5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024)

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Create an account atwww.mheducation.com/5stepsbioenter your e-mail address andcreate a password.You’re all set to start studying!134To Access Your Online Course:redeemYouracceSScodemhapbhdc628mhapbhdc6282Book • Online • MobileONLINE PREP COURSEYOUR PERSONALIZED STUDY PROGRAM

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Customizable Study Plantracks your daily goalsGames Centerfor practice in spare momentsPeer Supportand study tips via social mediaInteractive Lessonscover entire bookPractice Testsdesigned to simulate the real thingPractice Questionsto build test readinessStudy Toolsto focus study wheremost neededDigital Flashcardsto memorize key conceptsAdvanced Analyticsfrom theintelligentreport DashboardBook • Online • MobileONLINE PREP COURSEYOUR PERSONALIZED STUDY PROGRAM

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AP Biology20245 STEPS TO A™

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New YorkChicagoSan FranciscoAthensLondonMadridMexico CityMilanNew DelhiSingaporeSydneyToronto5 STEPS TO AAP Biology2024Mark Anestis • Kelcey Burris5TM

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Copyright © 2023, 2022, 2021, 2018 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication maybe reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of publisher.ISBN: 978-1-26-527424-5MHID:1-26-527424-XThe material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-527379-8, MHID: 1-26-527379-0.eBook conversion by codeMantraVersion 1.0All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names inan editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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‹vCONTENTSPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsxiAbout the AuthorsxiiiIntroduction: The Five-Step ProgramxvCourse FrameworkxixSTEP 1Set Up Your Study Program1What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam3Background of the Advanced Placement Program3Who Writes the AP Biology Exam4The AP Grades and Who Receives Them4Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam4Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam52How to Plan Your Time8Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam8Calendar for Each Plan10STEP 2Determine Your Test Readiness3Take a Diagnostic Exam15Diagnostic Exam: AP Biology: Section I19Answers and Explanations29Free-Response Grading Outline33Scoring and Interpretation36STEP 3Develop Strategies for Success4How to Approach Each Question Type39Multiple-Choice Questions40Free-Response Questions40STEP 4Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High5Chemistry of Life47Introduction47Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions47Water49Macromolecules51Nucleic Acids56pH: Acids and Bases57Review Questions58Answers and Explanations59Rapid Review60

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vi❯Contents6Cell Structure and Function61Introduction62Types of Cells62Endosymbiotic Theory62Organelles63Cell Size65Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model65Types of Cell Transport67Water Potential69Review Questions71Answers and Explanations73Rapid Review747Cellular Energetics76Introduction77Enzymes77Cellular Energy79Aerobic Respiration80Anaerobic Respiration86The Players in Photosynthesis88The Reactions of Photosynthesis89Types of Photosynthesis94Review Questions96Answers and Explanations98Rapid Review998Cell Communication and Cell Cycle102Introduction102Cell Communication103Signaling103Signal Transduction Pathway104Phosphorylation104Secondary Messengers105Cell Division in Prokaryotes106The Cell Cycle106Mitosis107Control of Cell Division108Apoptosis109Feedback109Homeostasis109Review Questions110Answers and Explanations111Rapid Review1119Heredity114Introduction115Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms115Meiosis115Some Important Terms to Know118Sources of Cell Variation119Mendel and His Peas119Non-Mendelian Genetics121

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Contents❮viiIntermediate Inheritance121Other Forms of Inheritance122Sex Determination and Sex Linkage124Linkage and Gene Mapping125Heads or Tails?126Pedigrees126Common Disorders128Chromosomal Complications129Review Questions130Answers and Explanations133Rapid Review13510Molecular Genetics137Introduction137The Central Dogma138Replication of DNA138Telomeres143Transcription of DNA144RNA Processing146Translation of RNA148Gene Regulation152Cell Specialization156Mutations157The Genetics of Viruses160The Genetics of Bacteria161Biotechnology162Review Questions165Answers and Explanations166Rapid Review16711Evolution170Introduction171Definition of Evolution171Natural Selection174Lamarck and Darwin174Adaptations175Types of Selection175Evolution Patterns177Sources of Variation177Speciation178When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium180The Evidence for Evolution182Phylogeny182Key Ideas183Macroevolution185Origins of Life on Earth186Review Questions189Answers and Explanations190Rapid Review190

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viii❯Contents12Ecology193Behavioral Ecology194Types of Animal Learning194Animal Movement195Animal Communication198Ecology199Population Ecology and Growth199Life History Strategies202Biological Communities204Trophic Levels207Biomes210Biogeochemical Cycles211Disruptions to Ecosystem212Review Questions213Answers and Explanations215Rapid Review21713Laboratory Review220Introduction220Investigation 1: Artificial Selection221Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg221Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand EvolutionaryRelationships with BLAST223Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis224Investigation 5: Photosynthesis228Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration230Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis231Investigation 8: Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation234Investigation 9: Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA235Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics237Investigation 11: Transpiration238Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior240Investigation 13: Enzyme Activity241Review Questions243Answers and Explanations244Rapid Review245STEP 5Build Your Test-Taking ConfidenceAP Biology Practice Exam 1251AP Biology Practice Exam 2275Bibliography297Websites299Glossary301

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‹ixPREFACEHello, and welcome to the new edition of the AP Biology review book that promises tobe the most fun you have ever had!!!! Well, OK. . . . It will not be the most fun you haveever had . . . but maybe you will enjoy yourself a little bit. If you let yourself, you mayat least learn a lot from this book. It contains the major concepts and ideas to which youwere exposed over the past year in your AP Biology classroom, written in a manner that,we hope, will be pleasing to your eyes and your brain.Many books on the market contain the same information that you will find in thisbook. However, we have approached the material a bit differently. We have tried to makethis book as conversational and understandable as possible. We have had to review forcountless standardized tests and cannot think of anything more annoying than a reviewbook that is a total snoozer. In fact, we had this book “snooze-tested” by more than fivethousand students, and the average reader could go 84 pages before falling asleep. This isbetter than the “other” review books whose average snooze time fell within the range of14–43 pages. OK, we made up those statistics . . . but we promise that this book will notput you to sleep.While preparing this book, we spoke to 154,076 students who had taken the AP examand asked them how they prepared for the test. They indicated which study techniqueswere most helpful to them and which topics in this book they consideredvitalto successon this test. Throughout the book there are notes in the margins with these students’ com-ments and tips. Pay heed to these comments because these folks know what they are talkingabout. They have taken this test and may have advice that will be useful to you.We are not going to mislead you into thinking that you do not need to study to dowell on this exam. You will actually need to prepare quite a bit. But this book will walk youthrough the process in as painless a way as possible. Use the study questions at the end ofeach chapter in Step 4 to practice applying the material you just read. Use the study tipslisted in Step 3 to help you remember the material you need to know. Take the two practicetests in Step 5 as the actual exam approaches to see how well the information is sinking in.Well, it’s time to stop gabbing and start studying. Begin by setting up your studyprogram in Step 1 of this book. Take the diagnostic test in Step 2 and look through theanswers and explanations to see where you stand before you dive into the review process.Then look through the hints and strategies in Step 3, which may help you finally digest allthe information that comes at you in Step 4. Then, we suggest that you kick back, relax,grab yourself a comfortable seat, and dig in. There is a lot to learn before the exam. Happyreading!

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‹xiACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis project would not have been completed without the assistance of many dear friendsand relatives. To my wife, Stephanie, your countless hours of reading, rereading, and read-ing once again were of amazing value. Thank you so much for putting in so much time andenergy to my cause. You have helped make this book what it is. To my parents and broth-ers who likewise contributed by reading a few chapters when I needed a second opinion,I thank you. I would like to thank Chris Black for helping me edit and clarify a few ofthe chapters. I would like to thank Don Reis, whose editing comments have strengthenedboth the content and the flow of this work. Finally, a big thank-you to all the students andteachers who gave me their input and thoughts on what they believed to be important forthis exam. They have made this book that much stronger. Thank you all.—Mark Anestis

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