Test Bank for The Sociology Project: Essentials

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iTest BankForThe Sociology Project: EssentialsFirst EditionJeff ManzaRichard ArumTroy DusterPaula EnglandThomas ErtmanKathleen GersonLynne HaneySteven LukesGerald MarwellHarvey MolotchAnn MorningPatrick SharkeyFlorencia Torche

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iiiTable of ContentsChapter 1The Sociological Imagination .....................................1Chapter 2Social Theory ...........................................................15Chapter 3Social Interaction......................................................31Chapter 4Social Structure........................................................47Chapter 5Social Stratification, Inequality, and Poverty.............61Chapter 6Race and Ethnicity ...................................................77Chapter 7Gender and Sexuality...............................................93Chapter 8Families and Family Life......................................... 108Chapter 9Markets, Organizations, and Work ......................... 124Chapter 10Sociology of Religion.............................................. 140Chapter 11Crime, Deviance, and Social Control...................... 155Chapter 12Power and Politics.................................................. 173

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza1Manza,The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Test BankChapter 1The Sociological ImaginationMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsPeople in oursociety tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also allproducts of our __________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were borninto.a.social contextsb.genetic makeupc.likes and dislikesd.interests and skillsAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsThesociological imaginationis the capacity to think systematicallyabouthowthe things we experienceas personal problems ________.a.are really social issues shared by others livingin a similar time and locationb.reflect our individual choicesand notthe culture as a wholec.most likely do not have roots in social contextsd.are the result of psychological forces, which guide our daily lifeAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsAccording to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between__________ insociety.a.money and powerb.biology and destinyc.history and biographyd.students and teachersAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are borninto shapes the opportunities available to us.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsAt each stage of our development, we are bothindividualsand __________.a.products of our historical contextb.members of politicizedbodies

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza2c.social innocentsd.sole determiners of our own fateAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are borninto shapes the opportunities available to us.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhen understanding intimate relationships, a sociological imagination allows us to ________.a.recognize that marriage is not always monogamous, but is a lifetime commitment between aman and a womanb.challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social inoriginc.understand the lack of diversity in intimate relationships cross-culturallyd.observe the natural differences in intimate relationships within our own cultureAnswer: bLearning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the ConceptsWhich of the following is true of the sociological imagination?a.It challenges stereotypes by proving that stereotypes benefit no one.b.It shows thatcircumstanceswe take for granted are often simpler than they appear.c.It raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes.d.Itallows us to enjoy society without over complicating social life.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the ConceptsIn an ongoing study of more than 2,000 young adults as they progress through college and into theirpostcollegiate years, sociologist Richard Arum has found that __________.a.all graduates in the study had jobs in their fields within five years of graduationb.college had little impact on the earnings of graduates in the studyc.24 percent of graduates in the study were back living with their parents two years aftergraduationd.sociology majors were 50 percent more likely to be employed than other students in the studyAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.1.3: Identify the types of questions that sociologists are particularly wellequipped to explore.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsAlthough psychologists and sociologists study similar subjects and phenomena, what is a significant

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza3difference in the types of questions they ask?a.Sociologists are interested in understanding the philosophy of the individual; psychologists areinterested in understanding the ideology of the individual.b.Sociologists are interested in understanding how people think; psychologists are interested inunderstanding why people think.c.Sociologists are interested in understanding the intrinsic causes of behavior; psychologists areinterested in understanding the motivational effects on behavior.d.Sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested inunderstanding how individuals think.Answer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItWhy would sociologists who studyacademic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmenbefore they enter college?a.Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study individuals' intelligence quotients and theimpact of intelligence on academic performance.b.Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of students' backgrounds—such as family influences—on academic performance.c.Sociologists who took sociology courses in high school are particularly well equipped to studythe academic performance of students entering college for the first time.d.Students who excel academically are likely to attend schools closer to home.Answer: bLearning Objective: LO 1.1.3: Identify the types of questions that sociologists are particularly wellequipped to explore.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowWhich of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true?a.Social contexts can be easily overcome by the will of the individual.b.Social contexts are important but ultimately cannot be used to determine anything about anindividual.c.Social contexts can sometimes be used to understand some types of group situations.d.Social contexts can have a huge impact on whereindividualsend up in life.Answer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are borninto shapes the opportunities available to us.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the ConceptsWhich social context is likely to have a more significant impact on a child's life experience from birththan the others?a.his or her parents' income andwealthb.his or her parents' age

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza4c.his or her parents' recycling habitsd.his or her birth orderAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the ConceptsWhy is the family of interest to many sociologists?a.Government funding generously supports family research.b.Families are a key to understanding how individualsdevelop.c.Families are a new area of sociological research.d.Families, which tend to be similar, are ideal cross-cultural subjects.Answer: bLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsLiving in high-crime areas has obvious risks: being a victim of physical violence, for example. What is oneof the more subtle risks faced bypeople who live in high-crime areas that is mentionedby PatSharkey?a.impaired job or school performance because of stressb.increased forgetfulness because of rampant escapismc.increased attention from politicians trying to court nonaffiliated votersd.decreased access to housing that allows petsAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowWhat can applying the sociological imagination tell us about unemployment and homelessness?a.Homelessness and unemployment are almost always the result of individual choices.b.Unemployment, but not homelessness, isalmostalways the result of individual choices.c.Anyone is just as likely as another to become either unemployed or homeless.d.Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual'scontrol.Answer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are borninto shapes the opportunities available to us.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You Know

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza5Twokey components to understandingthe social worlds humanscreateare__________.a.social interaction and social structureb.social space and social timec.socialdevianceand socialapplicationsd.socialcritiqueand socialacceptanceAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsNorms, the basic rules of society that help us know what is or is not appropriate in a social situation,govern_____.a.the sociological imaginationb.social contextsc.social interactiond.historical contextsAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts__________ refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior inresponse to the presence of others.a.Social interactionb.Self-consciousnessc.Social structured.Presentation of selfAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsSociologists' understanding of social contexts, social interactions, and social structures teaches us thatpeople __________.a.typically present themselves inthe same way to everyone they meetb.often behave in highly unpredictable waysc.never present themselves in the same way twiced.present themselves in different ways based on thesocial situation they are inAnswer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts__________refers to the enduring patterns that shape and guidesocial interaction.

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza6a.Socialroleb.Social strategyc.Social normative behaviord.Social structureAnswer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhich of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people’s life pathways?a.Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children whoare moreambitious in life.b.Living in a safe neighborhood has very littlepositiveeffectonchildren’s school performance.c.Living in a dangerous neighborhood encourages a child to leave that neighborhood by doing wellin school.d.Living in a dangerous neighborhood has very little effect on a child’s future employment.Answer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItIt is easy to see the importance of thesocialpart of social interaction when we __________.a.imagine the social sanctions for violating rulesb.reject social sanctions as unfairly appliedc.destroy social hierarchies of other culturesd.reject social science as a soft scienceAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhy were lines between social sciences unclear when they first developed?a.The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work inmultiple disciplines.b.Early socialscientists, who were educated as physicians, were reluctant to leave their medicalschool posts.c.Social scientists lacked research topics and had to turn to other disciplines for ideas.d.High degrees of social cohesion among social scientists made them reluctant to split apart.Answer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza7__________,the social sciences began to divide into distinctive areas of research.a.In the late Middle Agesb.Shortly after the American Revolutionc.Between 1880 and 1910d.In the 1950s and 1960sAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts__________, who founded boththe first Europeansociologydepartment and the first major Europeanjournal of sociology, is called the "father of sociology."a.Max Weberb.Karl Marxc.Claude Bordeauxd.Emile DurkheimAnswer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhich of the following factors pulled people away from farms and into cities duringthe period of rapidindustrialization more so than the others?a.droughtb.housingc.jobsd.urban agricultureAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the developmentof sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhich of the following statements is true of urban environments that developed from the middle of thenineteenth centuryonward?a.Cities had high rates of poverty.b.The housingsupplywasabundant.c.Factory wages were fair.d.Crime and violence were rare.Answer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the developmentof sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza8Among the social sciences, sociology is the discipline most concerned with __________.a.theway the psyche develops in early childhoodb.how differentparts of societylink up to and mutually influence one anotherc.predicting the future of humanityd.accurately assessing the failures of twentieth-century regimesAnswer: bLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsWhy is it sometimes difficult for sociologists to definetheir disciplinein short, simple terms?a.Sociologists do not use mathematical models to solve problems.b.Sociologists do not have an established set of ideas that make up their theoretical core.c.Sociologistscover a wider range of topicsthan other social sciences.d.Sociologists do not publish their own academic journals.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsHow is a sociological study of the family more likely to differ from a psychological study of the family?a.Psychologicalstudies tend to focus on relationships; sociological studies tend to focus onindividuals.b.Psychological studies tend tostudy the mindsof individuals in a family; sociological studies tendto study families within their larger social contexts.c.Psychological studies tend to focus on context; sociological studies tend to focus on content.d.Psychological studies tend to be large scale; sociological studies tend to be smaller in scale.Answer: bLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsSociology laid the groundwork for which of the following academicdisciplines?a.Latino/astudies andindustrial relationsb.philology and theosophyc.history and psychologyd.anthropology and computer scienceAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.3.4: Identify some of the spin-off fields that originally started in sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsImagine that you are a sociology student in the early twentieth century at the University of Chicago. You

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza9are trying to come up with an idea for a research project that you can easily conduct withoutleaving the city. Which of the following projects best embodies the sociological imagination?a.You think thetenantin the apartment across the hall is stealing your clothes from the laundryroom. You plan to hide in the laundry room to catch him in the act to figure out why he is a thief.b.You suspect your older brother has some serious mental problems. You want to show him aseries of ink blots and ask him what he thinks they look like. In this way, you will try to gain newinsight into his mental health needs.c.The sidewalk outside your dormitory is cracked and many people have injured themselves on it.You decide to organize volunteers so that you canrepair the damage.d.You have observed that the police force is made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group.You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this groupmight be drawn to police work.Answer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.1.2: Explain the process for forming sociological questions.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItJohn is taking an introductory sociologyclass. As a result, he is conscious of his environment andcarefully thinks about what he sees rather than jumping to quick conclusions. He notices ahomeless man on his way to class every day. Using his sociological imagination, what might Johnconclude about this man's circumstances?a.John reacts with frustration. He considers the homeless man's situation as a personal problem.The man, obviously, is lazy and chooses nottowork.b.John reacts with indifference. Although he would not make the same choice, the homeless man,obviously, has chosen to live off handouts rather than work.c.John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn thehomeless man into povertyandwonders why so many are unemployed. He concludes thatbecauseof social change,the homeless man has lost his housing along with his job.d.John is sympathetic and recognizes that the homeless man is an alcoholic, but his particulardisease—alcoholism—is a personal, not a social, issue.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowKaren operates a clothing store. Last summer she hired a young man to work at her store.He wasfrequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show up. Karen now feels thatmost young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief thatyoung men are lazy is an example of__________.a.racismb.the sociological imaginationc.discriminationd.a stereotypeAnswer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza10Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowYou are a first-year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context thatcould have a positive impact onyour academic success?a.After college, you plan on being a teacher. For this reason, you take your education veryseriously.b.You went to a high school that did not offer many Advanced Placement courses.c.Your parents were abletohire summer tutorsfor you when you were in high school.d.You are a perfectionist in all things. You always study very hard and have no intention ofgraduating with less than a perfect 4.0.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItYou are taking your first sociology course in the fall. About halfway through the semester, you go homeforThanksgiving. At Thanksgiving dinner, you plan to conduct an impromptu sociologicalexperiment by violating some social norms. Which of following actions could you potentiallytake?a.You eat your dinner and make polite dinner conversation with your family.b.You help to make dinner and serve the guests as well.c.You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes.d.You excuse yourself from the table after dessert to answer your cell phone.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItThomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend’s house. Throughout theevening,Thomas observes his friend’s behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas islearning the social ______ of a formal dinner.a.normsb.hierarchiesc.rolesd.structuresAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowAfter Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, there were reports of increased criminal activity andlooting. Looters broke into electronics stores and stole merchandise, and increasing numbers ofviolent attacks exceeded allpoliceefforts to keep the rising levels of violence in check. How

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza11would a sociologist explain these phenomena?a.Urban residents altered their behaviors to conform to the norms of a new social reality.b.During times of crisis,social norms change but are more clearly defined.c.In the absence of social structures, rules are unclear, and everyone has to improvise.d.People always choose to act as criminals when they know police officers are not watching them.Answer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowYou are a social scientist in the mid-nineteenth century. You want to study the forces in society that aredriving social change. What human subjects are you most likely to study?a.farmerswholive in rural Iowab.shrimperswho livein Louisianac.factory workerswholive in New York Cityd.members of the U.S. ArmyAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the developmentof sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItIt is thelate nineteenth century. Robert is a young man who is fascinated by the social world. He isparticularly interested in studying the problems of cities and their inhabitants, including the livesof new residents migrating to cities from farms and from abroad. He is familiar with an emergingdiscipline called sociology and wants to conduct field research as part of his universitycoursework in the city where he is being educated. What school should Robert contact to gaininformation about this new field of study?a.Hanover College, in Hanover, Indianab.the University of Kansas, in Lawrence, Kansasc.the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinoisd.the University of Georgia, in Athens, GeorgiaAnswer: cLearning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItYou, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like to workwith you.How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study?a.Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has tooffer.Accept.b.Sociology is a very narrow field of study withvery specific research methodologies. A projectwith an anthropologist just doesn't make sense. Decline.c.Historical contexts and the nature of modern universities prevent sociologists from interactingeffectively with anthropologists. Decline.

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza12d.The project may work, but it is likely that you will come into conflict with your partner fortheoretical reasons. This conflict could make the project very difficult to finish. Decline.Answer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze ItIndustrialization is characterized by thetransformation of economies based in agriculture to those basedin__________.a.large scalemanufacturing of goodsb.customerservice and technologyc.family farming and urban developmentd.environmental conservationAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the developmentof sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsA large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common set of norms and rulesfor social interaction is best known as a __________.a.societyb.social structurec.neighborhoodd.role setAnswer: aLearning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsUrban areas have a population density of at least __________ people per square mile.a.250b.500c.750d.1,000Answer: dLearning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the developmentof sociology.Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences?Difficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsEssay QuestionsHow do we exercise our sociological imaginations when we "people watch"?

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The Sociology Project: Essentials1e, Manza13Answer: If we look closely enough when we observe people walking through a shopping mall or going toa concert or sporting event, it is not hard to make educated guesses about many of them. We canidentify their gender and perhaps their age, race or ethnicity, and maybe even their religion (forexample, if they are wearing some kind of identifying clothing). The way they dress may also conveysomething about their income. The way they speak might tell us if they are well-educated or not or ifthey are from a particular region of the United States or from a foreign country. When we "peoplewatch" in this way, we are, without necessarily realizing it, beginning to engage our sociologicalimaginations. We are using information we know about our society to make educated guesses about theindividuals we encounter.Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes.Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowHow does the neighborhood we live in shape our social development?Answer: Living in a safe neighborhood with good schools, surrounded by families who encourage theirchildren to do well in school and to be ambitious and confident, creates a different set of pathways thanthat experienced by a child living in an impoverished, high-crime neighborhood with poor schools. Thelatter environment can have many negative consequences, including not just obvious things like thecontinual risk of being a victim of crime and the lack of people who can provide positive social networks,but also more subtle things like increased stress levels that may reduce sleep and school performance.Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development ofchildren.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You KnowHow does the time and place we are born into influence us and our behavior? Give an example.Answer: Beyond specific organizations and institutions lie the social, economic, and historical contexts ofour lives. The state of the world we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us, either limitingor enabling us to pursue different goals and aspirations. An African American male born in the South in1910 faced a very different environment than the same man would today. A child growing up in aworking-class family in Detroit in the 1940s would experience a different set of economic opportunitiesthan the same child growing up in contemporary Detroit (once the center of the automobile industryand home to a large number of high-paying working-class jobs, today the Detroit area has been hard hitby the devastating decline in the U.S. manufacturing sector). Women entering adulthood in the 1950sfaced a different set of choices and cultural expectations than women currently entering adulthood.Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are borninto shapes the opportunities available to us.Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter?Difficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You Know

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