Basics Of Social Research, Fourth Canadian Edition Test Bank

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1) Identify the four main goals of a literature review. Explain why each of the four goalsis important.Answer:To demonstrate familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A reviewtells a reader that the researcher knows the research in an area and knows the majorissues. A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’sprofessional competence, ability, and background.To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. A reviewoutlines the direction of research on a question and shows the development of knowledge.A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance bymaking connections to a body of knowledge.To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A review pulls together andsynthesizes different results. A good review points out areas where prior studies agree,where they disagree, and where major questions remain. It collects what is known up to apoint in time and indicates the direction for future research.To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A review tells what others have found sothat a researcher can benefit from the efforts of others. A good review identifies blindalleys (underexamined topics) and suggests hypotheses for replication. It divulgesprocedures, techniques, and research designs worth copying so that a researcher canbetter focus his or her hypotheses and gain new insights.Diff: 5Type: ESPage Reference: 63Skill: 04. Expresses familiarity with a range of acceptable techniques/methods in socialresearchObjective: 1. Explain the purpose of the literature review in the larger context of aresearch study.2) Describe the page-numbering system used in most scholarly journals.Answer:Most journals number pages by volume, not by issue.The first issue of a volume usually begins with page 1, and page numbering continuesthrough the entire volume; for example, the first page of volume 52, issue 4, may be page547.Most journals have an index for each volume and a table of contents for each issue thatlists the title, the author’s or authors’ names, and the page on which thearticle begins.

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Diff: 2Type: ESPage Reference: 66Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet in social research?Answer:Advantages—The internet is fast, easy, and cheap, and it allows people to find sourcematerial from almost anywhere, given the increasing availability of WiFi technology. Theinternet does not close; it operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. More and moreinformation is available on the internet, particularly as databases and libraries havestarted to store electronic versions of journal articles.Advantages—The internet is the provider of a very wide range of information sourceswith some in formats that are dynamic and interesting. It can send and be a resource formore than straight black and white text. Using the internet, authors and originators ofinformation can be creative in their presentations. Many websites, home pages, and otherinternet resource pages have “hot links” that can call up information fromrelated sites or sources simply by clicking on the link. This connects people to moreinformation and provides instant access to cross-referenced material. Links make it easyto embed one source within a network of related sources.Advantages—The internet speeds the flow of information around the globe and has a“democratizing” effect. It provides rapid transmission of informationacross long distances and international borders. In addition, it is possible to email andcorrespond directly with researchers in your field and to obtain research-related materialsdirectly from the researcher.Disadvantages—There is no quality control over what gets on the internet. Unlike instandard academic publications, there is no peer review process or editorial review. Also,it is easy to copy, modify, or distort, then reproduce copies of a sources.Disadvantages—Many excellent sources and some of the most important resourcematerials for social research are not available on the internet.Disadvantages—Finding sources on the internet can be very difficult and timeconsuming. It is not easy to locate specific source materials. Also, different searchengines can produce very different results.Disadvantages—Internet sources can be unstable and difficult to document. After youconduct a search on the internet and locate webpages with information, it is important tonote the specific URL.

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Disadvantages—There are few rules for locating the best sites on the internet—ones thathave useful and truthful information. In addition to moving or disappearing, manywebpages or sources fail to provide complete information to make citation easy.Diff: 9Type: ESPage Reference: 76–77Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 6 Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.4) What distinguishes a strong from a weak literature review?Answer:A weak review fails to synthesize, and quotes where quotations are not necessary (andmay even quote improperly). The writer poorly summarizes the articles and does not linkthem together in any way.A strong review groups findings by similarity and highlights the differences between thearticles. It also points out the common theoretical ground on which the studies are based.A strong review is also effectively organized.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 74Skill: 5. Describe the pitfalls to avoid when writing a literature review.Objective: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographicstyle5) What are the steps to conducting a systematic literature review?Answer:The first step is to define and refine a topic. A good review topic should be focused as aresearch question.The second step is to design a search; that is, after choosing a focused research question,the researcher should plan a search strategy. The researcher needs to decide on the type ofreview, its extensiveness, and the types of materials to include. As the review proceeds, itshould become more focused.The third step is to locate research reports, i.e., articles in scholarly journals and/or books.This step depends on the type of report or “outlet” of research being

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searched. As a general rule, multiple search strategies should be used in order tocounteract the limitations of a single search method.The fourth step is to take notes. It is easy to feel overwhelmed by the quantity ofinformation, so you need a system for taking notes.The fifth step is to write the review. A literature review requires planning and good, clearwriting, which requires a lot of rewriting. This step is often merged with organizing yournotes. All the rules of good writing (e.g., clear organizational structure, an introductionand conclusion, transitions between sections) apply to writing a literature review. Keepyour purposes in mind when you write, and communicate clearly and effectively.Diff: 7Type: ESPage Reference: 70–72Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 3. Describe how to conduct a systematic review of the literature.6) How does an annotated bibliography differ from a literature review?Answer:The wrong way to write a review is to list a series of research reports with a summary ofthe findings of each. This is more like an annotated bibliography, which is different froma literature review. Writing your notes in the style of an annotated bibliography is a goodfirst step in a literature review, but remember: It is only a first step.The right way to write a review is to organize common findings or arguments together.The key to a good review is to organize the findings and research approaches by theircommonalities and discuss them together (i.e., synthesize) where possible.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 72-73Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 4. Differentiate between an annotated bibliography and a literature review.7) Organize and format the following information into an ASR style citation.Title: The ABCs of ASR: A guide to the ASR referencing styleJournal name: Canadian Review of Sociology

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Volume number: 8Author: John SmithYear of publication: 2014Issue number: 3Page numbers: 279–306Answer:·Smith, John. 2014. “The ABCs of ASR: A guide to the ASR referencingstyle.”Canadian Review of Sociology8 (3): 279–305.Diff: 6Type: ESPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.8) Organize and format the following information into an APA style citation.Title: The ABCs of APA: A guide to the APA referencing styleJournal name: Canadian Review of SociologyVolume number: 8Author: John SmithYear of publication: 2014Issue number: 3

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Page numbers: 279–305Answer:·Smith, J. (2014). The ABCs of APA: A guide to the APA referencing style.CanadianReview of Sociology, 8 (3), 279–305.Diff: 6Type: ESPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.9) ASR, APA, and MLA styles differ in subtle ways. Pretend you are quoting animaginary passage from a journal article by an author named Steven Stephenson. Thearticle was published in 2014 and the quote you are using comes from page 846. Createmock in-text citations using ASR, APA, and MLA format.Answer:•ASR: According to Stephenson, “…” (2014: 846).•APA: According to Stephenson (2014), “…” (p. 846).•MLA: According to Stephenson, “…” (846).Diff: 5Type: ESPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.10) Learning to paraphrase is an important step in honing your academic writing skills.What are the seven steps to effective paraphrasing?Answer:(1) Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.(2) Without looking at the original source, rewrite the material in your own words.(3) Make some notes under your paraphrase to remind you later how you imagine youwill use the paraphrased material.

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(4) Check your version with the original source to ensure that your paraphrase isconsistent with the meaning conveyed in the original. It is not enough to simply shufflesome words around.(5) Use quotation marks to identify any unique terms you have borrowed exactly from thesource.(6) Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit iteasily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.(7) Be sure to express to your reader where your paraphrase ends and where your originalideas begin. This should be done through proper citation. You must properly citeinformation you have paraphrased from other sources.Diff: 7Type: ESPage Reference: 75Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 6. Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.11) When citing a reference to an article, you can rely on the fact thata. all scholarly journals begin with a January issue, which is Number 1.b. journals number pages through a volume and do not begin each issue with page 1.c. all scholarly journals are published two times a year.d. each volume contains about three years’ worth of journals.e. all scholarly journals contain exactly five articles per issue.Answer: bDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 66Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.12) TheAmerican Sociological Reviewbibliographic reference style is used in which ofthe examples below?a. James R. Kluegel and Lawrence Bobo (1993) “Opposition to Race-Targeting:Self-Interest, Stratification Ideology or Racial Attitude?” American SociologicalReview 58(4), 443–465.

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b. Kluegel, J.R. and Bobo, L. Opposition to Race-Targeting: Self-Interest, StratificationIdeology or Racial Attitude? American Sociological Review 58 (August, 1993), Pp. 443–465.c. Kluegel, James R. and Lawrence Bobo. 1993. “Opposition to Race-Targeting:Self-Interest, Stratification Ideology or Racial Attitude?” American SociologicalReview 58:443–65.d. Kluegel, J.R. and Bobo, L. (1993) Opposition to Race-Targeting: Self-Interest,Stratification Ideology or Racial Attitude? American Sociological Review 58, 443–65.e. Kluegel, James & Bobo, L., Opposition to Race-Targeting: Self-Interest, StratificationIdeology or Racial Attitude? Am Sociol Rev 58(4), 443–465, 1993.Answer: cDiff: 7Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.13) Which of the following is considered a positive feature of using the internet for socialresearch?a. The internet does not close.b. There is high “quality control” of all the information on the internet.c. It has stability and permanence of sources.d. All important sources are available on the internet, nothing is missing.e. The internet allows a researcher to get the one piece of specific information needed andnothing extra.Answer: aDiff: 3Type: MCPage Reference: 76Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 6 Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.14) Which of the following is the primary type of periodical to use for a literaturereview?a. Book

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b. Scholarly journalc. Ph.D dissertationd. Papers presented at professional meetingse. Government documentAnswer: bDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 64Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.15) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an annotated bibliography?a. It lists the citation information of a journal article.b. It includes a summary of the article.c. It includes comments about the study’s findings and research quality.d. It is similar to a literature review.e. It is a good first step in a literature review.Answer: dDiff: 2Type: MCPage Reference: 72Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 4. Differentiate between an annotated bibliography and a literature review.16) Which of the following is considered a negative feature of using the internet forsocial research?a. The internet has a “democratizing” effect.b. The internet can make a specific piece of information accessible quickly.c. There is no quality control over what gets put on the internet.d. It provides new and important ways to find information.e. There are no negative features of using the internet for social research.Answer: cDiff: 3

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Type: MCPage Reference: 77Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 6. Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.17) Which of the following steps is considered practical for a researcher to follow inreading journal articles?a. Do not consider your own orientation or biases toward a topic, a method, or publicationsource.b. Evaluate as you read the article, e.g., look for what errors are present.c. Read the whole article at the outset, do not skim it for information.d. In approaching the article, have an open mind and let the purpose for your readingevolve.e. All of the above are practical steps.Answer: bDiff: 7Type: MCPage Reference: 72Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 3. Describe how to conduct a systematic review of the literature.18) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven steps to effective paraphrasingdelineated in your text?a. Do not use quotation marks when you borrow phraseology from the source.b. Make some notes under your paraphrase to remind you later how you imagine you willuse the paraphrased material.c. Use quotation marks to identify any unique terms you have borrowed exactly from thesource.d. Be sure to express to your reader where your paraphrase ends and where your originalideas begin. This should be done through proper citation. You must properly citeinformation you have paraphrased from other sources.e. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easilyif you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.Answer: aDiff: 5

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Type: MCPage Reference: 75Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 6. Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.19) Brenda is doing research for a paper on crime and deviance in a Canadian context.Brenda does not have enough time to read all of the research on crime and deviance inCanada before her course paper comes due. Which sort of journal article will familiarizeher with the existing research quickly?a. Background reviewb. Annotationsc. Ph.D dissertationd. Meta-analysise. AbstractAnswer: dDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 66Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.20) Why are citations useful?a. To locate sourcesb. To summarize sourcesc. To reference sourcesd. B & Ce. A & CAnswer: eDiff: 3Type: MCPage Reference: 68Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.

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21) Which of the following lists contains the five steps for conducting a systematicliterature review in proper order?a. Read research reports; take notes; define and refine a topic; organize information; writea reviewb. Design a research strategy; locate research reports; take notes; paraphrase; write thereviewc. Define and refine a topic; design a search strategy; locate research reports; take notes;write the reviewd. Search for information; select a topic; synthesize existing research; cite; write a reviewe. Define and refine a strategy; design a search profile; synthesize existing research; writea review; edit a reviewAnswer: cDiff: 6Type: MCPage Reference: 70–74Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 3. Describe how to conduct a systematic review of the literature.22) Jeremy is interested in how job loss impacts people’s physical health. Jeremy hasfound 26 articles that contain information about job loss using a database search.However, some articles focus exclusively on how job loss impacts people’s mental healthand give no attention to changes in physical health. What can Jeremy refer to for briefsummaries of the 26 articles to ascertain which articles discuss physical health withoutreading all of the articles in their entirety?a. Abstractsb. Meta-analysesc. Bibliographiesd. Citationse. Literature reviewsAnswer: aDiff: 6Type: MCPage Reference: 66Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.

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23) Which of the following is NOT one of the four goals of a literature review?a. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to itb. To learn from others and stimulate new ideasc. To demonstrate familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibilityd. To expose poorly conducted studiese. To integrate and summarize what is known in an areaAnswer: dDiff: 5Type: MCPage Reference: 63Skill: 04. Expresses familiarity with a range of acceptable techniques/methods in socialresearchObjective: 1. Explain the purpose of the literature review in the larger context of aresearch study.24) Which of the following types of periodicals is designed for teaching purposes?a. Scholarly journalsb. Readersc. Dissertationsd. Thesese. AbstractsAnswer: bDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 64Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.25) One response to protests against the high cost of journal subscriptions has been thecreation ofa. review journals.b. volunteer-run journals.c. open access journals.

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d. non-affiliated intellectual circles.e. public journals.Answer: cDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 66Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.26)SocietyandPsychology Todayare examples of which type of periodical?a. Serious opinion magazinesb. Volunteer-run journalsc. Popularized social science magazinesd. Scholarly journalse. Meta-analysesAnswer: cDiff: 3Type: MCPage Reference: 67Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.27) Which of the following is a difference between ASR and APA style in-text citationsfor paraphrased information?a. APA separates year of publication and page number(s) with a colon, while ASR uses acomma.b. ASR indicates page number with a “p.,” while APA does not.c. ASR italicizes authors’ last names, while APA does not.d. APA specifies year of publication, while ASR does not.e. ASR separates authors’ last names and year of publication with a comma, whileAPA does not.Answer: eDiff: 6

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Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.28) Which of the following formatting styles’ in-text citations do not specify year ofpublication?a. ASRb. APAc. ASAd. MLAe. APRAnswer: eDiff: 3Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.29) When writing a literature review, taking notes is a good practice. Which of thefollowing is NOT one of the features of an article, book, or other source a good note-taker should generally record?a. Design of the researchb. Hypotheses testedc. Spelling and grammar mistakes made by the author(s)d. Main findingse. How major concepts were measuredAnswer: cDiff: 5Type: MCPage Reference: 71-72Skill: 04. Expresses familiarity with a range of acceptable techniques/methods in socialresearchObjective: 3. Describe how to conduct a systematic review of the literature.

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30) Which of the following is NOT amongst the major components of annotatedbibliographies?a. Design of the researchb. Comments about research qualityc. Citation informationd. Comments about findingse. SummaryAnswer: aDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 73Skill: 04. Expresses familiarity with a range of acceptable techniques/methods in socialresearchObjective: 4. Differentiate between an annotated bibliography and a literature review.31) Which of the following is NOT one of the major downsides to using the internet forsocial research?a. No peer-review process or editorial reviewb. Formatting and presentation options are fewer than with traditional academic journalsc. Finding sources can be time consumingd. Different search engines can produce different resultse. Access to information may be expensiveAnswer: bDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 77Skill: 15. Understands the types and strengths/weaknesses of various source materialsObjective: 7. Explain which Internet resources are not suitable for your scholarly reviewof the literature.32) The following source reference is an example of which formatting style?Cooke, M. (2009). A welfare trap? The duration and dynamics of social assistance useamong lone mothers in Canada.Canadian Review of Sociology, 46(3), 179–206.a. ASR

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b. APAc. ASAd. MLAe. APRAnswer: bDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. E List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.33) The following source reference is an example of which formatting style?Cooke, Martin. 2009. “A Welfare Trap? The Duration and Dynamics of SocialAssistance Use Among Lone Mothers in Canada.”Canadian Review of Sociology46 (3):179–206.a. ASRb. APAc. ASAd. MLAe. APRAnswer: aDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. E List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.34) The following source reference is an example of which formatting style?Cooke, Martin. “A Welfare Trap? The Duration and Dynamics of Social Assistance UseAmong Lone Mothers in Canada.”Canadian Review of Sociology, 46.3. (2009): 179–206. Print.a. ASRb. APAc. ASA

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d. MLAe. APRAnswer: dDiff: 4Type: MCPage Reference: 69Skill: 14. Recognizes and can use the American Sociological Review bibliographic styleObjective: 2. E List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.35) Define the following:abstractAnswer:A term with two meanings in literature reviews: a short summary of a scholarly journalarticle that usually appears at its beginning, and a reference tool for locating scholarlyjournal articles.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 66Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 1. Explain the purpose of the literature review in the larger context of aresearch study.36) Define the following:annotated bibliographyAnswer:A list of sources pertaining to a specific topic, which includes full citation information, asummary of the article (including research methods employed) and its findings, as well asevaluative comments about the quality of the research.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 72Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 4. Differentiate between an annotated bibliography and a literature review.

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37) Define the following:citationAnswer:Details of a scholarly journal article’s location that helps people to find it quickly.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 66Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 4. Differentiate between an annotated bibliography and a literature review.38) Define the following:dissertationAnswer:A dissertation is a work of original research which graduate students write and submit forpartial completion of a Ph.D.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.39) Define the following:keywordsAnswer:Terms central to a researcher’s topic of interest, which can be used to focus alibrary catalogue or database search for research literature.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 64-65Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.

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40) Define the following:literature reviewAnswer:A systematic examination of previously published studies on a research question, issue,or method that a researcher undertakes and integrates together to prepare for conducting astudy or to bring together and summarize the “state of the field.”Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 63Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 1. Explain the purpose of the literature review in the larger context of aresearch study.41) Define the following:mass market publicationAnswer:Publications sold at newsstands that are designed to provide the general public with news,opinion, and entertainment (e.g.,Maclean’s,Time Canada,L’actualité,The Economist, andThe Walrus).Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.42) Define the following:meta-analysisAnswer:A quantitative overview of existing evidence on a particular topic.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 66

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Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.43) Define the following:open access journalsAnswer:A type of scholarly journal that does not require readers to pay to access content, butinstead may recoup their fees by having authors pay administrative costs to publishwithin them. Open access journals are a response to complaints about the high cost ofjournal subscriptions and the “pay walls” that block individuals who arenot affiliated with postsecondary institutions that can afford the high subscription rates.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 66Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.44) Define the following:opinion magazinesAnswer:Publications in which intellectuals, who may also conduct empirical research, debatecurrent issues, not where researchers present findings of their studies to the broaderscientific community (e.g.,Inroads,Dissent, andCanadian Dimension).Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.45) Define the following:popularized social science magazinesAnswer:Publications created to provide the interested, educated lay public with a simplifiedversion of findings or a commentary. Popularized social science magazines may be peer

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reviewed, but they are not meant to be an outlet for original research findings (e.g.,SocietyandPsychology Today).Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.46) Define the following:readersAnswer:A book designed for teaching purposes that is made up of a collection of articles orresearch reports.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.47) Define the following:scholarly journalsAnswer:A form of academic periodical that consists of volumes of peer-reviewed articles andreports of research that are published periodically.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 64-67Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.48) Define the following:

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state of the fieldAnswer:A type of literature review essay which appears in specialized journals, wherein theauthor provides a comprehensive overview of the existing research and debatespertaining to a topic area.Diff: 4Type: ESPage Reference: 63-64Skill: 50. Able to define key termsObjective: 2. List the different sources that are relevant for a literature review.

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1) State a hypothesis with an independent, dependent, and intervening variable. What arethe units of analysis and levels of analysis of the hypothesis? Draw a diagram showingthe relationship.Answer:Racial classification (independent variable) causes school quality (intervening variable),which affects test scores (dependent variable).Units of analysis are students and the levels of analysis are: nominal (race); ratio (testscores); and ordinal (school quality).RACIAL CLASSIFICATION → SCHOOL QUALITY → TEST SCORESDiff: 8Type: ESPage Reference: 86–90Skill: 17. Distinguishes among and properly uses various types of variables and causalhypothesesObjective: 5. Distinguish between independent, dependent, and intervening variables.2) A researcher using “The Logic of Disconfirming Hypotheses” uses two differenthypotheses. What are they? Why is negative evidence considered stronger?Answer:The two hypotheses are the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis says thatthere is no relationship between two variables, or no effect. The alternative hypothesissays that a relationship exists.Negative evidence is considered stronger because the hypothesis becomes“tarnished” or “soiled” if the evidence fails to support it.This is because a hypothesis makes predictions. Negative and disconfirming evidenceshow that the predictions are wrong. Positive or confirming evidence for a hypothesis isless critical because alternative hypotheses may make the same prediction. A researcherwho finds confirming evidence for a prediction may not elevate one explanation over itsalternatives.Diff: 9Type: ESPage Reference: 88-89Skill: 17. Distinguishes among and properly uses various types of variables and causalhypotheses

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Objective: 6. Describe the major characteristics of a hypothesis.3) Restate the following in terms of a hypothesis with independent and dependentvariables: “The number of kilometers a person drives in a year affects the number ofvisits a person makes to gasoline filling stations, and there is a positive unidirectionalrelationship between the variables.” What is the unit of analysis for the hypothesis?Answer:As the number of kilometers a person drives in a year increases, the number of visits sheor he makes to gas filling stations increases.The unit of analysis is the individual (person who drives).Diff: 6Type: ESPage Reference: 88–90Skill: 17. Distinguishes among and properly uses various types of variables and causalhypothesesObjective: 5. Distinguish between independent, dependent, and intervening variables.4) Give an example of a spurious relationship and draw a diagram of the links amongvariables.Answer:Spuriousness occurs when two variables are associated but are not causally relatedbecause an unseen third factor is the real cause.For example, the argument that there is a relationship between illegal drugs and criminalactivity. Some people maintain that taking illegal drugs causes criminal activity. Thisargument is spurious because the initial relationship between taking illegal drugs andcriminal activity is misleading. The emotional problems and community disorderfactors/variables are the true and often unobserved causal variables.INITIAL RELATIONSHIP = ILLEGAL DRUG USE → CRIMINAL ACTIVITYADDITION OF THE MISSING TRUE CAUSAL FACTOR(S) =EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS + COMMUNITY DISORDER → ILLEGAL DRUGUSE → CRIMINAL ACTIVITYDiff: 7Type: ES

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Page Reference: 93–96Skill: 18. Able to read and understand symbolic causal diagramsObjective: 8. Explain the five different types of errors of explanation.5) In what ways do the ecological fallacy and reductionism involve problems with theunits of analysis?Answer:Ecological fallacy arises from a mismatch of analysis. It refers to a poor fit between theunits for which a researcher has empirical evidence and the units for which thatresearcher wants to make statements. It is due to imprecise reasoning and generalizingbeyond what the evidence warrants. A researcher has empirical evidence about anassociation for large-scale units or huge aggregates but over-generalizes to maketheoretical statements about an association among small-scale units or individuals.Reductionism, also called the fallacy of nonequivalence, occurs when a researcherexplains macro-level events but has evidence only about specific individuals. It occurswhen a researcher observes a lower or disaggregated unit of analysis but makesstatements about the operations of higher or aggregated units. It is a mirror image of themismatch error in the ecological fallacy.Diff: 8Type: ESPage Reference: 91–93Skill: 18. Able to read and understand symbolic causal diagramsObjective: 8. Explain the five different types of errors of explanation.6) Explain how a linear and nonlinear path to doing research differ, and how a preplannedvs. emergent research question differ. What types of researchers are most likely to useeach?Answer:A linear research path follows a fixed sequence of steps; it is like a staircase leading inone clear direction. It is a way of thinking and a way of looking at issues—the direct,narrow, straight path that is common in Western European and North American culture.A nonlinear research path makes successive passes through steps, sometimes movingbackward and sideways before moving on. It is more of a spiral, moving slowly upwardbut not directly. With each cycle or repetition, a researcher collects new data and gainsnew insights.

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The linear research path is favoured by quantitative researchers and involves thepreplanning and development of a focused research question(s) for a specific study. Onthe other hand, qualitative researchers tend to favour a nonlinear research path that oftenbegins with a vague or unclear research question(s) and the topic emerges slowly duringthe study.Diff: 7Type: ESPage Reference: 80–83Skill: 16. Capable of comparing features of qualitative and quantitative research designsObjective: 1. Explain the difference between linear and nonlinear paths.7) Provide an example of a good versus a bad research question on abortion in Canada.Explain why each is an example of a good versus a bad question.Answer:An example of a bad research question is “Is abortion immoral?” Thisquestion is not empirically testable and it is too vague (needs to be more specific).An example of a good research question is “What socio-demographic factors arerelated to Canadians’ attitudes on abortion?” This is a testable questionthat is descriptive in nature.Diff: 7Type: ESPage Reference: 81-83 & 98Skill: 01. Applies abstract learning to realistic situationsObjective: 2. Differentiate between preplanned and emergent research questions.8) The first step in beginning a research project is picking a topic, but not all topics arepracticable given the constraints faced by researchers. Identify the six major limitationsresearchers must consider when setting the scope of their research projects and outlinethe four steps researchers can take to narrow their topics into feasible research questions.Answer:Major limitations include time, costs, access to resources, approval by authorities,ethical concerns, and expertise.The four steps researchers can take to narrow their topics into feasible researchquestions are:

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Examine the literatureTalk over your ideas with othersApply your topic to a specific contextDefine the aim or desired outcome of the research studyDiff: 5Type: ESPage Reference: 81-83Skill: 20. Able to explain the relationship between a general topic and a testable researchhypothesis.Objective: 2. Differentiate between preplanned and emergent research questions.9) Variables and attributes are two different things, but they are often confused by newmembers of the research community. Explain the difference between a variable and anattribute. Why is it easy to confuse variable with attributes? Use an example to illustrateyour answers.Answer:A variable is a concept that varies. In quantitative research, concepts are converted intovariables that represent the concepts. Variables take on two or more values—the core ofthe word variable is “vary,” so there must be more than one value in avariable.The values or the categories of a variable are its attributes.It is easy to confuse variables with attributes. Variables and attributes are related, but theyhave distinct purposes. The confusion arises because the attribute of one variable canitself become a separate variable with a slight change in definition. The distinction isbetween concepts themselves that vary and conditions within concepts that vary. Forexample, “male” is not a variable; it describes a category of gender and isan attribute of the variable “gender.” Yet a related idea, “degree ofmasculinity,” is a variable. It describes the intensity or strength of attachment toattitudes, beliefs, and behaviours associated with the concept of being masculine within aculture.Diff: 6Type: ESPage Reference: 85–86Skill: 17. Distinguishes among and properly uses various types of variables and causalhypothesesObjective: 4. Explain what a variable is, as well as its attributes.

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10) Researchers rarely explicitly define their levels and units of analysis. Nevertheless, itis important to distinguish between the two. Define “levels” of analysis, list the levels ofanalysis, and provide examples of what they might encompass. Likewise, define units ofanalysis and provide some examples of common units of analysis in sociologicalresearch.Answer:A level of analysis is the level of social reality to which theoretical explanations refer.The level of social reality varies on a continuum from micro-level (e.g., small groups orindividual processes) to macro-level (e.g., civilizations or structural aspects of society).The level includes a mix of the number of people, the amount of space, the scope of theactivity, and the length of time.Units of analysis correspond loosely to levels of analysis, but serve a different function.The unit of analysis refers to the type of unit a researcher uses when measuring. The unitsof analysis determine how a researcher measures variables or themes. For example, if wewant to study the topic of dating among university students, we can use a micro-levelanalysis and develop an explanation that uses concepts such as interpersonal contact,mutual friendships, and common interests. We may think that students are likely to datesomeone with whom they have had personal contact in a class, share friends in common,and share common interests. The topic and focus fit with a micro-level explanationbecause they are targeted at the level of face-to-face interaction among individuals.Common units in sociology are the individual, the group (e.g., family, friendship group),the organization (e.g., corporation, university), the social category (e.g., social class,gender, race), the social institution (e.g., religion, education, the family), and the society(e.g., a nation, a tribe). Researchers also use units of analysis other than individuals,groups, organizations, social categories, institutions, and societies. For example, aresearcher wants to determine whether the speeches of two candidates for leader of theConservative Party of Canada contain specific themes. The researcher uses contentanalysis and measures the themes in each speech of the candidates. Here, the speech isthe unit of analysis. Geographic units of analysis are also used. A researcher interested indetermining whether cities that have a high number of teenagers also have a high rate ofvandalism would use the city as the unit of analysis.Diff: 6Type: ESPage Reference: 90–91Skill: 17. Distinguishes among and properly uses various types of variables and causalhypotheses

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Objective: 7. Differentiate between units and levels of analysis.11)Use the following model for the questions that follow:X → Y → ZThe dependent variable isa. X.b. Y.c. Z.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.Answer: cDiff: 2Type: MCPage Reference: 85–87Skill: 09. Can read and express an understanding of a simple set of causal relationsObjective: 5. Distinguish between independent, dependent, and intervening variables.12)Use the following model for the questions that follow:X → Y → ZThe intervening variable isa. X.b. Y.c. Z.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.Answer: bDiff: 3

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