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THETRUSTEDNAMEINTESTPREPCterSciA6full-lengthpracticetestswithdetailedanswerexplanationsOnlinepracticewithatimedtestoptionandscoringComprehensivereviewandpracticeforalltopicsontheexamExperttipsplusBarron's“Essential5”thingsyouneedtoknowWY.ONLINEPRACTICERoselynTeukolsky,M.S.AP®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotinvolved

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com®+StudyXYSdYe.o>\|iF’prE\3SStudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.wv8)www.studyxy.com

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b/BARRON'SComputerScienceAPremium2022-2023RoselynTeukolsky,M.S.

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AcknowledgmentsManypeoplehelpedinthecreationofthisbook.Iwouldliketothankmyincredibleeditor,SamanthaKarasik,forherexpertiseandassuranceintakingthereinsoftheproject.ThanksalsotoMeganBuckman,ChristineRicketts,JeffBatzli,AlisonMaresca,JalisaValladares,MandyLuk,andalltheothermembersoftheKaplanstaffwhoworkedontheproductionofthebookandonlinetests.Iammostgratefultomyformereditors,LindaTurnerandAnnieBernberg,fortheirfriendlyguidanceandmoralsupportovertheyears.AveryspecialthankyoutoSageMillerforhercarefulreadingofthemanuscriptandhervaluablesuggestions.ThanksalsotoJudyHromcikandRichardKickfortheircontributionsovertheyears.Myhusband,Saul,continuestobemypartnerinthisproject—typesettingthemanuscript,producingthefigures,andgivingadviceandmoralsupport.ThankyoutothecomputerscienceteacherswhotaughtAPComputerScienceduringthepandemicunderverydifficultcircumstances.Thisbookisdedicatedtoyou.

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©Copyright2022,2020,2018,2015,2013,2010byKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesPreviouseditions©Copyright2007underthetitleAPComputerScienceLevelsAandAB,2003underthetitleHowtoPreparefortheAPComputerScienceAdvancedPlacementExamination,JAVAVersion,and2001underthetitleHowtoPreparefortheAPComputerScienceAdvancedPlacementExaminationbyKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries.AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Bypaymentoftherequiredfees,youhavebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextofthiseBookonscreen.Nopartofthistextmaybereproduced,transmitted,downloaded,decompiled,reverseengineered,orstoredinorintroducedintoanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyformorbyanymeans,whetherelectronicormechanical,nowknownorhereinafterinvented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofthepublisher.PublishedbyKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries1515WCypressCreekRoadFortLauderdale,FL.33309www.barronseduc.comISBN:978150627960210987654321Kaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesprintbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseforsalespromotions,employeepremiums,oreducationalpurposes.Formoreinformationortopurchasebooks,pleasecalltheSimon&Schusterspecialsalesdepartmentat866-506-1949.I~StudyXY

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AbouttheAuthorRoselynTeukolskyhasanM.S.degreefromCornellUniversity,andhasbeenteachingprogrammingandcomputersciencesince1980.ShehaspublishedarticlesinTheMathematicsTeacherandintheNationalCouncilofTeachersofMathematicsYearbook,andistheauthorofBarron’sACTMathandScienceWorkbookandco-authorofBarron’sSAT1600:AimingforthePerfectScore.TheawardsshehasreceivedincludetheEdythMaySliffeAwardforDistinguishedMathematicsTeachingandtheAlfredKalfusDistinguishedCoachAwardfromtheNewYorkStateMathLeague(NYSML).Forseveralyears,Ms.TeukolskyservedasaReaderforAPComputerScience.Ms.TeukolskystartedteachingAPComputerSciencewhentheprogramminglanguagewasPascal,thefirstlanguageusedfortheexam.Bythetimeshewrotethisbook(in1997),softwaredevelopmentwasmovingtowardobject-orientedprogrammingandthelanguageoftheAPexamhadswitchedtoC++.In2004thelanguageoftheexamchangedyetagain,toJava.Formorethan20years,Ms.Teukolskyhaskeptthisbook—initsmanyincarnations—uptodate.

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TableofContentsHowtoUseThisBookBarron’sEssential5IntroductionDiagnosticTestSectionISectionITAnswerKey(SectionI)DiagnosticChartAnswerExplanations1TipsforTakingtheExamTipsfortheMultiple-ChoiceSectionWhatIsTested?TimeManagementGuessingTheJavaQuickReferenceAnActivePencilTroubleshooting—What’sWrongwithThisCode?LoopTracingJavaExceptionsMatrixManipulationComparingAlgorithmsMechanicsofAnsweringMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsTipsfortheFree-ResponseSectionWhatIstheFormat?WhatIsTested?WhatTypesofQuestionsMightBeAsked?SkillFocusinFree-ResponseQuestionsTheJavaQuickReferenceTimeManagementGradingtheFree-ResponseQuestionsWritingCodeMaximizingYourScore

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2IntroductoryJavaLanguageFeaturesPackagesandClassesJavadocCommentsTypesandIdentifiersIdentifiersBuilt-inTypesStorageofNumbersHexadecimalandOctalNumbersFinalVariablesOperatorsArithmeticOperatorsRelationalOperatorsLogicalOperatorsAssignmentOperatorsIncrementandDecrementOperatorsOperatorPrecedenceInput/OutputInputOutputEscapeSequencesControlStructuresDecision-MakingControlStructuresIterationErrorsandExceptionsMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonIntroductoryJavaLanguageConceptsAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations3ClassesandObjectsObjectsClassesPublic,Private,andStaticMethodsHeadersTypesofMethodsMethodOverloadingScopeThethisKeywordReferencesReferencevs.PrimitiveDataTypesTheNullReferenceMethodParametersMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonClassesandObjectsAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations

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4InheritanceandPolymorphismInheritanceSuperclassandSubclassInheritanceHierarchyImplementingSubclassesDeclaringSubclassObjectsPolymorphismDynamicBinding(LateBinding)UsingsuperinaSubclassTypeCompatibilityDowncastingAbstractClassesInterfacesMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonInheritanceandPolymorphismAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations5SomeStandardClassesTheobjectClassTheUniversalSuperclassMethodsinobjectThestringClassStringObjectsConstructingStringObjectsTheConcatenationOperatorComparisonofstringObjectsOtherstringMethodsSpecialEmphasis‘WrapperClassesTheIntegerClassTheDoubleClassAutoboxingandUnboxingTheMathClassRandomNumbersMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonSomeStandardClassesAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations6ProgramDesignandAnalysisSoftwareDevelopmentProgramSpecificationProgramDesignProgramImplementationTestingandDebuggingProgramMaintenanceObject-OrientedProgramDesign

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IdentifyingClassesIdentifyingBehaviorsDeterminingRelationshipsBetweenClassesUMLDiagramsImplementingClassesImplementingMethodsVocabularySummaryProgramAnalysisProgramCorrectnessAssertionsEfficiencyMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonProgramDesignandAnalysisAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations7ArraysandArrayListsOne-DimensionalArraysInitializationLengthofArrayTraversingaOne-DimensionalArrayArraysasParametersArrayVariablesinaClassArrayofClassObjectsAnalyzingArrayAlgorithmsArrayListsTheArrayListClassTheMethodsofArrayList<E>AutoboxingandUnboxingUsingArrayList<E>Two-DimensionalArraysDeclarationsMatrixasArrayofRowArraysProcessingaTwo-DimensionalArrayTwo-DimensionalArrayasParameterMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonArraysandArrayListsAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations8RecursionRecursiveMethodsGeneralFormofSimpleRecursiveMethods‘WritingRecursiveMethodsAnalysisofRecursiveMethodsSortingAlgorithmsThatUseRecursionRecursiveHelperMethodsRecursioninTwo-DimensionalGrids

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SampleFree-ResponseQuestion1SampleFree-ResponseQuestion2Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsonRecursionAnswerKeyAnswerExplanations9SortingandSearchingSorts:SelectionandInsertionSortsSelectionSortInsertionSortRecursiveSorts:MergeSortandQuicksortMergeSortQuicksortSortingAlgorithmsinJavaSequentialSearchBinarySearchAnalysisofBinarySearchMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsonSortingandSearchingAnswerKeyAnswerExplanationsPRACTICETESTSPracticeTest1SectionISectionITAnswerKey(SectionI)AnswerExplanationsPracticeTest2SectionISectionITAnswerKey(SectionI)AnswerExplanationsAppendix:GlossaryofUsefulComputerTerms

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.HowtoUseThisBookIntroductionTheintroductiontothisbookprovidesanoverviewoftheformatandcontentoftheAPComputerScienceAexam.DiagnosticTestThefull-lengthpracticetestatthestartofthisbookservesasadiagnostictest.Itisaccompaniedbyadiagnosticchartthatidentifiesthetopicrelatedtoeachmultiple-choicequestionandthepageinthereviewchaptersthatdiscussesthattopic.Detailedanswerexplanationsareprovidedforallmultiple-choicequestions,andcompletesolutionsandscoringrubricsaresuppliedforthefree-responsequestions.Youcanalsousethistestasapracticetestonceyouhavecompletedyourreview.ReviewandPracticeChapter1featurestipsandadvicefortacklingthemultiple-choiceandfree-responsequestionsontheexam.Chapters2through9eachcontainacomprehensivereviewofatopic,multiple-choicepracticequestionsthattestyourunderstandingofthattopic,anddetailedanswerexplanationsforallquestions.ThesequestionsaredesignedtohelpyoureviewpartsoftheJavasubsetyoushouldknowfortestday.AfewquestionsarenottypicalAPexamquestions—forexample,questionsthattestlow-leveldetailsofsyntax.Mostofthesepracticequestions,however,andallthemultiple-choicequestionsinthediagnosticandpracticetestsarerepresentativeofactualexamquestions.Notethatseveralgroupsofthesepracticequestionsareprecededbyasinglepieceofcodetowhichthequestionsrefer.BeawarethattheAPexamwillusuallyrestrictthenumberofquestionspercodeexampletotwo.

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Inboththetextandquestions/explanations,aspecialcodefontisusedforpartsofthetextthatareJavacode.//ThisisanexampleofcodefontAdifferentfontisusedforpseudocode.<Hereispseudocodefont.>AllfeaturesofJavathatarelikelytobetestedontheAPexamarecoveredinthisbook,includingarrays,two-dimensionalarrays,strings,listprocessing,andinheritanceinobject-orientedprogramming.AsmallnumberofoptionaltopicsthatarenotpartoftheAPJavasubsetareincludedbecausetheyareusefulforthefree-responsequestions.Sectionsinthereviewtextandmultiple-choicequestionsthatareoptionaltopicsareclearlymarkedassuch.PracticeTestsThisbookconcludeswithtwofull-lengthpracticeteststhatmirrortheactualexaminformatandcontent.Eachtestisfollowedbyananswerkeyanddetailedexplanationsforthemultiple-choicequestionsandcompletesolutionsandscoringrubricsforthefree-responsequestions.Onceyoucompleteatest,youmaywishtocalculateyourapproximateAPscore.Usethescoringworksheetprovidedonthebackoftheanswersheet.OnlinePracticeTherearethreeadditionalfull-lengthpracticetestsonline.Youmaytakethesetestsinpractice(untimed)modeorintimedmode.Allmultiple-choicequestionsareaccompaniedbydetailedanswerexplanations,andtherearecompletesolutionsandscoringrubricsforthefree-responsequestions.+StudyXxy

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ForStudentsThisbookisdesignedtoprepareyoufortheAPComputerScienceAexam.ItwouldtypicallybeuseduponcompletionofanAPcourse.However,sinceitcontainsacompletesummaryofallexamtopics,youcanuseitforself-studythroughouttheschoolyear,alongwithasuitabletextbook.Youcanalsousethisbookasasupplementtoafirst-semestercollegecoursewhereJavaistheprogramminglanguage.BeforetheAPexam,studythetipsinChapter1andattemptasmanyofthepracticetestsasyoucan.Besuretocheckouttheappendixattheendofthebook,whichprovidesaglossaryofusefulcomputertermsthatoccasionallyappearontheexam.Onefinalhint:trythequestionsbeforeyoupeekattheanswers.Bestofluckonexamday!ForTeachersThisbookcoversthecourseandexamformatoutlinedinthelatestAPComputerScienceACourseandExamDescription.Itprovidesareviewofobject-orientedprogramming,algorithmanalysis,anddatastructures.Youcanusethisbookasaresourceinahighschoolclassoranintroductorycollegecourse,oryoucanassignpracticequestionsashomeworkortestmaterial.

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’BARRON’SESSENTIAL5Asyoureviewthecontentinthisbooktoworktowardearningthat5onyourAPCOMPUTERSCIENCEAexam,herearefivethingsthatyouMUSTknowaboveeverythingelse:1Learnthebasics.ThesearepresentedinChapter2.EveryAPexamquestionusesthesefeatures.Ontheexam,free-responseQuestion1willlikelyfocusoncontrolstructures.Befamiliarwith:mIdentifiers:RulesfornamingvariablesandmethodsmTypes:Primitiveorbuilt-intypesversusreferencetypesmOperators:Arithmetic,relational,logical,assignment,andincrementanddecrementmControlstructures:conditionalswithifandif..else,forloops,enhancedforloops,whileloops,andnestedloops2Understandstrings.ThestringclassisfeaturednearthebeginningofChapter5.Youmustbeabletomanipulatestrings,whicharesprinkledthroughoutthemultiple-choicesectionoftheAPexam,andwillbefeaturedinatleastonefree-responsequestion.Befamiliarwith:mConstructingStringobjectsmConcatenationofstringsusingthe+operatormComparisonofstringsmstringmethodslength,substring(start),substring(start,end),index0f(str)3Studyobjects,classes,andinheritance.ThesearediscussedinChapters3and4.Ontheexam,free-responseQuestion2willinvolveclasses.Youmayhavetowriteyourownclassorsubclass.Befamiliarwith:mMethods:Constructors,accessors,mutators,andoverloadedmethodsmSuperclassesandsubclasses:InheritancemPolymorphism:Dynamicbinding,overriddenmethods,andthekeywordsuper+StudyXxy

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4Knowlistsandarrays.ThesearefoundinChapter7.Thischapter,whichfeaturesone-dimensionalarrays,two-dimensionalarrays,andArrayLists,iscrucialfortheAPexam.Youmustlearntomanipulatealist:searchforagivenitem,deleteanitem,insertanitem.Ontheexam,free-responseQuestion3willinvolveanarrayorArrayList.Free-responseQuestion4willinvolvea2Darray.Befamiliarwith:®One-dimensionalarraysmArrayList,andthemethodssize,add,get,set,andremovemTwo-dimensionalarrays.Youmustlearntoaccesstheelementsusing-Row-columntraversal-Standardandenhancedforloops-Traversalofmajorandminordiagonals-Row-by-rowarrayprocessing5Understandsortingandsearching.TherequiredsortingandsearchingalgorithmsarediscussedindetailinChapter9.Withoutmemorizingcode,youmustknowhowthesealgorithmswork.Questionsaboutsortingandsearchingoftencomeupinthemultiple-choicesectionoftheAPexam,andmaybefeaturedinfree-responsequestions.Befamiliarwith:mSelectionsort®m[InsertionsortmMergesortmSequentialsearchmBinarysearch+StudyXy

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