? a. Children are inherently evil. b. Children are inherently good. c. Biological maturation is the main principle of development. d. Environment is the main principle of development. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important to study. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Page 11

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    39. How is “theory” defined? a. Testable predictions about an event b. A formulation of relationships underlying observed events c. A feedback process that predicts development d. A scientific method used to study child development ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 40. What is one characteristic of a useful theory? a. They allow us to eliminate conflicting ideas. b. They are broad enough to be true for all humans. c. They enable laypersons to codify behavior. d. They allow us to make predictions. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 41. Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory? a. Horney b. Jung c. Freud d. Darwin ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 42. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict takes place between the child and a. the external world. b. their internal forces. c. his/her superego. d. the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Page 12

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    43. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 44. Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n) a. volcano. b. submarine. c. reflection. d. iceberg. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 45. According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside? a. Preconscious b. Conscious c. Unconscious d. Archetype ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 46. According to Freud, the psychic structure called ego a. helps the id get gratified in a socially appropriate way. b. is driven by a quest for pleasure. c. is our moral base that forces us to follow rules. d. is biologically based and present at birth. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 13

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    47. The superego a. represents the norms and morals of caregivers and society. b. is innate and transmitted to the child genetically. c. develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges. d. reflects the unique thought processes of the individual ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 48. Is there research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking? a. Yes, this has largely been validated. b. No, there is no research evidence to support the claim. c. Yes, for men, but not for women. d. No; instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 49. According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development. a. oral b. fixated c. anal d. latency ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 50. A person who is ____ would be labeled “anal-expulsive.” a. overly dependent b. very gullible or easily fooled c. orderly and neat d. careless and sloppy ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 14

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    51. Conner is 4 years old. He has developed a strong attachment to his mother and sees his father as a rival for her affections. According to Freud, which of the following stages is Connor in? a. Phallic b. Latency c. Genital d. Fixation ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 52. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages? a. Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital b. Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital c. Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 53. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and a. usually never progress to further stages. b. generally stay there until adolescence begins. c. then enter the phallic stage at adulthood. d. stay there until the anal stage at age eight. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 15

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    54. Anna is an 8-year-old girl. Her sexual impulses are suppressed, and she spends her time focused on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages is Anna in? a. Phallic b. Latency c. Genital d. Oral ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 55. Freud’s theory a. has had little impact on modern thought and is not used today. b. has influenced our ideas about when and how to toilet train children. c. was praised for being based primarily on adult’s recollections of their childhoods. d. introduced and emphasized the concept of free will into the study of child development. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 56. Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises? a. Karen Horney b. Erik Erikson c. Sigmund Freud d. Alfred Adler ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 57. Erikson’s psychosocial theory deviates from Freud’s psychosexual theory in that Erikson a. emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts. b. emphasized social relationships and physical maturation. c. extended Freud’s five stages to 10 stages. d. noted that personality development actually begins before birth. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Page 16

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    58. Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon a. chronological age. b. psychosexual crises. c. life crises. d. unhealthy patterns of parenting. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 59. According to Erikson, early experiences a. have no impact on later development. b. exert a continued influence on later development. c. are determined by internal struggles and unconscious urges. d. only predict future development once we reach 6 to 8 years of age. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 60. Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and her environment. According to Erikson’s theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 17

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    61. What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 62. According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 63. Which stage in Erikson’s theory involves the development of independence? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 64. According to Erikson, what is the primary task of the teenage years? a. Sexual maturation b. Gaining metacognitive abilities c. Developing an identity d. Becoming generative ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 18

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    65. Jeremy is 16 years old. He is in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his political viewpoints and his perspectives on religion. According to Erikson, which is true about Jeremy? a. He is in the initiative vs. guilt stage. b. He has feelings of shame and doubt. c. He is in the identity vs. role diffusion stage. d. He is attempting to master his feelings of industry. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 66. Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson’s theory? a. It reinstated the importance of unconscious forces in human development. b. He suggested that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives. c. He emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice. d. He reminded us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 67. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting? a. Psychodynamic theory b. Psychosocial theory c. Cognitive theory d. Learning theory ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 19

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    68. Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as a. psychology of adjustment. b. behavior modification. c. classical conditioning. d. sensitization learning. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 69. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Pretty soon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of a. habituation learning. b. classical conditioning. c. sensitization learning. d. operant conditioning. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 70. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Pretty soon, as soon as she says “gotcha” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying “gotcha” c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha” d. Touching his neck ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 20

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    71. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Pretty soon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the neutral stimulus? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying “gotcha” c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha” d. Touching his neck ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 72. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Pretty soon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the unconditioned response? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying “gotcha” c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha” d. Touching his neck ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 73. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Pretty soon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying “gotcha” c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha” d. Touching his neck ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 21

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    74. Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism? a. Freud b. Skinner c. Watson d. Piaget ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 75. Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bike for an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding time a. is a negative reinforcer. b. is a positive reinforcer. c. is a punishment. d. is an unconditioned response. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 76. With negative reinforcement, a. you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad. b. you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired. c. you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant. d. negative reinforcement is the same as punishment. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 22

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    77. In the classic study by psychologist Harriet Rheingold, extinction of infant vocalizations occurred when the researcher a. provided encouraging sounds, smiles, and touches. b. passively observed each infant. c. used punishment. d. provided a negative reinforce. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 78. When Tomas teases his younger brother, his parents make Tomas sit in a corner for long periods of time. From what you have learned from the textbook about punishment, what is the likely outcome? a. It will increase the frequency of Tomas teasing his brother. b. It will teach Tomas new ways to interact with his brother. c. Tomas’s parents should punish him by spanking, as it is proven to work best. d. Tomas may learn to tease his brother only when his parents are not around. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 79. Chris’s mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he doesn’t throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. What concept of operant conditioning is at work here? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative punishment c. Extinction d. Classical conditioning ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 23

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    80. Timothy, who is 4 years old, is taking a soccer class. His parents are highly critical of his soccer skills and regularly scold him for not making more goals. Research suggests which of the following? a. The scolding is a neutral stimulus. b. The scolding may result in Timothy’s withdrawal from wanting to play soccer. c. The scolding helps Timothy understand how to improve his soccer skills. d. Timothy will only want to play soccer positions that do not require scoring a goal. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: : Bloom’s: Apply 81. The concept of shaping suggests a. we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals. b. children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention. c. children learn through observation only. d. children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you ignore them. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 82. Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. conditioned response. d. shaping. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 24

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    83. What appears to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease disruptive behaviors in their students? a. Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption. b. Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative. c. Reinforce appropriate behaviors and ignore misbehavior. d. Classically condition appropriate behaviors while operantly reducing inappropriate behaviors. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 84. Which of the following is an example of “time out from positive reinforcement”? a. Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom b. Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the board c. Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework d. Placing the child away from peers for a time with no rewards ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 85. When her daughter misbehaves, Olivia has her daughter sit quietly by herself for a few minutes without being allowed to play with other children or toys. What else should Olivia do to ensure that the time-out is effective in reducing her daughter’s unwanted behavior? a. She should warn her daughter that a time-out would occur if misbehavior continues. b. She should also use punishment to make the time-out more effective. c. She should not tell her daughter how long the time-out will last. d. She should not remind her daughter why the time-out is occurring. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 25

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    86. Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest that a. children do not learn by use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment. b. children do not learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned. c. children learn much of what they learn through observation of others. d. parents are the sole determiners of the attitudes their children will hold. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 87. Is it possible for skills a child has learned to remain “latent” or unused? a. No, if they don’t use it, they lose it. b. Yes, they may only use it when it is needed. c. No, learning is an active, not a passive process. d. Yes, but only for motor skills such as jumping rope or playing basketball. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 88. Albert Bandura would agree with which statement? a. A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons. b. The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach. c. Children react mechanically to stimuli. d. People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 89. According to Bandura, children a. choose whether or not to engage in behaviors they’ve learned. b. can only learn by doing. c. will not imitate the behavior of others unless they are rewarded for doing so. d. are passive recipients of knowledge. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Page 26

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    90. Which of the following represents observational learning? a. Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder. b. Antony isn’t given any dessert because he didn’t eat his green vegetables at dinner. c. Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way. d. Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 91. Brian wanted to learn how to play lacrosse. He chose to sign up for classes. The more he paid attention to his coaches, the better his skills became. People commented on how gifted a lacrosse player he was. As a result, he now thinks of himself as an excellent player and pays even more attention to his coaches and his skilled teammates. This example best illustrates a. classical conditioning. b. the conflict between the id and the superego. c. positive reinforcement. d. assimilation and accommodation. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 92. Piaget is known for developing a. psychosexual stages. b. psychosocial stages. c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive-developmental theory. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Page 27

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    93. In his research, Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests. These wrong answers reflected a. inconsistent but logical mental processes. b. consistent but logical processes. c. inconsistent but illogical processes. d. consistent but illogical processes. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 94. Which of the following is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study? a. How children confront and resolve developmental crises in their lives b. How id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality c. How patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learning d. How children perceive and mentally represent the world ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 95. From his work at the Binet Institute in Paris, Piaget concluded that a. children’s incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing. b. only their correct answers demonstrated what children were thinking. c. children’s incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes. d. there was nothing to learn about cognitive processes from children’s incorrect answers. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 96. Piaget saw children as a. budding scientists. b. ignorant blank slates. c. at the mercy of instinctive impulses. d. passive vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Page 28

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    97. According to Piaget, which of the following represents a scheme for infants? a. Things I can test b. Things I can think about c. Things I can classify d. Things I can grab ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 98. If Kaylee’s scheme of “things I am good at” changes, according to Piaget, how did this happen? a. Through assimilation b. Through accommodation c. By habituation to a new experienc d. Through dysregulation of existing schemes ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 99. Which word is not associated with Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory? a. Sensorimotor b. Operations c. Equilibration d. Scaffolding ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 100. Schemes serve a. as action patterns that serve to guide behavior. b. to limit our ability to learn about and to represent our world mentally. c. to guarantee that information processing will be unique and individualized. d. to restrict our understanding of the world. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: : Bloom’s: Remember Page 29

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    101. According to Piaget, infants a. do not have schemes. b. are incapable of cognition. c. have schemes that involve simply what they can and cannot do with objects. d. are entirely dependent upon reflexes for survival. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 102. Piaget called a natural biological tendency to interact with and respond to the environment a. adaptation. b. accommodation. c. assimilation. d. referencing. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: : Bloom’s: Remember 103. Assimilation is a(n) a. nonadaptive process. b. innate process acquired at birth. c. purely a cognitive process. d. biological and cognitive process. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 104. Baby Tyrese has an understanding of “things he can reach,” such as a toy in his crib, and “things he can’t reach,” such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitive structures called? a. Theories b. Schemes c. Assimilation categories d. Accommodation categories ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 1.2 Theories of Child Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES: VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and why theories are useful. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply Page 30

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