The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality Ninth Edition Test Bank

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s ResourcesChapter 1: Social Class in America1.According to the work of Alexander Hamilton, it is which group in the social hierarchy thatseeks social change?*a. the poorb. the richc. those in the middled. the political conservativese. educated liberals2.The concept _________ is used to refer to social ranking based on wealth, occupation orprestige.a.social classb.social group*c.social stratificationd.social chancese.social culture3.Which social theorist argued that there were two social classes in society characterized bytheir relationship to the means of production?a.Lee Rainwater*b.Karl Marxc.Max Weberd.Lloyd Warnere. none of the above4.The social class that must sell their labor for a wage in order to survive is referred to as the______________.a.capitalist classb.bourgeoisiec.middle class*d.proletariate.lower middle class5.The social class that owns the means of production is referred to as the __________.a.proletariatb.working classc.middle classd.upper middle class*e.bourgeoisie6.Karl Marx argued that social classes were defined by their relationship to the ___________.a.mode of production*b.means of productionc.affluentd.labor force

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resourcese.none of the above7.The mode of production characterized by the dominance of the owners of industry over themass of industrial workers is called ________________.a.feudalism*b.capitalismc.communismd.socialisme.totalitarianism8._________________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in whichall productive property would be held in common.a.Socialismb.Capitalismc.Feudalism*d.Communisme.Authoritarianism9.What is the concept Marx used to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the status quo andsustain the ruling class?a.means of productionb.class consciousness*c.ideologyd.persuasione.life chances10.It was in the work __________ that Marx most completely explained his beliefs on classincluding the idea that “[t]he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of classstruggles.”a.The Power Eliteb.American Elitesc.The Affluent Societyd.Bonfire of the Vanities*e.Communist Manifesto11.Marx believed that a new social class had been created by the capitalist mode of production.Which of the following is that class?a.the working poor*b.the urban working classc.the agrarian elited.the urban elitee.the agrarian working class12.Which of the following isnotone of the preconditions for the development of a classconsciousness?*a.the identification of a leader.

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resourcesb.the deprived living conditions of members of the working class.c.the geographic concentration of large masses of industrial workers.d.increased participation in political organizations, such as unions, dedicated to the interests ofthe working class.e.the simplification of the class structure that occurs during capitalism.13.Which social theorist distinguished between class and status?*a.Max Weberb.Emile Durkheimc.Karl Marxd.Dennis Gilberte. all of the above14.The fundamental aspects of an individual’s future possibilities that are shaped by classmembership are called _____________.a.lifestylesb.life goals*c.life chancesd.life changese.life options15.According to Weber,it is a(n) __________ that shares the same economically shaped lifechances.a.ideology*b.social classc.lifestyled.statuse.hierarchy16.According to Weber,__________ is ranking by social prestige.a.ideologyb.social classc.lifestyle*d.statuse.hierarchy17.According to Weber,status groups share a(n) __________.a.ideologyb.social class*c.lifestyled.statuse.hierarchy18.Which of the following is one of the three broad issues in the study of social class based onMarx’s and Weber’s work suggested in the textbook?

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resourcesa. occupational basis*b. economic basisc. ideological basisd. religious basise. none of the above19.Gilbert defines _________ as “groups of families more or less equal in rank anddifferentiated from other families above or below them with regard to characteristics such asoccupation, income, wealth and prestige” (p. 11).a.life chancesb.the political elitec.class consciousness*d.social classese.ideology20.In the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure, the group located directly beneath thecapitalist class is the _____________.a.upper-upper classb.lower-upper class*c.upper-middle classd.lower-middle classe.middle class21.According to the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure,what class derives its incomelargely from return on assets?a.upper-upper class*b.capitalist classc.upper-middle classd.middle classe.all of the above22.The Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure is built around __________.a.amount of incomeb.amount of wealthc.source of wealth*d.source of incomee.source and amount of wealth23.In the Gilbert-Kahl model of class structure, which of the social classes is most likely to beuniversity educated?a.working poorb.working classc.middle class*d.upper-middle classe.capitalist class

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources24.When did class inequalities rise steeply in the latter half of the 20th century?a.late 1990sb.early 1980s*c.mid 1970sd.1950s and 1960se.late 1940s25.The years between1946 to approximately 1973 are referred to in the text as the __________.a.Age of Growing Inequalityb.Age of Decreasing Inequality*c.Age of Shared Prosperityd.Age of Increasing Inequalitye.Age of Economic Decline26.There is a positive relationship between social class and life chances.*a.Trueb.False27.According to Marx, in modern capitalist societies social classes tend toward internalhomogeneity.*a.Trueb.False28.Marx regarded production as the center of social life.*a.Trueb.False29.Marx regarded the means of production as the main determinant of a society’s superstructureof social and political institutions and ideas.a.True*b.False30.Marx named the social class that owned the means of production the bourgeoisie.*a.Trueb.False31.Marx’s ideas about a humane socialist future were finally realized in the Soviet Union.a.True*b.False32.Weber knew the work of Marx, but reached different conclusions.a.True*b.False33.Weber believed that modern societies were characterized by two distinct social classes.a.True

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources*b.False34.Weber argued that status differences generally supported the development of classconsciousness and class struggle.a.True*b.False35.A status order tends to restrict the freedom of the market, notonly by its monopolization ofcertain types of consumption goods, but also by its monopolization of the opportunities toearnmoney.*a.Trueb.False36.Gilbert suggests that the study of social stratification is as much art as it is science.*a.Trueb.False37.There is no single correct model of the American class structure.*a.Trueb.False38.Class inequalities in the United States increased during the 1950s and 1960s.a.True*b.False39.According to Gilbert, it is now analytically more appropriate to emphasize the divisionbetween the capitalist and upper middle classes and the classes below them.*a.Trueb.False40.Married couple families are increasingly dependent on the incomes of husbands.a.True*b.False41.The proportion of families with incomes above $100,000 has been rising steadily since thelate 1960s.*a.Trueb.False42.The years since 1973 are referred to as the Age of Growing Inequality.*a.Trueb.False43.Social revolutions have typically occurred in peasant societies during the early stages ofindustrialization under foreign influence rather than in the advanced industrial countries whereMarx anticipated them.

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources*a.Trueb.False44.According to Weber, there are three social classes in society: an upper class, a middle class,and a lower class.a.True*b.FalseType: E45.Explain the differences between Marx and Weber in terms of how they define the nature ofsocial class.*a. variesType: E46.According to Marx, how does class consciousness develop?*a. variesType: E47.Describe the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure. What are the different classesidentified in the model? What occupations are characteristic of these classes?*a. variesType: E48.Compare and contrast what Gilbert has referred to as the Age of Shared Prosperity and theAge of Growing Inequality.*a. variesType: E49.According to Marx, how do privileged minorities maintain their positions and contain thepotential resistance of exploited majorities?*a. variesType: E50.The Gilbert-Kahl model of class structure is built around sources of income. Explain howthe sources of income are different for these two classes: capitalist class and upper-middle class.*a. variesType: E51.Briefly describe Marx’s concept of surplus value.*a. variesType: E52.Describe the nature of the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.*a. variesType: E

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources53.Explain what Weber meant by “life chances”. Providean example to illustrate yourexplanation.*a. variesType: E54.What is the mode of production?*a. variesType: E55.Define class consciousness.*a. variesType: E56.How do the sources of income differ depending on where one is situated in the social classhierarchy?*a. variesType: E57.What is some of the evidence Gilbert uses to argue that we are now living in an Age ofGrowing Inequality?*a. variesType: E58.What is social mobility? Give an example of this.*a. variesType: F59.Gilbert defines ________________ as groups of families more or less equal in rank anddifferentiated from other families above and below them with regard to characteristics such asoccupation, income, wealth, and prestige.*a.social classesType: F60.Weber made a crucial distinction between two ordersof ranking or stratification:___________ and___________.*a.class; statusType: F61.According to Weber,it is _________ that determines life chances.*a.classType: F62.It was ________ who said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of classstruggles.”*a.Karl Marx

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s ResourcesType: F63.Marx used the term ______________ to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the statusquo and sustain the ruling class.*a.ideologyType: F64.Marx saw ______________ as the basic source of social change.*a.class struggleType: F65.According to Marx, the_______________ owns the means of production, whereas the________________ have only their labor to sell in order to survive.*a.bourgeoisie/capitalist class/capitalists; proletariat/working classType: F66.Marx’s analysis of European history after the fall of Rome distinguished three modes ofproduction, which he saw as successive stages of societal development: ______________;________________; and _________________. (List them in chronological order)*a.feudalism; capitalism; communismType: F67.Marx thought that in order for the working classes to revolt they needed to first develop______________—that is, a sense of shared identity and interests.*a.class consciousnessType: F68.The period between 1946 and approximately 1973 is referred to as ____________________.*a.The Age of Shared ProsperityType: F69.The years since 1973 are referred to in the text as ___________________.*a.The Age of Growing InequalityType: F70._______________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in whichall productive property is held in common.*a.Communism

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s ResourcesChapter 2: Position and Prestige1.Which sociologist during the 1930s conducted a study of the social class structure of a smallNew Englandtown?*a.W. Lloyd Warnerb.Richard Colemanc.Lee Rainwaterd.Max Webere. both b and c2.In his study of Yankee City, W. Lloyd Warner discovered a hierarchy of prestige classes basedon both __________________.a.social and political distinctions*b.economic and social distinctionsc.economic and political distinctionsd.religious and political distinctionse.racial and ethnic distinctions3.Which of the following did Warner use as a shorthand index for prestige position?a.annual incomeb.occupationc.political party affiliation*d.clique and association membershipse.none of the above4.W. Lloyd Warner and his colleagues were able to classify what percent of Yankee Cityresidents?a.50%b.30%c.80%d.10%*e.99%5.Which research team conducted a study of social class in the Boston and Kansas Citymetropolitan areas?*a.Richard Coleman and Lee Rainwaterb.W. Lloyd Warner and colleaguesc.Davis, Gardner, and Gardnerd. both a and be. none of the above6.Which of the following is one of the notable features of the Yankee City classificatoryschema?a. an old-money elite vs. those with recently acquired fortunesb. the distinction between those who work with their hands (situated in the lower half of the classstructure) and those from the higher classes who do not

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resourcesc. the attribution ofmoral status to class position*d. all of the abovee. none of the above7.Synthesizing individual judgments about the class system was problematic for Coleman andRainwater because:*a.their data consisted of verbal statements about general symbols rather than details aboutparticular others in the community.b.their data consisted of a large number of highly detailed documents.c.respondents were not as cooperative as the they would have liked.d.respondents provided information that was inconsistent with their expectations.e.their data consisted of a small number of highly detailed documents.8.The PBS documentaryPeople Like Us: Social Class in Americais primarily about:a.the vast differences in wealth seen in America.b.the vast differences in income in America.c.the struggles that members of the lower class must go through to find employment.*d.the way Americans experience class differences.e.the many opportunities available in the United States to those who work hard.9.According to the Coleman-Rainwater model of the class structure, members of the upper-middle class tend to which type of occupations?a. Lower-level managers; small business owners; lower status professionalsb. Top professionals; senior corporate executivesc. Unskilled labor and service jobs*d. Middle professionals and managerse. They tend not to work; rather they receive the majority of their income from investments.10.According to the NORC occupational prestige scores, which of the following is considered ahigh prestige job?a. barberb. policemanc. manager of a supermarket*d. registered nursee. plumber11.Social classificatory schemas are:*a.useful abstractions that attempt to organize and summarize a great deal of data.b.precise measures of occupational prestige.c.used by the federal government when distributing tax rebates.d.both a and be.none of the above12.Coleman and Rainwater studied prestige among individuals in_________.a.Yankee Cityb.Middletown

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources*c.Boston and Kansas Cityd.Kansas City and Baltimoree.Yankee City and Middletown13.Warner’s Yankee City research led him to conceive of social class in much the same way as_________.a.Karl Marxb.Gilbert Kahlc.Richard Coleman*d.Max Webere.Burleigh Gardner14.According to the work of Coleman and Rainwater, the class with the largest number offamilies in it is the __________.a. upper-upper classb. upper-middle classc. middle class*d. working classe. semi-poor15. Americans are:*a.uncomfortable making class distinctions.b.unable to rank different occupations.c.less able to make distinctions among those close to themselves in the hierarchy than far away.d.comfortable with the idea of social inequality.e.able to agree why people belong in particular places in the class hierarchy.16.Prestige is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonal interaction.*a.Trueb.False17.Warner noted that when a person had an equivalent rank on all the economic and socialvariables, people in Yankee City had difficulty determining their prestige rank.a.True*b.False18.The class system in Yankee City is a summary of what residents told Warner.a.True*b.False19.According to Davis, Gardner, and Gardner, class structures look different depending uponwhere one is situated in the class structure.*a.Trueb.False

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources20.Occupational prestige ratings across subgroups have been quite consistent and stable overtime.*a.Trueb.False21.The PBS documentaryPeople Like Us: Social Class in Americais based on systematicresearch.a.True*b.False22.Individuals tend to make more class distinctions between themselves and those closest tothemselves in the social class hierarchy.*a.Trueb.False23.In terms of occupational prestige, a supermarket manager ranks higher than a public schoolteacher.a.True*b.False24.The Gilbert-Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations.*a.Trueb.False25.In America,there is a prestige hierarchy recognized by most citizens which places peopleinto a few classes.*a.Trueb.False26.Occupational prestige scores range from 20 to 80.a.True*b.False27.Warner discovered that moral status had no connection to class position.a.True*b.False28.Coleman and Rainwater found that working-class families were more likely to own largerand more expensive automobiles than middle-class families.*a.Trueb.False29.The University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center found that people did not have adifficult time associating occupations with social class.*a.Trueb.False

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources30.Social ranking is usually a conscious process.a.True*b.FalseType: E31.How does the Coleman-Rainwater metropolitan model differ from the Gilbert-Kahl nationalmodel outlined in Chapter 1?*a. variesType: E32.The Warner and Coleman-Rainwater class models were concerned primarily with prestige.The Gilbert-Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations. Explain why thesemodels still show remarkable consistency.*a. variesType: E33.Why is there no longer any clear distinction between the concepts of “blue collar” and “whitecollar”? Illustrate your explanation with examples.*a. variesType: E34.Americans engage in greater “ranking consistency” than “cutting consistency”whenidentifying where people go in the social class structure. What is the difference between the twoof them? Use examples in your definition.*a. variesType: E35.The six individual classes that Warner identified in Yankee City are referred to inthe text as“abstract concepts.”Briefly explain what the term “abstract concepts” means in this context?*a. variesType: E36.Define prestige and give an example illustrating it.*a. variesType: E37.Briefly explain what occupational prestige scores are.*a. variesType: E38.Define socioeconomic status.*a. variesType: E

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Gilbert:The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9eInstructor’s Resources39.According to studies of occupational prestige like that from the NORC, what kinds ofoccupations are ranked the highest? Ranked the lowest?*a. variesType: F40.The breaks between Warner’s prestige classes were quite clear-cut, except for the onebetween the ______________ class and the _____________ class.*a.lower-middle; upper-lowerType: F41.________________ is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonalinteraction.*a.PrestigeType: F42.Warner concluded that the place of individuals within his classificatory schema was theresult of a combination of ____________ and _____________ variables.*a.social; economicType: F43.Coleman and Rainwater studied prestige classes in two metropolitan areas: _____________and ______________.*a.Boston; Kansas CityType: F44.The Gilbert-Kahl model is based on ______________ considerations, whereas the Coleman-Rainwater model is concerned with _____________.*a.economic; prestigeType: F45.Occupation is a fair indicator of two other sources of prestige: __________ and __________.*a.income; educationType: F46.For more than 50 years,the _________________________ at the University of Chicago hasbeen conducting studies of occupational prestige.*a.National Opinion Research Center (NORC)Type: F47._________________ studiedprestige class in “Yankee City.”*a.W. Lloyd WarnerType: F48.Traditionally, white collar jobs were where employees did __________________ and bluecollar jobs were where employees did ________________.*a.office work; manual work

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