AP Human Geography: with 2 Practice Tests (2020)

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TheTrustedNameinTestPrepHBFor2021&2022exams(OgHBComprehensivecontentreviewpePjMeredithMarsh,Ph.D.EFwhy:andPeterS.Alagona,Ph.D.FAiTor2NN<’mcaAP?isaregisteredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotr=a+StudyXYinvolvedIntheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.iel-A”Fw-=

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com®+StudyXYSdYe.o>\|iF’prE\3SStudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.wv8)www.studyxy.com

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BARRON'SWITH2PRACTICETESTSNINTHEDITIONMeredithMarsh,Ph.D.PeterS.Alagona,Ph.D.AP®is3registeredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotinvolvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIt’shardtobelievethatthisprojecthasbeengoingonforovertenyearsnow.ThebestpartofitssuccessisthatitallowsmetomaintainmyfriendshipwithPeteAlagona;Icouldn’taskforamoredelightfulcolleague!IalsoamgratefultoJenniferGiammusso,oureditor,forherpatientprovisionofresources,extendeddeadlines,andmuchencouragement.Finally,mycolleagues,students,and,mostimportant,myfamily(Lucyespecially),consistentlykeepmesmilingandexcitedaboutwhatIdo,whichmakesprojectslikethismuchmoreenjoyable.MeriMarsh,Ph.D.Thisbookhasbecomesomethingofanoldfriend.Ithasappearedandreappearedinmylifemanytimesoverthepastseveralyears.Eachtimeitreappearsitbringsbackoldmemoriesandleavesmewithnewones.Manypeoplehavemadethisvolumepossible.Myfamily,friends,mentors,andstudentshaveallplayedimportantroles.Mostofall,however,thisbookowesitsexistencetomyfriendandcolleague,MeriMarsh,withoutwhomitwouldneverhavereachedafirstdraft,muchlessaninthedition.PeterS.Alagona

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ABOUTTHEAUTHORSMeredithJ.Marshreceivedherbachelor’sdegreeingeographyfromCalvinCollegein1999,hermaster’sdegreeingeographyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara(UCSB)in2003,andherPh.D.(alsoingeography)fromUCSBin2009.MeredithhasworkedasareaderfortheAPHGexamin2007,2009,2010,2011,2013,and2014,andsheiscurrentlyanassociateprofessorofgeographyatLindenwoodUniversityinSt.Charles,Missouri.PeterS.AlagonaisanassistantprofessorofhistoryandenvironmentalstudiesattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara.HeholdsanM.A.degreeingeographyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andM.A.andPh.D.degreesinhistoryfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.HehasalsoheldacademicpositionsatbothHarvardandStanforduniversities.

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©Copyright2020,2018,2016,2014,2012,2010,2008byKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesPreviousedition©copyright2003byKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesunderthetitleHowtoPreparefortheAPHumanGeographyExamPhotoCredits:www.chartsbin.com,page122AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Bypaymentoftherequiredfees,youhavebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextofthiseBookonscreen.Nopartofthistextmaybereproduced,transmitted,downloaded,decompiled,reverseengineered,orstoredinorintroducedintoanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyformorbyanymeans,whetherelectronicormechanical,nowknownorhereinafterinvented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofthepublisher.PublishedbyKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries750ThirdAvenueNewYork,NY10017www.barronseduc.comISBN:978-1-5062-7436-210987654321

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ContentsBarron’sEssential5IntroductionWelcometotheNinthEditionAbouttheBookAbouttheTestStrategiesforPreparingfortheAPHumanGeographyExamCommonlyAskedQuestionsAbouttheAPHumanGeographyExamAdditionalResourcesPractice,Practice,PracticeLThinkingGeographicallyGeographyasaFieldofInquiryGeographyBasicsDescribingLocationSpaceandSpatialProcessesMapFundamentalsApplicationsofGeography

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KeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources2PopulationandMigrationPatternsandProcessesHumanPopulation:AGlobalPerspectivePopulationParametersandProcessesHumanMigrationPopulationStructureandCompositionPopulationandSustainabilityKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources3CulturalPatternsandProcessesCulturalBasicsLanguageReligionGenderEthnicityPopularCultureKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources

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1PoliticalPatternsandProcessesWhatIsPoliticalGeography?TheGeographyofLocalandRegionalPoliticsTerritory,Borders,andtheGeographyofNationsInternationalPoliticalGeographySpatialConflictKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources5AgriculturalandRuralLand-UsePatternsandProcessesHistoricalGeographyofAgricultureGeographyofModernAgricultureAgricultureandtheEnvironmentKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources3CitiesandUrbanLand-UsePatternsandProcessesHistoricalGeographyofUrbanEnvironmentsCultureandUrbanFormTheSpatialOrganizationofUrbanEnvironments

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UrbanPlanningKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResources7IndustrialandEconomicDevelopmentPatternsandProcessesIndustrializationModelsofDevelopmentandMeasuresofProductivityGlobalEconomicPatternsLocationPrinciplesDevelopment,Equality,andSustainabilityGlobalizationKeyTermsChapterSummaryPracticeQuestionsandAnswersAdditionalResourcesPracticeTest1AnswerKeyAnswersandExplanationsPracticeTest2AnswerKeyAnswersandExplanations

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AsyoureviewthecontentofthisbookBarron’stoworktowardearninga5onyourAP.HUMANGEOGRAPHYexam,youEssentialMUSTfocusonthesefiveessential5points:1Knowthecoursegoalsandhowthesubdisciplinesofhumangeographymeetthem.Thismayseemfairlyobvious.However,youshouldmakesurethatasyoustudyeachsubdisciplineinthecourse,youcanclearlydescribegeographywithinthatsubdiscipline.Forexample,what'suniqueaboutpoliticalorganizationascomparedwithpolitics?Citiesandurbanlanduseascomparedwithurbanstudies?Orculturalpatternsandprocessesascomparedwithculturalstudies?2Thinkspatially.Thinkinmultipleways!Youneedtoreadandunderstandanyspatialdatainthetextandtest(e.g.,maps)carefully.Youmustalsobeabletothinkacrossscales.Howmightspatialpatternsandprocesses(orrepresentationsofthem)differwhenlookingatlarge-scalespaces(e.g.,theworld)comparedwithsmall-scalespaces(e.g.,yourneighborhood)?3Knowcurrentexamples.Asyouwillquicklynoticewhencompletingthepracticetests,free-responsequestionsoftenaskforexamples.Asyoulearntheconceptsineachchapter,keeplistsofcurrenteventsthataccuratelyillustrateconcepts,processes,andmodels.Watchandreadthenews.Thinkabouthowthenewsconnectstohumangeography!

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4Lookforinterconnections.Payspecialattentiontothedifferentsubdisciplines.Canyourfree-responsequestiononurbanmodelsbringinsomeofyourknowledgeabouteconomicdevelopment?Howdoescultureinfluenceeconomicdevelopment?Whataretheconnectionsbetweenpopulationdynamicsandurbanization?Donotmemorizeconceptsinisolation.Instead,constantlytrytoconnectacrosstopicareas.5Focusonfigures.Figures(maps,graphics,charts,andtables)frequentlyappearonthetestinbothmultiple-choiceandfree-responsequestions.Donotskipoverthefiguresinthetext!Instead,knowthembyname,makesureyouknowhowtheywork,andbeabletodescribewhattheyrepresent.

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Introduction-»WELCOMETOTHENINTHEDITION=»ABOUTTHEBOOK=»ABOUTTHETEST-»STRATEGIESFORPREPARINGFORTHEAPHUMANGEOGRAPHYTEST-»COMMONLYASKEDQUESTIONSABOUTTHEAPHUMANGEOGRAPHYTEST-»ADDITIONALRESOURCESWELCOMETOTHENINTHEDITIONThenintheditionofBarron’sAPHumanGeographycontainssomesubstantialupdatestoaccountforrecentchangesinthecourseoutlineandexamstructure.Thischapter,theIntroduction,hasbeenextensivelyrevisedtoreflectmoreaccuratelythetopicsandskillscoveredonthenewexam(beginningMay2020).Inaddition,bothpracticeexamshavebeencompletelyrewritten;everyquestionnowcontains“metadata”thatshowthespecificunit,skill,and“essentialknowledge”coveredbythequestion.Inclusionofthesedataensuresalignmentbetweenthepracticetestsandtheactualexamwhilealsoprovidingstudentswiththeinformationneededtotargettheirstudies.ABOUTTHEBOOKTheAPHumanGeographyExamcoversarangeofmaterialthatwouldnormallybeincludedinasemester-longcollege-levelcourseinIntroductoryHumanGeography.Thesecoursestypicallycoverawidevarietyoftopics,withthebasicgoalofunderstandingpatternsandprocessesthathaveshaped

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humanrelationshipsonEarthoverspaceandtime.ThisoverarchinggoalcanbefurtherdividedintoasetofgoalsderivedfromGeographyforLife:NationalGeographyStandards,SecondEdition,introducedin2012.TheAPHGExamcoverssevenmajorcontentareas.Eachcontentarea,describedlaterinthischapter,willmakeupacertainpercentageoftheexam.ThisbookhasbeendesignedtocorrespondwiththeCollegeBoard’sobjectives,andonechapterisdedicatedtoeachoftheBoard’ssevenmajorcontentareas.Eachchaptercontainscontentknowledgeaboutthetopicunderdiscussion,tipsonpreparingfortheexam,andpracticemultiple-choiceandfree-responsequestionswithanswersexplained.Themultiple-choicequestionsineachchaptershouldonlybereviewedascontent/conceptreview.Thesequestionsdon’tnecessarilyreflectthesamelevelofdifficultyastheexamquestions.ABOUTTHETESTTheAPHumanGeographyExamcontainstwosectionsandlastsfortwohoursand15minutes.Thefirstsectionincludes60multiple-choicequestions;studentsaregiven60minutestocompletethisportionoftheexam.Intheremaining75minutes,studentsanswerthreefree-responseessayquestions.Beginningin2019,theAPHumanGeographycourseandexamnowcontainsanexplicitemphasisongeographicskillsinadditiontothetraditionalcontentareas.Everyquestion—multiple-choiceandfree-response—assessesoneofthefollowingfiveskillsorskillcomponents.Skill1.A:Describegeographicconcepts,processes,models,andCategory1:|theories.Conceptsand|1.B:Explaingeographicconcepts,processes,models,andProcessestheories.1.C:Comparegeographicconcepts,processes,models,andtheories.1.D:Describearelevantgeographicconcept,process,model,or

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theoryinaspecifiedcontext.1.E:Explainthestrengths,weaknesses,andlimitationsofdifferentgeographicmodelsandtheoriesinaspecifiedcontext.Skill2.A:Describespatialpatterns,networks,andrelationships.Category2:|2.B:ExplainspatialrelationshipsinaspecifiedcontextorregionSpatialoftheworldusinggeographicconcepts,processes,models,andRelationships|theories.2.C:Explainalikelyoutcomeinageographicscenariousinggeographicconcepts,processes,models,andtheories.2.D:Explainthesignificanceofgeographicsimilaritiesanddifferencesamongdifferentlocationsand/oratdifferenttimes.2.E:Explainthedegreetowhichageographicconcept,process,model,ortheoryeffectivelyexplainsgeographiceffectsindifferentcontextsandregionsoftheworld.Skill3.A:IdentifythedifferenttypesofdatapresentedinmapsandinCategory3:|quantitativeandgeospatialdata.Data3.B:DescribespatialpatternsinmapsandinquantitativeandAnalysisgeospatialdata.3.C:Explainpatternsandtrendsinmapsandinquantitativeandgeospatialdatatodrawconclusions.3.D:Comparepatternsandtrendsinmapsandinquantitativeandgeospatialdatatodrawconclusions.3.E:Explainwhatmapsordataimplyorillustrateaboutgeographicprinciples,processes,andoutcomes.3.F:Explainpossiblelimitationsofthedataprovided.Skill4.A:IdentifythedifferenttypesofinformationpresentedinvisualCategory4:|sources.Source4.B:Describethespatialpatternspresentedinvisualsources.Analysis4.C:Explainpatternsandtrendsinvisualsourcestodrawconclusions.4.D:Comparepatternsandtrendsinsourcestodrawconclusions.4.E:Explainhowmaps,images,andlandscapesillustrateorrelatetogeographicprinciples,processes,andoutcomes.4.F:Explainpossiblelimitationsofvisualsourcesprovided.Skill5.A:Identifythescalesofanalysispresentedbymaps,Category5:|quantitativeandgeospatialdata,images,andlandscapes.Scale5.B:ExplainspatialrelationshipsacrossvariousgeographicscalesAnalysisusinggeographicconcepts,processes,models,andtheories.

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5.C:Comparegeographiccharacteristicsandprocessesatvariousscales.5.D:Explainthedegreetowhichageographicconcept,process,model,ortheoryeffectivelyexplainsgeographiceffectsacrossvariousgeographicscales.ContentAreasThetestcoverssevenunitsrelatedtodifferentfundamentalcomponentsofHumanGeography.Eachofthesevenunitsfocusesonthreedifferent“bigideas”:1.PatternsandSpatialOrganization(PSO)2.ImpactsandInteractions(IMP)3.SpatialProcessesandSocietalChange(SPS)Thesebigideasarefurtherbrokendownintolearningobjectivesspecifictotheunit’scontent,whicharethenbrokendownintomorespecificessentialknowledgeitems.Everypracticetestquestion,intheanswerexplanation,includescodeddataontheunit,essentialknowledge,andthespecificskilladdressedbythequestion.Asyouarepracticing,youcanusethedatatodiscernareasofstrengthandareasthatrequiremorestudying.Unit1:ThinkingGeographically(8-10%ofexam)BigIdeas:1.PatternsandSpatialOrganization(PSO):Whydogeographersstudyrelationshipsandpatternsamongandbetweenplaces?2.ImpactsandInteractions(IMP):Howdogeographersusemapstohelpthemdiscoverpatternsandrelationshipsintheworld?3.SpatialProcessesandSocietalChange(SPS):Howdogeographersuseaspatialperspectivetoanalyzecomplexissuesandrelationships?

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