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5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024)

5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024) challenges you with exam-style questions, ensuring you're fully prepared.

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    Create an account at www.mheducation.com/5stepsbio e nter your e-mail address and create a password. You’re all set to start studying! 1 3 4 To Access Your Online Course: r edeem Y our acce SS code mhapbhdc628 mhapbhdc628 2 Book • Online • Mobile ONLINE PREP COURSE YOUR PERSONALIZED STUDY PROGRAM

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    Customizable Study Plan tracks your daily goals Games Center for practice in spare moments Peer Support and study tips via social media Interactive Lessons cover entire book Practice Tests designed to simulate the real thing Practice Questions to build test readiness Study Tools to focus study where most needed Digital Flashcards to memorize key concepts Advanced Analytics from the i ntelligent r eport Dashboard Book • Online • Mobile ONLINE PREP COURSE YOUR PERSONALIZED STUDY PROGRAM

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    AP Biology 2024 5 STEPS TO A ™

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    New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto 5 STEPS TO A AP Biology 2024 Mark Anestis • Kelcey Burris 5 TM

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    Copyright © 2023, 2022, 2021, 2018 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of publisher. ISBN: 978-1-26-527424-5 MHID: 1-26-527424-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-527379-8, MHID: 1-26-527379-0. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Trademarks: McGraw Hill, the McGraw Hill logo, 5 Steps to a 5 , and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of McGraw Hill and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective own - ers. McGraw Hill is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. AP, Advanced Placement Program , and College Board are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw Hill (“McGraw Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. 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    ‹ v CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xi About the Authors xiii Introduction: The Five-Step Program xv Course Framework xix STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam 3 Background of the Advanced Placement Program 3 Who Writes the AP Biology Exam 4 The AP Grades and Who Receives Them 4 Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam 4 Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam 5 2 How to Plan Your Time 8 Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam 8 Calendar for Each Plan 10 STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness 3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 15 Diagnostic Exam: AP Biology: Section I 19 Answers and Explanations 29 Free-Response Grading Outline 33 Scoring and Interpretation 36 STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success 4 How to Approach Each Question Type 39 Multiple-Choice Questions 40 Free-Response Questions 40 STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5 Chemistry of Life 47 Introduction 47 Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions 47 Water 49 Macromolecules 51 Nucleic Acids 56 pH: Acids and Bases 57 Review Questions 58 Answers and Explanations 59 Rapid Review 60

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    vi ❯ Contents 6 Cell Structure and Function 61 Introduction 62 Types of Cells 62 Endosymbiotic Theory 62 Organelles 63 Cell Size 65 Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model 65 Types of Cell Transport 67 Water Potential 69 Review Questions 71 Answers and Explanations 73 Rapid Review 74 7 Cellular Energetics 76 Introduction 77 Enzymes 77 Cellular Energy 79 Aerobic Respiration 80 Anaerobic Respiration 86 The Players in Photosynthesis 88 The Reactions of Photosynthesis 89 Types of Photosynthesis 94 Review Questions 96 Answers and Explanations 98 Rapid Review 99 8 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 102 Introduction 102 Cell Communication 103 Signaling 103 Signal Transduction Pathway 104 Phosphorylation 104 Secondary Messengers 105 Cell Division in Prokaryotes 106 The Cell Cycle 106 Mitosis 107 Control of Cell Division 108 Apoptosis 109 Feedback 109 Homeostasis 109 Review Questions 110 Answers and Explanations 111 Rapid Review 111 9 Heredity 114 Introduction 115 Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms 115 Meiosis 115 Some Important Terms to Know 118 Sources of Cell Variation 119 Mendel and His Peas 119 Non-Mendelian Genetics 121

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    Contents ❮ vii Intermediate Inheritance 121 Other Forms of Inheritance 122 Sex Determination and Sex Linkage 124 Linkage and Gene Mapping 125 Heads or Tails? 126 Pedigrees 126 Common Disorders 128 Chromosomal Complications 129 Review Questions 130 Answers and Explanations 133 Rapid Review 135 10 Molecular Genetics 137 Introduction 137 The Central Dogma 138 Replication of DNA 138 Telomeres 143 Transcription of DNA 144 RNA Processing 146 Translation of RNA 148 Gene Regulation 152 Cell Specialization 156 Mutations 157 The Genetics of Viruses 160 The Genetics of Bacteria 161 Biotechnology 162 Review Questions 165 Answers and Explanations 166 Rapid Review 167 11 Evolution 170 Introduction 171 Definition of Evolution 171 Natural Selection 174 Lamarck and Darwin 174 Adaptations 175 Types of Selection 175 Evolution Patterns 177 Sources of Variation 177 Speciation 178 When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 180 The Evidence for Evolution 182 Phylogeny 182 Key Ideas 183 Macroevolution 185 Origins of Life on Earth 186 Review Questions 189 Answers and Explanations 190 Rapid Review 190

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    viii ❯ Contents 12 Ecology 193 Behavioral Ecology 194 Types of Animal Learning 194 Animal Movement 195 Animal Communication 198 Ecology 199 Population Ecology and Growth 199 Life History Strategies 202 Biological Communities 204 Trophic Levels 207 Biomes 210 Biogeochemical Cycles 211 Disruptions to Ecosystem 212 Review Questions 213 Answers and Explanations 215 Rapid Review 217 13 Laboratory Review 220 Introduction 220 Investigation 1: Artificial Selection 221 Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg 221 Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST 223 Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis 224 Investigation 5: Photosynthesis 228 Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration 230 Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis 231 Investigation 8: Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation 234 Investigation 9: Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA 235 Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics 237 Investigation 11: Transpiration 238 Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior 240 Investigation 13: Enzyme Activity 241 Review Questions 243 Answers and Explanations 244 Rapid Review 245 STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence AP Biology Practice Exam 1 251 AP Biology Practice Exam 2 275 Bibliography 297 Websites 299 Glossary 301

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    ‹ ix PREFACE Hello, and welcome to the new edition of the AP Biology review book that promises to be the most fun you have ever had!!!! Well, OK. . . . It will not be the most fun you have ever had . . . but maybe you will enjoy yourself a little bit. If you let yourself, you may at least learn a lot from this book. It contains the major concepts and ideas to which you were exposed over the past year in your AP Biology classroom, written in a manner that, we hope, will be pleasing to your eyes and your brain. Many books on the market contain the same information that you will find in this book. However, we have approached the material a bit differently. We have tried to make this book as conversational and understandable as possible. We have had to review for countless standardized tests and cannot think of anything more annoying than a review book that is a total snoozer. In fact, we had this book “snooze-tested” by more than five thousand students, and the average reader could go 84 pages before falling asleep. This is better than the “other” review books whose average snooze time fell within the range of 14–43 pages. OK, we made up those statistics . . . but we promise that this book will not put you to sleep. While preparing this book, we spoke to 154,076 students who had taken the AP exam and asked them how they prepared for the test. They indicated which study techniques were most helpful to them and which topics in this book they considered vital to success on this test. Throughout the book there are notes in the margins with these students’ com- ments and tips. Pay heed to these comments because these folks know what they are talking about. They have taken this test and may have advice that will be useful to you. We are not going to mislead you into thinking that you do not need to study to do well on this exam. You will actually need to prepare quite a bit. But this book will walk you through the process in as painless a way as possible. Use the study questions at the end of each chapter in Step 4 to practice applying the material you just read. Use the study tips listed in Step 3 to help you remember the material you need to know. Take the two practice tests in Step 5 as the actual exam approaches to see how well the information is sinking in. Well, it’s time to stop gabbing and start studying. Begin by setting up your study program in Step 1 of this book. Take the diagnostic test in Step 2 and look through the answers and explanations to see where you stand before you dive into the review process. Then look through the hints and strategies in Step 3, which may help you finally digest all the information that comes at you in Step 4. Then, we suggest that you kick back, relax, grab yourself a comfortable seat, and dig in. There is a lot to learn before the exam. Happy reading!

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    ‹ xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been completed without the assistance of many dear friends and relatives. To my wife, Stephanie, your countless hours of reading, rereading, and read- ing once again were of amazing value. Thank you so much for putting in so much time and energy to my cause. You have helped make this book what it is. To my parents and broth- ers who likewise contributed by reading a few chapters when I needed a second opinion, I thank you. I would like to thank Chris Black for helping me edit and clarify a few of the chapters. I would like to thank Don Reis, whose editing comments have strengthened both the content and the flow of this work. Finally, a big thank-you to all the students and teachers who gave me their input and thoughts on what they believed to be important for this exam. They have made this book that much stronger. Thank you all. —Mark Anestis

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