AP Physics C: With 4 Practice Tests (2020)

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TheTrustedNameinTestPrepPhysicsCBFor2021&2022examsLL@Asi\BMComprehensivecontentreview|OEJWYONLINEPRACTICE\iRobertA.Pelcovits,Ph.D.——andJoshuaFarkas,M.D.=AP"isaregisteredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnot/involvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.TT-+StudyXYEE

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com®+StudyXYSdYe.o>\|iF’prE\3SStudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.wv8)www.studyxy.com

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WITH4PRACTICETESTSFIFTHEDITIONRobertA.Pelcovits,Ph.D.ProfessorofPhysicsBrownUniversityProvidence,RhodeIslandJoshuaFarkas,M.D.AssistantProfessorofMedicineUniversityofVermontBurlington,VermontAP*isaregisteredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotinvolvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.Study.

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PreparewithOnlinePracticeBARRON’S

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AcknowledgmentsIoweatremendousdebtofgratitudetomycoauthor,JoshuaFarkas,anexceptionallygiftedformerstudentofmine.Joshcontributedthelion’sshareofworktothefirstedition,developingmostoftheexamplesandproblems(especiallythenovelandcreativeones),andofferingnumerousideasandsuggestionsastothebestwaytopresentdifficultconceptsandusefulproblem-solvingstrategies.Iamverygratefulforallhehasdoneinmakingourbookasuccess.Whilepreparingthefifthedition,IwashelpedbyyetanothersuperbBrownundergraduate,AdamScherlis.Adamreviewedalloftheexamples,problems,andpracticetests,catchingmanyerrorsandmakingmanysuggestionsforimprovements.Iamverygratefulforhisexperthelp.—RAPIwouldfirstofallliketothankRobertPelcovitsforcoauthoringthisbookwithmeandforhisvalianteffortsinitsrevision.Toworkwithamanofhisstature,bothasaphysicistandasaperson,isindeedaprivilege.Thisbooknevercouldhavebeenpossiblewithouthim.IwouldalsoliketothankEstaFarkasforheroicallyreviewingtheinitialdraftsofthisbookforbothcontentandEnglish.—IJDF

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AbouttheAuthorsRobertPelcovitsisaprofessorofphysicsatBrownUniversity,wherehehastaughtsince1979.HeearnedhisB.A.andM.S.degreesattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandhisPh.D.atHarvardUniversity.Theauthorofover80publicationsintheoreticalcondensedmatterphysics,hehaslecturedonhisresearchatmanyuniversitiesthroughouttheworld.HehastaughtawiderangeofcoursesatBrown,fromintroductorytoadvancedgraduatelevel.In1999hewasawardedthePhilipJ.BrayAwardforTeachingExcellenceinthePhysicalSciencesbyBrown.In2008hewasnamedaRoyceFamilyProfessorofTeachingExcellenceatBrown,andin2011theuniversityawardedhimtheHarrietSheridanAwardforDistinguishedContributiontoTeachingandLearning.HavingearnedbothSc.B.andM.S.degreesfromBrownUniversityandanM.D.degreefromCornellUniversity,JoshuaFarkasiscurrentlyanassistantprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofVermont.HewasalsoaNationalMeritScholar,aGoldwaterScholar,andaFacultyScholaratBrownUniversity,withexperienceteachingcollege-levelcalculusandcalculus-basedphysics.Havingscored5sonAPexamsinBCCalculus,Biology,Chemistry,andPhysicsC,aswellas800sinSATIMathandonSATIIexamsinMathIIC,Chemistry,andPhysics,hebroughtastudent’sperspectivetothisbook.

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©Copyright2020,2016,2012,2008byKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesPrioredition©Copyright2002byBarron’sEducationalSeries,Inc.,underthetitleHowtoPreparefortheAPPhysicsCAdvancedPlacementExamination.AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Bypaymentoftherequiredfees,youhavebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextofthiseBookonscreen.Nopartofthistextmaybereproduced,transmitted,downloaded,decompiled,reverseengineered,orstoredinorintroducedintoanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyformorbyanymeans,whetherelectronicormechanical,nowknownorhereinafterinvented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofthepublisher.PublishedbyKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries750ThirdAvenueNewYork,NY10017www.barronseduc.comISBN:978-1-5062-7424-910987654321Kaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesprintbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseforsalespromotions,employeepremiums,oreducationalpurposes.Formoreinformationortopurchasebooks,pleasecalltheSimon&Schusterspecialsalesdepartmentat866-506-1949.

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ContentsBarron’sEssential5IntroductionDiagnosticTest1Background2One-DimensionalKinematics3Two-DimensionalKinematics4Newton’sLaws5Work,Energy,andPower6LinearMomentumandCenterofMass7RotationI:Kinematics,Force,Work,andEnergy8RotationII:Inertia,Equilibrium,andCombinedRotation/Translation9SimpleHarmonicMotion0UniversalGravitation11Coulomb’sLawandElectricFieldsDuetoPointCharges12CalculatingElectricFieldsandPotentialsDuetoContinuousChargeDistributions13Gauss’sLaw4AnalysisofCircuitsContainingBatteriesandResistors|5Capacitors6RCCircuits17MagneticFields18Faraday’sLawandLenz’sLaw

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19Inductors'0Maxwell’sEquationsPracticeTest1PracticeTest2Appendix:PhysicsCEquationsandConstants

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Barron’sEssential5Asyoureviewthecontentinthisbooktoworktowardearningthat5onyourAPPHYSICSCexam,herearefivethingsthatyouMUSTknowaboveeverythingelse:1DimensionalAnalysis.ManyAPPhysicsmultiple-choicequestionscanbeansweredorhavethenumberofpossiblycorrectanswerssignificantlyreducedbyusingdimensionalanalysistochecktheunitsoftheanswers.+Evenforfree-responsequestionsyoushouldcheckyourunits.Youmaydiscoveramistakeinyourworkbydoingso.*Wheneveryousolveapracticeorhomeworkproblem,alwayschecktheunits;thisisagreathabittodevelopwhilemasteringphysics.2Vectors.Vectorsarekeyquantitiesinphysics,whetherNewtonianmechanicsorelectricityandmagnetism.+ReviewtheadditionandsubtractionlawsforvectorsinChapter1.+Mostimportant,reviewhowtoresolvevectorsintocomponents,includingtherelevanttrigonometry.3Graphs.TheAPexamwilltestyourabilitytounderstandphysicalinformationingraphicalform,suchasdisplacementofamovingobjectvs.time.Youwillneedtodrawgraphsinthefree-responsequestionsandselectcorrectgraphsinthemultiple-choicesection.+Reviewtheuseofgraphsinthefree-responsequestions.Alsoread“GraphicalAnalysisofData”inChapter1.4Newton’sLaws.PhysicsCMechanicsisallabouttheapplicationofNewton’sthreelawsofmotiontomechanicalsystems.+ReviewChapter4,payingcloseattentiontothecorrectdrawingof+StudyXxy

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free-bodydiagramsandtheproperapplicationofNewton’sthirdlawtoapairofinteractingobjects.5Practice!Practice!Practice!Thebest(andmaybeonly)waytolearnphysicsistodopracticeproblems.Readingapracticebookortextbookoverandoverwillnothelpyou.Doasmanypracticeproblemsasyoucaninthisbook,yourtextbook,andanyonlineresources.

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IntroductionHOWTOREVIEWFORTHEAPPHYSICSEXAMolvingphysicsproblemsislikemasteringanysportormusicalinstrument:Ifyouwanttodoitwell,youhavetopractice.Donotexpecttounderstandeverythingimmediatelyanddonotbefrustratedbytheeffortrequiredtomastersomeconceptsandtechniques.Contrarytopopularconceptionsofavastdividebetweenphysicsgeniuseswhocanimmediatelysolveproblemsandotherpeoplewhosimplycannot,learningphysicsrequireshardwork.However,amasteryofcalculus-basedphysicswillteachyouanalyticalandmathematicalskillsthatwillproveextremelyusefulinabroadrangeofotherdisciplines.GUIDETOTHISREVIEWBOOKTextThetextofthechaptersworksfromthegroundupwithoutassumingextensiveknowledgeofphysicsonyourpart.Therefore,thetextisappropriateatanystageofyourmasteryofAPphysics.Youmayfindithelpfultoreadthetextalongwithyourtextbookwhenyouarefirstlearningthematerialandstudyingforcourseexams,oryoumaychoosetoreadthechapterstogetherasareviewafteryouhavecompletedmostofyourAPPhysicscourse.QuestionsBecauseofspacelimitations,itisimpossibleforthequestionstoworkfromthegroundup(i.e.,startwithveryeasyquestionsandprogresstomoredifficultones).Therefore,thequestionsaregenerallyneartheAPlevelandassumethatyouhavesomeproblem-solvingexperience.Thequestionsaredesignedtoraiseyoufromacompetentproblemsolvertoanexpertwith

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extensiveexperienceinsolvingAPproblems.Ifyouhavedifficultywiththequestions,youmaywanttogobackandsolvesomeproblemsinyourintroductoryphysicstextbookorAPphysicstextbook,aswellasconsidertheadviceinthenextparagraph.DifficultyoftheQuestionsTheproblemsinthisreviewbookaregenerallyslightlymoredifficultthanactualAPexamquestions.InordertomaximizetheamountthatyoulearnfromthisbookandyourdegreeofcomfortwithAPphysicsquestions,wehavedesignedthequestionstocoverthematerialandproblem-solvingtechniquesoftheAPPhysicsexamwhilebeingmorechallengingthanquestionsyouareactuallylikelytoencounterontheexam.Forexample,ourproblemsgenerallyhavemorepartsthanstandardAPproblemsinordertoexhaustivelyexplorevarioushypotheticalsituations.Therefore,westronglyurgeyounottobecomediscouragedifyouarenotabletosolvealltheproblemsonyourfirstattempt.Instead,thebestapproachistomakeyourbesteffortattheproblems,read(andstudy)thesolutionsofproblemsyougotwrong,andlaterreturntotheseproblemsandtrythemagain.BecausewehaveattemptedtoincludeallthecommonproblemtypesthatappearontheAPexam,afteryouhaveworkedthroughalltheproblemsinthisguidecorrectly(evenifnotonyourfirstorsecondattempt),youwillprobablybeinexcellentshape.Anotherapproachthatyoumightfindusefulformultistepproblemsistodoeachpartindividuallyandchecktheanswerbeforeproceedingtothenextpart.Thisallowsyoutoavoidwastingtimebymakingamistakeinonepartandthenpropagatingitthroughtherestoftheproblem.Theadvantagetothisdifficultylevelisthatafteryouobtainexperiencesolvingtheproblemsinthisbook,youwillbecomfortablesolvingtheproblemsontheAPexam.DistributionoftheQuestionsNotallAPtopicsarecreatedequal.Sometopics(suchasGauss’sandFaraday’slaws)aretestedextensivelyandarefrequentlythesubjectofentirefree-responsequestions.Othertopics(suchascircuitanalysis)arecentraltosolvingarangeofquestionsbutaregenerallynotthesoletopicofafree-

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responsequestion.Finally,sometopics(suchasMaxwell’sequations)arenottestedveryextensively.ThedistributionofquestionsinthisreviewbookisbasedonacarefulreviewofdecadesofAPexaminations.Topicsthathavebeentestedfrequentlyinthepastarereviewedthoroughly,andtopicstestedinfrequentlyarenotreviewedasextensively.Additionally,moreattentionispaidtotopicsrequiringmorepracticethanothers.(Forexample,althoughrotationalkinematicsisfrequentlytested,extensivepracticewithrotationalkinematicsisnotcrucialbecauseofitssimilaritytolinearkinematics.)Weappreciatethatthetimeyouhavetoreviewforthisexamislimited,sowehaveworkedhardtoprovideyouwithexactlythematerialandquestionsyouneedtodowellontheAPexam.DerivationsFromintroductoryphysicscourses,youmayhavereceivedtheimpressionthatderivationsaren’tveryimportantbutratherthatonlythefinalresultsarerelevant.ThisisnotthecaseinPhysicsC,wherethelevelofsophisticationishighenoughtorequirethederivationofmostoftheimportantequations.Sincethesederivationsillustrateimportantprinciplesandproblem-solvingapproaches,wehaveincludedthemhereandurgeyoutomakesureyouunderstandthem.Problem-SolvingStrategiestoWatchForAsmultiple-choiceandfree-responsequestionsarepresentedandexplained,wehavetriedtoshow,ofteninmultipleapproachestothesameproblem,howvariousstrategiescanbeapplied.Aquickwaytoansweramultiple-choicequestion,forexample,ofteninvolveseliminationofincorrectchoicesbasedonsuchconsiderationsasdimensionalanalysis,behavioratextremevaluesofthesystemparameters,resultsofeliminatingcertainparameters,andtheabsenceofparametersthatbythenatureoftheproblemmustbeincluded.Inthefree-responsequestions,resultsfrompreviouspartsfrequentlyareusedinlater,moreinvolved,parts;thus,noticehowyoucangetvaluablecluesastohowtoapproachpart(d)byrereading(andprobablyusingresultsfrom)parts(a),(b),and(c).Rememberthevalueofgettinga

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goodgraspofthesituationdescribedinaproblem;usingsketches,diagrams,andgraphs;thinkingoftherelationshipsbetweengivenquantities;andrelatingsituationstoconceptsthatmightbemorefamiliar(asinrotationalandlinearmotion,inelectricalandgravitationalfields,andinconservationofelasticandgravitationalenergy).Asyoucarefullystudyoursolutions,besuretowatchfortheseandthemanyotherapproachesthatwillimproveyourabilitiestoanalyzeandtounderstandphysicsproblemsandtodevelopyour“physicsintuition.”GRAPHICALANALYSISOFDATAThefree-responsesectionoftheexamtypicallyincludesaquestioninvolvingalabexperimentanddataanalysis.Wehaveincludedsuchquestionsinthisedition.Herearesomegeneraltipsforsuccessfullysolvingthesequestions.1Youwillusuallybeaskedtoplotarelationshipbetweenquantitiesthatisexpectedtobelinear.Youmayneedtoevaluateasuitablefunctionofoneofthequantitiesinordertoobtainalinearrelation.Foranexample,see“MechanicsIII”oftheDiagnosticTest(page19).1IfyouareaskedtoplotquantityAasafunctionofquantityB,thenAisontheverticalaxisandBisonthehorizontalaxis.Ontheotherhand,theproblemmaysimplysaytoplotthedatatotestalinearrelationship.Inthatcase,itisyourchoiceastowhichquantitygoesonwhichaxis.1Youwillneedtoexaminetherangeofdatapointstodeterminethecorrectscaleontheaxes.Yourdatapointsshouldcoveratleasthalfofthegrid.Yourscalemustbeuniformalongtheaxis;i.e.,ifneighboringmajorgridlinesdifferby4units,thenthismustbetrueofallneighboringmajorgridlines.1Labeltheaxeswiththequantityplotted,andbesuretoincludetheunits.1Ifyouareaskedtofitthedatatoalinearrelationship,drawastraightlinethatbestfollowsthetrendofthedata.Yourlineneednot(and,ingeneral,won’tbeableto)passthroughallofthedatapoints.Donotdrawajaggedlinethatconnectsneighboringpoints!Yourgoalistodrawasinglestraightlinethatbestapproximatesthedata.DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAPPHYSICSCEXAM

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