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Test Bank for The Sociology Project: Essentials

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    i Test Bank For The Sociology Project: Essentials First Edition Jeff Manza Richard Arum Troy Duster Paula England Thomas Ertman Kathleen Gerson Lynne Haney Steven Lukes Gerald Marwell Harvey Molotch Ann Morning Patrick Sharkey Florencia Torche

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    iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Sociological Imagination ..................................... 1 Chapter 2 Social Theory ........................................................... 15 Chapter 3 Social Interaction...................................................... 31 Chapter 4 Social Structure ........................................................ 47 Chapter 5 Social Stratification, Inequality, and Poverty ............. 61 Chapter 6 Race and Ethnicity ................................................... 77 Chapter 7 Gender and Sexuality ............................................... 93 Chapter 8 Families and Family Life......................................... 108 Chapter 9 Markets, Organizations, and Work ......................... 124 Chapter 10 Sociology of Religion .............................................. 140 Chapter 11 Crime, Deviance, and Social Control ...................... 155 Chapter 12 Power and Politics.................................................. 173

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 1 Manza, The Sociology Projec t: Essentials 1e , Test Bank Chapter 1 The Sociological Imagination Multiple - Choice Questions People in our society tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also all products of our __________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were born into. a. social contexts b. genetic makeup c. likes and dislikes d. interest s and skills Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts The sociological imagination is the capacity to think systematically about how the things we experience as personal problems ________. a. are really social issues shared by others living in a similar time and location b. reflect our individual choices and not the culture as a whole c. most likely do not have roots in social contexts d. are the result of psychological forces, which guide our daily life Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between __________ in society. a. money and power b. biology and destiny c. history and biography d. students and teachers Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts At each stage of our development, we are both individuals and __________. a. products of our historical context b. members of politicized bodies

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 2 c. social innocents d. sole determiners of our own fate Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts When understanding intimate relationships, a sociological imagination allows us to ________. a. recognize that marriage is not always monogamous, but is a lifetime commitment between a man and a woman b. challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social in origin c. understand the lack of diversity in intimate relationships cross-culturally d. observe the natural differences in intimate relationships within our own culture Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Which of the following is true of the sociological imagination? a. It challenges stereotypes by proving that stereotypes benefit no one. b. It shows that circumstances we take for granted are often simpler than they ap pear. c. It raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes. d. It allows us to enjoy society without over complicating social life. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts In an ongoing study of more than 2,000 young adults as they progress through college and into their postcollegiate years, sociologist Richard Arum has found that __________. a. all graduates in the study had jobs in their fields within five years of graduation b. college had little impact on the earnings of graduates in the study c. 24 percent of graduat es in the study were back living with their parents two years after graduation d. sociology majors were 50 percent more likely to be employed than other students in the study Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1.3: Identify the types of questions that sociologists are particularly well equipped to explore. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Although psychologists and sociologists study similar subjects and phenomena, what is a significant

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 3 difference in the types of questions they ask? a. Sociologists are interested in understanding the philosophy of the individual; psychologists are intereste d in understanding the ideology of the individual. b. Sociologists are interested in understanding how people think; psychologists are interested in understanding why people think. c. Sociologists are interested in understanding the intrinsic causes of b ehavior; psychologists are interested in understanding the motivational effects on behavior. d. Sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Why would sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college? a. Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study individuals' intelligence quotients and the impact of intelligence on academic performance. b. Sociologi sts are particularly well equipped to study the influences of students' backgrounds — such as family influences — on academic performance. c. Sociologists who took sociology courses in high school are particularly well equipped to study the academic performanc e of students entering college for the first time. d. Students who excel academically are likely to attend schools closer to home. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1.3: Identify the types of questions that sociologists are particularly well equipped to explore. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Which of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true? a. Social context s can be easily overcome by the will of the individual. b. Social contexts are important but ultimately cannot be used to determine anything about a n individual. c. Social contexts can sometimes be used to understand some types of group situations. d. Soci al contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Which social context is likely to have a more significant impact on a child's life experience from birth than the others? a. his or her parents' income and wealth b. his or her parents' age

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 4 c. his or her parents' recycling habits d. his or her birth order Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Why is the family of interest to many sociologists? a. Government funding generously supports family research. b. Families are a key to understanding how individuals develop. c. Families are a new area of sociological research. d. Families, which tend to be similar, are ideal cross - cultural subjects. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Living in high - crime areas has obvious risks: being a victim of physical violence, for example. What is one of the more subtle risks faced by people who live in high - crime areas that is mentioned by Pat Sharkey ? a. impaired job or school performance because of stress b. increased forgetfulness because of rampant escapism c. increased attention from politicians trying to court nonaffiliated voter s d. decreased access to housing that allows pets Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know What can applying the sociological imagination tell us about unemployment and homelessness? a. Homelessness and unemployment are almost always the result of individual choices. b. Unemployment, but not homelessness, is almost always the result of individual choices. c. Anyone is just as likely as another to become either unemployed or homeless. d. Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 5 Two key components to understanding the social worlds humans create are __________. a. social interaction and social structure b. social space and social time c. social deviance and social applications d. social critique and social acceptance Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Norms, the basic rules of society that help us know what is or is not appropriate in a social situation, govern_____. a. the sociological imagination b. social contexts c. social interaction d. historical contexts Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts __________ refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in res ponse to the presence of others. a. Social interaction b. Self - consciousness c. Social structure d. Presentation of self Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Sociologists' understanding of social contexts, social interactions, and social structures teaches us that people __________. a. typically present themselves in the same way to everyone they meet b. often behave in highly unpredictable ways c. never present themselves in the same way twice d. present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts __________ refers to the enduring patterns that shape and guide social interaction .

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 6 a. Social role b. Social strategy c. Social normative behavior d. Social structure Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Which of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people’s life pathways? a. Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life. b. Living in a safe neighborhood has very little positive effect on children’s school performance. c. Living in a dangerous neighborhood encourages a child to leave that neighborhood by doing well in school. d. Living in a dange rous neighborhood has very little effect on a child’s future employment. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It It is easy to see the importance of the social part of social interaction when we __________. a. imagine the social sanctions for violating rules b. reject social sanctions as unfairly applied c. destroy social hierarchies of other cultures d. reject social science as a soft science Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Why were lines between social sciences unclear when they first developed? a. The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines. b. Early social scientists, who were educated as physicians, were reluctant to leave their medical school posts. c. Social scientists lacked research topics and had to turn to other disciplines for ideas . d. High degrees of social cohesion among social scientists made the m reluctant to split apart. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 7 _________ _ , the social sciences began to divide into distinctive areas of research . a. In the late Middle Ages b. Shortly after the American Revolution c. Between 1880 and 1910 d. In the 1950s and 1960s Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts __________, who founded both the first European s ociology d epartment and the first major European journal of sociology, is called the "father of sociology." a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Claude Bordeaux d. Emile Durkheim Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Which of the following factors pulled people away from farms and into cities during the period of rapid industrialization more so than the others? a. drought b. housing c. jobs d. urban agriculture Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the development of sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Which of the following statements is true of urban environments that developed from the middle of the nineteenth century onward? a. Cities had high rates of poverty. b. The h ousing supply was abundant . c. Factory wages were fair. d. Crime and violence were rare. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the development of sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 8 Among the social sciences, sociology is the discipline most concerned with __________. a. the way the psyche develops in early childhood b. how different parts of society link up to and mutually influence one another c. predicting the future of humanity d. accurately assessing the failures of twentieth - century regimes Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Why is it sometimes difficult for sociologists to define their discipline in short, simple terms? a. S ociologists do not use mathematical models to solve problems. b. S ociologists do not have an established set of ideas that make up their theoretical core. c. S ociologists cover a wider range of topics than other social sciences . d. S ociologists do not publish their own academic journals. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts How is a sociological study of the family more likely to differ from a psychological study of the family? a. Psychological studies tend to focus on relationships; sociological studies tend to focus on individuals. b. Psychological studies tend to study the mind s of individuals in a family ; sociological studies tend to study families within their larger social contexts. c. Psyc hological studies tend to focus on context; sociological studies tend to focus on content. d. Psychological studies tend to be large scale; sociological studies tend to be smaller in scale. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Sociology laid the groundwork for which of the following academic disciplines? a. Latino/a studies and industrial relations b. philology and theosophy c. history and psychology d. anthropology and computer science Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3.4: Identify some of the spin-off fields that originally started in sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Imagine that you are a sociology student in the early twentieth century at the University of Chicago. Y ou

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 9 are trying to come up with an idea for a research project that you can easily conduct without leaving the city. Which of the following projects best embodies the sociological imagination? a. You think the tenant in the apartment across the hall is steal ing your clothes from the laundry room. You plan to hide in the laundry room to catch him in the act to figure out why he is a thief. b. You suspect your older brother has some serious mental problems. You want to show him a series of ink blots and ask hi m what he thinks they look like. In this way, you will try to gain new insight into his mental health needs. c. The sidewalk outside your dormitory is cracked and many people have injured themselves on it. You decide to organize volunteers so that you can repair the damage. d. You have observed that the police force is made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn to police work. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1.2: Explain the process for forming sociological questions. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It John is taking an introductory sociology class. As a result, he is conscious of his environment and carefully thinks about what he sees rather than jumping to quick conclusions. He notices a homeless man on his way to class every day. Using his sociological imagination, what might John conclude a bout this man's circumstances? a. John reacts with frustration. He considers the homeless man's situation as a personal problem. The man, obviously, is lazy and chooses not to work. b. John reacts with indifference. Although he would not make the same choi ce, the homeless man, obviously, has chosen to live off handouts rather than work. c. John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the homeless man into poverty and wonders why so many are unemployed. He concludes th at because of social change , the homeless man has lost his housing along with his job. d. John is sympathetic and recognizes that t he homeless man is an alcoholic, but his particular disease — alcoholism — is a personal, not a social, issue. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Karen operates a clothin g store. Last summer she hired a young man to work at her store . H e was frequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show up. Karen now feels that most young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief that yo ung men are lazy is an example of __________. a. racism b. the sociological imagination c. discrimination d. a stereotype Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring?

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 10 Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know You are a first - year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context that could have a positive impact on your academic success? a. After college, you plan on being a teacher. For this reason, you take your education very seriously. b. You went to a high school that did not offer many Advanced Placement courses. c. Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school. d. You are a perfectionist in all things. You always study very hard and have no intention of graduating with less than a perfect 4.0. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It You are taking your first sociology course in the fall. About halfway through the semester, you go home for Thanksgiving. At Thanksgiving dinner, you plan to conduct an impromptu sociological experiment by violating some social norms. Which of following actions could you potentially take? a. You eat your dinner and make polite dinner conversation with your fami ly. b. You help to make dinner and serve the guests as well. c. You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes. d. You excuse yourself from the table after dessert to answer your cell phone. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Thomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend’s ho use. Throughout the evening, Thomas observes his friend’s behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas is learning the social ______ of a formal dinner. a. norms b. hierarchies c. roles d. structures Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, there were reports of increased criminal activity and looting. Looters broke into electronics stores and stole merchandise, and increasing numbers of violent attacks exceeded all police efforts to keep the ri sing levels of violence in check. How

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 11 would a sociologist explain these phenomena? a. U rban residents altered their behaviors to conform to the norms of a new social reality. b. During times of crisis , social norms change but are more clearly defined. c. In the absence of social structures, rules are unclear, and everyone has to improvise. d. People always choose to act as criminals when they know police officers are not watching them. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know You are a social scientist in the mid - nineteenth century. You want to study the forces in soci ety that are driving social change. What human subjects are you most likely to study? a. farmers who live in rural Iowa b. shrimpers who live in Louisiana c. factory workers who live in New York City d. members of the U.S. Army Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the development of sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It It is the late nineteenth century. Robert is a young man who is fascinated by the social world. He is particularly interested in studying the problems of cities and their inhabitants, including the lives of new residents migrating to cities from farms and from abroa d. He is familiar with an emerging discipline called sociology and wants to conduct field research as part of his university coursework in the city where he is being educated. What school should Robert contact to gain information about this new field of st udy? a. Hanover College, in Hanover, Indiana b. the University of Kansas, in Lawrence, Kansas c. the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois d. the University of Georgia, in Athens, Georgia Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3.1: Discuss the origins of sociology as a discipline. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It You, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like t o work with you . How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study? a. Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research a nthropolo gy has to offer . Accept. b. Sociology is a very narrow field of study with very specific research methodologies. A project with an anthropologist just doesn't make sense. Decline. c. Historical contexts and the nature of modern universities prevent sociologists from interacting effectively with anthropologists. Decline.

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 12 d. The p roject may work, but it is likely that you will come into conflict with your partner for theoretical reasons. This conflict could make the project very difficult to finish. Decline. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3.3: Compare and contrast sociology with the other social sciences. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Industrialization is characterized by the transformation of economies based in agri culture to those based in __________. a. large scale manufacturing of goods b. customer service and technology c. family farming and urban development d. environmental conservation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the development of sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts A large group of people who live in the s ame area and participate in a common set of norms and rules for social interaction is best known as a __________. a. society b. social structure c. neighborhood d. role set Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2.5: Explain the distinction between social interaction and social structure. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Urban areas have a population density of at least __________ people per square mile. a. 250 b. 500 c. 750 d. 1 , 000 Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3.2: Explain the roles of industrialization and urbanization in the development of sociology. Topic: Where Did Sociology Come From, and How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Essay Questions How do we exercise our sociological imaginations when we "people watch"?

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    The Sociology Project: Essentials 1e, Manza 13 Answer: If we look closely enough when we observe people walking through a shopping mall or going to a concert or sporting event, it is not hard to make educated guesses about many of them. We can identify their gender and perhaps their age, race or ethnicity, and maybe even their religion (for example, if they are wearing some kind of identifying clothing). The way they dress may also convey something about their income. The way they speak might tell us if they are well-educated or not or if they are from a particular region of the United States or from a foreign country. When we "people watch" in this way, we are, without necessarily realizing it, beginning to engage our sociological imaginations. We are using information we know about our society to make educated guesses about the individuals we encounter. Learning Objective: LO 1.1.1: Discuss how a sociological imagination helps to challenge stereotypes. Topic: What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It Worth Acquiring? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know How does the neighborhood we live in shape our social development? Answer: Living in a safe neighborhood with good schools, surrounded by families who encourage their children to do well in school and to be ambitious and confident, creates a different set of pathways than that experienced by a child living in an impoverished, high-crime neighborhood with poor schools. The latter environment can have many negative consequences, including not just obvious things like the continual risk of being a victim of crime and the lack of people who can provide positive social networks, but also more subtle things like increased stress levels that may reduce sleep and school performance. Learning Objective: LO 1.2.1: Analyze how families and communities shape the social development of children. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know How does the time and place we are born into influence us and our behavior? Give an example. Answer: Beyond specific organizations and institutions lie the social, economic, and historical contexts of our lives. The state of the world we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us, either limiting or enabling us to pursue different goals and aspirations. An African American male born in the South in 1910 faced a very different environment than the same man would today. A child growing up in a working-class family in Detroit in the 1940s would experience a different set of economic opportunities than the same child growing up in contemporary Detroit (once the center of the automobile industry and home to a large number of high-paying working-class jobs, today the Detroit area has been hard hit by the devastating decline in the U.S. manufacturing sector). Women entering adulthood in the 1950s faced a different set of choices and cultural expectations than women currently entering adulthood. Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze the ways in which the social and economic context we are born into shapes the opportunities available to us. Topic: What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do They Matter? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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