AP US Government and Politics: With 2 Practice Tests, 12th Edition (2020)

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TheTrustedNameinTestPrepU.S.Government[J[JandPolitics[dlBE—BFor2020&2021exams-ABHComprehensivecontentreviewFl93pybiente“LNA/TaNickSERWe>FACurtLader,M.S.Ed.FNXo|Siki|:fAdenemekFibodwpEE|studyf

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BARRON'SU.S.Government[J[JandPoliticsWITH2PRACTICETESTSTWELFTHEDITIONCurtLader,M.S.Ed.APSisaregisteredtrademarkoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotinvolvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.

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AbouttheAuthorCurtLadertaughtSocialStudiesfor36yearsandAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticsfor13ofthoseyearsatNorthportHighSchoolonLongIslandbeforeretiring.HeholdsaMaster’sdegreeinEducationfromQueensCollegeandProfessionalDiplomainEducationalAdministrationfromSt.John’sUniversity.

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©Copyright2020,2018,2017,2016,2014,2012,2010,2008,2006,2002,1998,1995byKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries.AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Bypaymentoftherequiredfees,youhavebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextofthiseBookonscreen.Nopartofthistextmaybereproduced,transmitted,downloaded,decompiled,reverseengineered,orstoredinorintroducedintoanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyformorbyanymeans,whetherelectronicormechanical,nowknownorhereinafterinvented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofthepublisher.PublishedbyKaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeries750ThirdAvenueNewYork,NY10017www.barronseduc.comISBN:978-1-5062-7211-510987654321Kaplan,Inc.,d/b/aBarron’sEducationalSeriesprintbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseforsalespromotions,employeepremiums,oreducationalpurposes.Formoreinformationortopurchasebooks,pleasecalltheSimon&Schusterspecialsalesdepartmentat866-506-1949.

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ContentsBarron’sEssential5PrefaceIntroductionUsingtheBookAGuidetotheRedesignedCourseandExamSkillsNeededtoSucceedHowtheTestIsScoredStudyStrategiesNewlyRedesignedCourseOutlineMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsFree-ResponseQuestionsAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticsFree-ResponseTopics1FoundationsofAmericanDemocracy(Unit1)BigIdeas:Constitutionalism,LibertyandOrder,CompetingPolicy-MakingInterestsQuestionsStudentsMustAnswerKeyTermsStudentsMustKnowRequiredPrimaryDocumentsStudentsMustKnow

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RequiredSupremeCourtCasesStudentsMustKnowKeyConcept1.a:EvolutionofRepresentativeDemocracyEvolutionofRepresentativeDemocracyBasedontheIdeaofLimitedGovernmentKeyConcept1.b:OriginsoftheConstitutionFederalistsvs.Anti-FederalistsKeyConcept1.c:TheConstitutionTheImportanceofGoalsandPublicPolicyTheRoleofGovernmentHasDifferentPerspectivesSeparationofPowersandChecksandBalancesPresidentialSuccessionExecutiveOrdersJudicialBranchKeyConcept1.d:FederalismStateGovernmentsNationalPolicyMakingandFederalismReviewMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsReviewFree-ResponseQuestions2InteractionsAmongtheBranchesofGovernment(Unit2)BigIdeas:Constitutionalism,CompetingPolicy-MakingInterestsQuestionsStudentsMustAnswerKeyTermsStudentsMustKnowRequiredPrimaryDocumentsStudentsMustKnowRequiredSupremeCourtCasesStudentsMustKnowKeyConcept2.a:TheLegislativeBranchConstitutionalReviewofCongress

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Policy-MakingProcessofCongressKeyConcept2.b:TheExecutiveBranchConstitutionalReviewofThePresidencyTheCabinetandWhiteHouseStaffTheNewTechnologyandthePresidencyKeyConcept2.c:TheJudicialBranchQuickConstitutionalReviewofTheJudiciaryKeyConcept2.d:TheFederalBureaucracyConstitutionalReviewofBureaucraciesExecutive-LevelDepartmentsReviewMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsReviewFree-ResponseQuestions3CivilLibertiesandCivilRights(Unit3)BigIdeas:LibertyandOrder,Constitutionalism,CompetingPolicy-MakingInterests,CivicParticipationinaRepresentativeDemocracyQuestionsStudentsMustAnswerKeyTermsStudentsMustKnowRequiredPrimaryDocumentsStudentsMustKnowOtherdocumentsstudentsshouldknowRequiredSupremeCourtCasesStudentsMustKnowOptionalCasesthatsupportKeyConceptsKeyConcept3.a:TheBillofRightsTheNatureoftheBillofRightsFreedomofReligionFreedomofSpeechandThePress

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FreedomofAssemblyRighttoKeepandBearArmsRighttoPrivacyEighthAmendmentNinthAmendmentKeyConcept3.b:TheFourteenthAmendmentKeyConcept3.c:EqualProtectionUndertheLawandSelectiveIncorporationRighttoPrivacyKeyConcept3.d:CivilRightsKeyConcept3.e:TheSupremeCourtInterpretsCivilRightsIssuesAfricanAmericans’FightforCivilRightsSocialMovementsandCivilRightsReviewMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsReviewFree-ResponseQuestions1AmericanPoliticalIdeologiesandBeliefs(Unit4)BigIdeas:MethodsofPoliticalAnalysis,CompetingPolicy-MakingInterestsQuestionsStudentsMustAnswerKeyTermsStudentsMustKnowKeyConcept4.a:DemographicsandPoliticalSocializationKeyConcept4.b:PollingKeyConcept4.c:PoliticalPhilosophiesandPoliticalPartyIdeologyTheDevelopmentofTheFederalBudgetReflectsCompetingPolicyPhilosophies

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TheFederalBudgetTaxesSearchingForSolutionsReviewMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsReviewFree-ResponseQuestions5PoliticalParticipation(Unit5)BigIdeas:CivicParticipationinaRepresentativeDemocracy,CompetingPolicy-MakingInterests,MethodsofPoliticalAnalysisQuestionsStudentsMustAnswerKeyTermsStudentsMustKnowRequiredSupremeCourtCaseStudentsMustKnowKeyConcept5.a:VotingPoliticalParticipationQuickReviewofTheConstitutionalandLegalBasisofSuffrageKeyConcept5.b:LinkageInstitutionsPoliticalPartiesHowPoliticalPartiesareOrganizedInterestGroupsKeyConcept5.c:ElectionsasLinkageFederalElectionLawsKeyConcept5.d:TheMediaasLinkageReviewMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsReviewFree-ResponseQuestionsPracticeTest1

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Section1:Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsSection2:Free-ResponseQuestionsAnswerKeyAnswersExplainedPracticeTest2Section1:Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsSection2:Free-ResponseQuestionsAnswerKeyAnswersExplainedGlossaryAppendixRequiredUnit1FoundationalDocumentsRequiredSupremeCourtCases[ndex

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Barron’sEssential5Asyoureviewthecontentinthisbookandworktowardearningthat“5”onyourAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticsExam,herearefiveessentialsthatyouMUSTknowaboveeverythingelse:1KnowtheprinciplesoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Understandtheelitistandpluralisttheoriesofgovernment,separationofpowers,checksandbalances,andfederalism.Makesureyouunderstandtherelationshipbetweenthefederalandstategovernmentsaswellastheinterrelationshipamongthebranchesofgovernmentandbureaucracies.Mostimportantly,knowhowtheConstitutionisadefiningdocumentthatillustrateshowweasacountrywantedagovernmentwithlimitedpowersandtheruleoflaw.2Identifytheconceptoflibertyandorder.Understandhowcivillibertiesandcivilrightshaveplayedanessentialroleinourdemocracyinachievinglibertyandorder.Knowthedifferencesbetweencivilrightsandcivilliberties.TherearerequiredSupremeCourtcasesthatapplytothesetopics.Exploretheconceptof“selectiveincorporation”oftheFourteenthAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution.3ExploretheimportanceoftheAmericanpoliticalculture.Explainhowpopularsovereigntyisanessentialaspectofourrepresentativedemocracy.Comparethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofthepoliticalpartiesandhowtheyconductelections.Analyzehowpoliticalsocializationdeterminespoliticalbeliefs.Understandthenatureofpoliticalparticipation.

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4Applytheprinciplesofpoliticalsciencetotheinteractionamongthebranchesofgovernment.Beabletoquantifyandqualifyhowpublicpolicyismadeandimplemented.ExplaintherelationshipbetweenAmericangovernmentandpoliticsandeconomics,sociology,history,andgeography.5Evaluatehowpolicymakingtakesplaceandunderstandtheimportanceoflinkageinstitutions.Linkageinstitutionsarepoliticalparties,elections,special-interestgroups,andthemassmedia.Youshouldbeabletounderstandthepurpose,goals,anddevelopmentofpublicpolicy.IfyoumasterBarron’sEssential5,youwilldevelopconfidenceandgetthat“5.”Afterreviewingthematerialinthebook,takingthepracticemultiple-choicequestionsattheendofeachunit,andtakingthepracticeexamsinthebook,youwillbereadyfortheexam.

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PrefaceTeeAdvancedPlacementU.S.GovernmentandPoliticscourseandtest,unliketheotherSocialStudiesAPcoursesandtests,iscontemporaryinnature.Thestudentstakingthecourseandthetestareamongthemostpoliticallyaware.Updatingthisbookreflectsa24-yearcycleoftestchangesthatwereincorporatedwhenthefirsteditionoftheBarron’sAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticswaspublished.The12thedition,likethe11thedition,hasmorechangesthananypreviousedition.ThiseditionalsoincludesupdatesandchangestothenewAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticscurriculumandexamimplementedinthe2018-2019schoolyear.Therehavenotbeenanychangestothemultiple-choicesectionofthetest.Itisstillcomprisedof55multiple-choicequestions,eachwithfouranswerchoices.However,therearenowfourdifferenttypesoffree-responsequestions,oneofwhichisan“argumentation”essay.Thecurriculumisorganizedbyunitwitheachunithaving“BigIdeas.”Eachunithaswhatthecurriculumcalls“EnduringUnderstandings”—coreideasthatstudentsshouldremember;“LearningObjectives,”whatstudentsmustbeabletodo;and“EssentialKnowledge,”whatstudentsneedtoknow.Allcontentontheexamwillbederivedfromthesethreeareas.Forthefirsttime,therewillalsoberequiredfoundationaldocumentsandrequiredSupremeCourtcasesthateverystudentmustknow.ThiseditionisorganizedaroundthefiveunitsandfiveBigIdeasthatarelinkedtotheEnduringUnderstandings.Eachofthefivechapterscorrelatestothefiveunitsofthecurriculum.Eachunithasspecifictypesofmultiple-choicequestionsandonefree-responsequestionthatreflectsanEnduringUnderstandingandLearningObjectiveofthatunit.Inpreparingfortherevisionsforthisedition,Ihavereliedontheguidance

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providedbytheCollegeBoard.Iwanttorecognizemyeditor,KristenGirardi,whoprovidedguidanceandsupport.Ialsothankmywife,Phyllis,whoiswithoutadoubtthebesteditorIhaveeverknown.Icouldnothavecompletedthisbookwithouttheirsupport.CurtLaderJune2019

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IntroductionUSINGTHEBOOKTheAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticsexamisadministeredonceayearinMay.Morethan300,000studentsnationwidetookthetestinMay2018.ThisbookoffersacomprehensivereviewoftheEnduringUnderstandings,LearningObjectives,andEssentialKnowledgetaughtintheAPU.S.GovernmentandPoliticscourse,withmanyhistoricalexamplescitedforillustration.Inaddition,eachchaptercontains:mAnoverviewoftheEnduringUnderstandingsconceptsandlabeledkeyconceptsstudentsshouldunderstand,andthespecificcontentthatstudentsmustknowmKeytermsmBigIdeas®RequireddocumentsmRequiredSupremeCourtcasesmHistoricalandcontemporaryexamplesm Multiple-choicequestionsattheendofeachchapterthathighlightstimulusmaterial,suchasgraphsandtables,excerptsfromatext-basedsource,visualstimulussuchasmapsandpoliticalcartoons,questionsthathaveacomparison,andquestionsthatrelyonrecalloridentificationordefinitionofkeyterms.Acomprehensiveexplanationisprovidedforeachquestion.Thefinalsectionofthebookofferstheopportunitytotaketwopracticeteststhatinclude55multiple-choicequestions(MCQs)andfourfree-responsequestions(FRQs)thatinclude

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