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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Document preview page 1

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Document preview content for College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022)

College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022)

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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 1 preview image——_—openstax™College)~forAP®CoursesAdvancedPlacement®andAP®aretrademarksregisteredand/orownedbythBoard,whichwasnotinvolvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,||——
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 4 preview imageCollegePhysics®forAP®Courses2eSENIORCONTRIBUTINGAUTHORSIRINALYUBLINSKAYA,CUNYCOLLEGEOFSTATENISLANDGREGGWOLFE,AVONWORTHHIGHSCHOOLDOUGLASINGRAM,TEXASCHRISTIANUNIVERSITYL1zAPuJj1,MANUKAUINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYSUDHIOBEROI,RAMANRESEARCHINSTITUTENATHANCZUBA,SABIOACADEMYLE==i=mOpenstax
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 5 preview imageOpenStaxRiceUniversity6100MainStreetMS-375Houston,Texas77005TolearnmoreaboutOpenStax,visithttps://openstax.org.Individualprintcopiesandbulkorderscanbepurchasedthroughourwebsite.©2022RiceUniversity.TextbookcontentproducedbyOpenStaxislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense(CCBY4.0).Underthislicense,anyuserofthistextbookorthetextbookcontentshereinmustprovideproperattributionasfollows:-Ifyouredistributethistextbookinadigitalformat(includingbutnotlimitedtoPDFandHTML),thenyoumustretainoneverypagethefollowingattribution:“Accessforfreeatopenstax.org.”-Ifyouredistributethistextbookinaprintformat,thenyoumustincludeoneveryphysicalpagethefollowingattribution:“Accessforfreeatopenstax.org.”-Ifyouredistributepartofthistextbook,thenyoumustretainineverydigitalformatpageview(includingbutnotlimitedtoPDFandHTML)andoneveryphysicalprintedpagethefollowingattribution:“Accessforfreeatopenstax.org.”-Ifyouusethistextbookasabibliographicreference,pleaseincludehttps://openstax.org/details/books/college-physics-ap-courses-2einyourcitation.Forquestionsregardingthislicensing,pleasecontactsupport@openstax.org.TrademarksTheOpenStaxname,OpenStaxlogo,OpenStaxbookcovers,OpenStaxCNXname,OpenStaxCNXlogo,OpenStaxTutorname,OpenstaxTutorlogo,Connexionsname,Connexionslogo,RiceUniversityname,andRiceUniversitylogoarenotsubjecttothelicenseandmaynotbereproducedwithoutthepriorandexpresswrittenconsentofRiceUniversity.HARDCOVERBOOKISBN-13978-1-711470-84-9DIGITALVERSIONISBN-13978-1-951693-61-9ORIGINALPUBLICATIONYEAR202212345678910RS22
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 6 preview imageOPENSTAXOpenStaxprovidesfree,peer-reviewed,openlylicensedtextbooksforintroductorycollegeandAdvancedPlacement®coursesandlow-cost,personalizedcoursewarethathelpsstudentslearn.AnonprofitedtechinitiativebasedatRiceUniversity,we'recommittedtohelpingstudentsaccessthetoolstheyneedtocompletetheircoursesandmeettheireducationalgoals.RICEUNIVERSITYOpenStax,OpenStaxCNX,andOpenStaxTutorareinitiativesofRiceUniversity.Asaleadingresearchuniversitywithadistinctivecommitmenttoundergraduateeducation,RiceUniversityaspirestopath-breakingresearch,unsurpassedteaching,andcontributionstothebettermentofourworld.Itseekstofulfillthismissionbycultivatingadiversecommunityoflearninganddiscoverythatproducesleadersacrossthespectrumofhumanendeavor.RICEPHILANTHROPICSUPPORTOpensStaxisgratefulforthegenerousphilanthropicpartnerswhoadvanceourmissiontoimproveeducationalaccessandlearningforeveryone.Toseetheimpactofoursupportercommunityandourmostupdatedlistofpartners,pleasevisitopenstax.org/impact.ArnoldVenturesBurtandDeedeeMcMurtryChanZuckerbergInitiativeMichelson20MMFoundationChegg,Inc.NationalScienceFoundationArthurandCarlyseCioccaCharitableFoundationTheOpenSocietyFoundationsDigitalPromiseJumeeYhuandDavidE.ParkIIIAnnandJohnDoerrBrianD.PattersonUSA-InternationalFoundationBill&MelindaGatesFoundationTheBillandStephanieSickFundGirardFoundationStevenL.Smith&DianaT.GoGoogleInc.StandTogetherTheWilliamandFloraHewlettFoundationRobinandSandyStuartFoundationTheHewlett-PackardCompanyTheStuartFamilyFoundationIntelInc.TammyandGuillermoTrevifioRustyandJohnJaggersValhallaCharitableFoundationTheCalvinK.KazanjianEconomicsFoundationWhiteStarEducationFoundationCharlesKochFoundationSchmidtFuturesLeonLowensteinFoundation,Inc.WilliamMarshRiceUniversityTheMaxfieldFoundation
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 7 preview imageEEtaxm—Opens—Whenyouaccessyourbookinourwebview,youcanuseournewonline(highlightingandnote-takingJCECECRCEVCReIIEelBS(Ve(YeVo[STHOurbooksarefreeandflexible,forever.(eCYCLE:Hopenstax.org/details/books/college-physics-ap-courses-2e|1ETideofcntests.x‘Eadvabbody|Bein8aodsFrasesamd£1iroRD020ESATL3S80,20BLBS53KgsRAAI014oAATAHOBAADNBBEHS,BEa4RugseEN08ERGSTSTVSMASASSITESRENEBRASS1yr21wmpomanrlatischsateWSogSTMEA(5)(0)ofr—ERANPOREestoy©p2Colmens4mma)reyi[ §,Imm48pytnms|i427wemaasmrtn’=ySayOvenGarnctonwasWhghre*[Rpea——h+4.PangresPugsJORp——iEATAAnAREES»4Sanrio1®3SiwlkestarainsOuileandCutisPEMOSIianTEFOTOPTARANAHOTIBRGLTBANTMTICBEAEANARRNATTYamppert)»0thears2Access.Thefutureofeducation.Aopenstax.orgy54Study
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 8 preview imageEE——Preface1CHAPTER1Introduction:TheNatureofScienceandPhysics9ConnectionforAP®Courses91.1Physics:AnIntroduction101.2PhysicalQuantitiesandUnits181.3Accuracy,Precision,andSignificantFigures261.4Approximation32Glossary35SectionSummary35ConceptualQuestions36Problems&Exercises36CHAPTER2Kinematics39ConnectionforAP®Courses392.1Displacement402.2Vectors,Scalars,andCoordinateSystems432.3Time,Velocity,andSpeeda42.4Acceleration492.5MotionEquationsforConstantAccelerationinOneDimension602.6Problem-SolvingBasicsforOne-DimensionalKinematics712.7FallingObjects732.8GraphicalAnalysisofOne-DimensionalMotion82Glossary90SectionSummary90ConceptualQuestions92Problems&Exercises94TestPrepforAP®Courses100CHAPTER3Two-DimensionalKinematics103ConnectionforAP®Courses1033.1KinematicsinTwoDimensions:AnIntroduction1043.2VectorAdditionandSubtraction:GraphicalMethods1073.3VectorAdditionandSubtraction:AnalyticalMethods1153.4ProjectileMotion1213.5AdditionofVelocities130Glossary139SectionSummary139ConceptualQuestions141Problems&Exercises142TestPrepforAP®Courses149
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 9 preview imageCHAPTER4Dynamics:ForceandNewton'sLawsofMotion153ConnectionforAP®Courses1534.1DevelopmentofForceConcept1574.2Newton'sFirstLawofMotion:Inertia1584.3Newton'sSecondLawofMotion:ConceptofaSystem1594.4Newton'sThirdLawofMotion:SymmetryinForces1654.5Normal,Tension,andOtherExamplesofForces1694.6Problem-SolvingStrategies1784.7FurtherApplicationsofNewton'sLawsofMotion1804.8ExtendedTopic:TheFourBasicForces—AnIntroduction187Glossary193SectionSummary193ConceptualQuestions195Problems&Exercises197TestPrepforAP®Courses203CHAPTER5FurtherApplicationsofNewton'sLaws:Friction,Drag,andElasticity207ConnectionforAP®Courses2075.1Friction2085.2DragForces2155.3Elasticity:StressandStrain220Glossary231SectionSummary231ConceptualQuestions232Problems&Exercises232TestPrepforAP®Courses237CHAPTER6UniformCircularMotionandGravitation239ConnectionforAP®Courses2396.1RotationAngleandAngularVelocity2416.2CentripetalAcceleration2456.3CentripetalForce2496.4FictitiousForcesandNon-inertialFrames:TheCoriolisForce2546.5Newton’sUniversalLawofGravitation2576.6SatellitesandKepler'sLaws:AnArgumentforSimplicity265Glossary271SectionSummary271ConceptualQuestions272Problems&Exercises275TestPrepforAP®Courses280CHAPTER7Work,Energy,andEnergyResources281ConnectionforAP®Courses2817.1Work:TheScientificDefinition283
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 10 preview image7.2KineticEnergyandtheWork-EnergyTheorem2867.3GravitationalPotentialEnergy2917.4ConservativeForcesandPotentialEnergy2977.5NonconservativeForces3017.6ConservationofEnergy3067.7Power3107.8Work,Energy,andPowerinHumans3157.9WorldEnergyUse319Glossary323SectionSummary323ConceptualQuestions325Problems&Exercises326TestPrepforAP®Courses334CHAPTER8LinearMomentumandCollisions339ConnectionforAP®courses3398.1LinearMomentumandForce3408.2Impulse3438.3ConservationofMomentum3468.4ElasticCollisionsinOneDimension3508.5InelasticCollisionsinOneDimension3528.6CollisionsofPointMassesinTwoDimensions3578.7IntroductiontoRocketPropulsion361Glossary365SectionSummary365ConceptualQuestions366Problems&Exercises367TestPrepforAP®Courses373CHAPTER9StaticsandTorque381ConnectionforAP®Courses3819.1TheFirstConditionforEquilibrium3829.2TheSecondConditionforEquilibrium3849.3Stability3889.4ApplicationsofStatics,IncludingProblem-SolvingStrategies3939.5SimpleMachines3969.6ForcesandTorquesinMusclesandJoints400Glossary407SectionSummary407ConceptualQuestions408Problems&Exercises409TestPrepforAP®Courses414CHAPTER10RotationalMotionandAngularMomentuma17ConnectionforAP®Courses41710.1AngularAcceleration419
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 11 preview image10.2KinematicsofRotationalMotion42410.3DynamicsofRotationalMotion:RotationalInertia42910.4RotationalKineticEnergy:WorkandEnergyRevisited43410.5AngularMomentumandItsConservation44210.6CollisionsofExtendedBodiesinTwoDimensions44810.7GyroscopicEffects:VectorAspectsofAngularMomentum453Glossary456SectionSummary456ConceptualQuestions457Problems&Exercises460TestPrepforAP®Courses465CHAPTER11FluidStatics469ConnectionforAP®Courses46911.1WhatIsaFluid?47011.2Density47111.3Pressure47411.4VariationofPressurewithDepthinaFluid47711.5Pascal’sPrinciple48111.6GaugePressure,AbsolutePressure,andPressureMeasurement48411.7Archimedes’Principle48811.8CohesionandAdhesioninLiquids:SurfaceTensionandCapillaryAction49511.9PressuresintheBody504Glossary510SectionSummary510ConceptualQuestions511Problems&Exercises513TestPrepforAP®Courses519CHAPTER12FluidDynamicsandItsBiologicalandMedicalApplications521ConnectionforAP®Courses52112.1FlowRateandItsRelationtoVelocity52212.2Bernoulli'sEquation52512.3TheMostGeneralApplicationsofBernoulli'sEquation53012.4ViscosityandLaminarFlow;Poiseuille’sLaw53312.5TheOnsetofTurbulence54112.6MotionofanObjectinaViscousFluid54312.7MolecularTransportPhenomena:Diffusion,Osmosis,andRelatedProcesses545Glossary550SectionSummary550ConceptualQuestions551Problems&Exercises554TestPrepforAP®Courses559
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 12 preview imageCHAPTER13Temperature,KineticTheory,andtheGasLaws561ConnectionforAP®Courses56113.1Temperature56213.2ThermalExpansionofSolidsandLiquids57013.3TheIdealGasLaw57713.4KineticTheory:AtomicandMolecularExplanationofPressureandTemperature58413.5PhaseChanges59213.6Humidity,Evaporation,andBoiling596Glossary602SectionSummary602ConceptualQuestions604Problems&Exercises605TestPrepforAP®Courses609CHAPTER14HeatandHeatTransferMethods613ConnectionforAP®Courses61314.1Heat61414.2TemperatureChangeandHeatCapacity61614.3PhaseChangeandLatentHeat62214.4HeatTransferMethods62914.5Conduction63014.6Convection63614.7Radiation641Glossary648SectionSummary648ConceptualQuestions649Problems&Exercises651TestPrepforAP®Courses658CHAPTER15Thermodynamics661ConnectionforAP®Courses66115.1TheFirstLawofThermodynamics66315.2TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsandSomeSimpleProcesses66815.3IntroductiontotheSecondLawofThermodynamics:HeatEnginesandTheirEfficiency67615.4Carnot’sPerfectHeatEngine:TheSecondLawofThermodynamicsRestated68315.5ApplicationsofThermodynamics:HeatPumpsandRefrigerators68715.6EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics:DisorderandtheUnavailabilityofEnergy69215.7StatisticalInterpretationofEntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics:TheUnderlyingExplanation700Glossary706SectionSummary706ConceptualQuestions707Problems&Exercises710TestPrepforAP®Courses715
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 13 preview imageCHAPTER16OscillatoryMotionandWaves719ConnectionforAP®Courses71916.1Hooke’sLaw:StressandStrainRevisited72116.2PeriodandFrequencyinOscillations72616.3SimpleHarmonicMotion:ASpecialPeriodicMotion72816.4TheSimplePendulum73316.5EnergyandtheSimpleHarmonicOscillator73516.6UniformCircularMotionandSimpleHarmonicMotion73816.7DampedHarmonicMotion74116.8ForcedOscillationsandResonance74516.9Waves74816.10SuperpositionandInterference75116.11EnergyinWaves:Intensity757Glossary761SectionSummary761ConceptualQuestions763Problems&Exercises764TestPrepforAP®Courses769CHAPTER17PhysicsofHearing773ConnectionforAP®Courses77317.1Sound77417.2SpeedofSound,Frequency,andWavelength77617.3SoundIntensityandSoundLevel78117.4DopplerEffectandSonicBooms78617.5SoundInterferenceandResonance:StandingWavesinAirColumns79117.6Hearing79817.7Ultrasound805Glossary814SectionSummary814ConceptualQuestions815Problems&Exercises816TestPrepforAP®Courses821CHAPTER18ElectricChargeandElectricField825ConnectionforAP®Courses82518.1StaticElectricityandCharge:ConservationofCharge82918.2ConductorsandInsulators83418.3ConductorsandElectricFieldsinStaticEquilibrium83718.4Coulomb’sLaw84218.5ElectricField:ConceptofaFieldRevisited84418.6ElectricFieldLines:MultipleCharges84618.7ElectricForcesinBiology85018.8ApplicationsofElectrostatics851Glossary858SectionSummary859
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 14 preview imageConceptualQuestions860Problems&Exercises863TestPrepforAP®Courses869CHAPTER19ElectricPotentialandElectricField875ConnectionforAP®Courses87519.1ElectricPotentialEnergy:PotentialDifference87719.2ElectricPotentialinaUniformElectricField88319.3ElectricalPotentialDuetoaPointCharge88719.4EquipotentialLines88919.5CapacitorsandDielectrics89219.6CapacitorsinSeriesandParallel90019.7EnergyStoredinCapacitors904Glossary907SectionSummary907ConceptualQuestions908Problems&Exercises909TestPrepforAP®Courses914CHAPTER20ElectricCurrent,Resistance,andOhm'sLaw919ConnectionforAP®Courses91920.1Current92120.2Ohm'sLaw:ResistanceandSimpleCircuits92720.3ResistanceandResistivity93020.4ElectricPowerandEnergy93520.5AlternatingCurrentversusDirectCurrent93920.6ElectricHazardsandtheHumanBody94420.7NerveConduction—Electrocardiograms949Glossary957SectionSummary957ConceptualQuestions958Problems&Exercises960TestPrepforAP®Courses966CHAPTER21CircuitsandDCInstruments969ConnectionforAP®Courses96921.1ResistorsinSeriesandParallel97021.2ElectromotiveForce:TerminalVoltage98021.3Kirchhoff’sRules98821.4DCVoltmetersandAmmeters99421.5NullMeasurements99821.6DCCircuitsContainingResistorsandCapacitors1001Glossary1007SectionSummary1008ConceptualQuestions1009Problems&Exercises1012
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 15 preview imageTestPrepforAP®Courses1018CHAPTER22Magnetism1023ConnectionforAP®Courses102322.1Magnets102522.2FerromagnetsandElectromagnets102722.3MagneticFieldsandMagneticFieldLines103122.4MagneticFieldStrength:ForceonaMovingChargeinaMagneticField103222.5ForceonaMovingChargeinaMagneticField:ExamplesandApplications103522.6TheHallEffect103922.7MagneticForceonaCurrent-CarryingConductor104222.8TorqueonaCurrentLoop:MotorsandMeters104422.9MagneticFieldsProducedbyCurrents:Ampere’sLaw104822.10MagneticForcebetweenTwoParallelConductors105222.11MoreApplicationsofMagnetism1054Glossary1059SectionSummary1060ConceptualQuestions1061Problems&Exercises1064TestPrepforAP®Courses1071CHAPTER23ElectromagneticInduction,ACCircuits,andElectricalTechnologies1075ConnectionforAP®Courses107523.1InducedEmfandMagneticFlux107723.2Faraday’sLawofInduction:Lenz'sLaw107923.3MotionalEmf108223.4EddyCurrentsandMagneticDamping108523.5ElectricGenerators108923.6BackEmf109323.7Transformers109423.8ElectricalSafety:SystemsandDevices109923.9Inductance110323.10RLCircuits110823.11Reactance,InductiveandCapacitive111023.12RLCSeriesACCircuits1114Glossary1121SectionSummary1121ConceptualQuestions1123Problems&Exercises1125TestPrepforAP®Courses1133CHAPTER24ElectromagneticWaves1135ConnectionforAP®Courses113524.1Maxwell'sEquations:ElectromagneticWavesPredictedandObserved113724.2ProductionofElectromagneticWaves1140
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College Physics for AP� Courses 2e - Lab Manual (2022) - Page 16 preview image24.3TheElectromagneticSpectrum114324.4EnergyinElectromagneticWaves1159Glossary1162SectionSummary1163ConceptualQuestions1164Problems&Exercises1165TestPrepforAP®Courses1169CHAPTER25GeometricOptics1171ConnectionforAP®Courses117125.1TheRayAspectofLight117225.2TheLawofReflection117325.3TheLawofRefraction117625.4TotalInternalReflection118225.5Dispersion:TheRainbowandPrisms118825.6ImageFormationbyLenses119225.7ImageFormationbyMirrors1206Glossary1215SectionSummary1215ConceptualQuestions1216Problems&Exercises1218TestPrepforAP®Courses1223CHAPTER26VisionandOpticalInstruments1227ConnectionforAP®Courses122726.1PhysicsoftheEye122826.2VisionCorrection123326.3ColorandColorVision123826.4Microscopes124226.5Telescopes124926.6Aberrations1253Glossary1256SectionSummary1256ConceptualQuestions1257Problems&Exercises1258TestPrepforAP®Courses1261CHAPTER27WaveOptics1263ConnectionforAP®Courses126327.1TheWaveAspectofLight:Interference126527.2Huygens'sPrinciple:Diffraction126627.3Young'sDoubleSlitExperiment126927.4MultipleSlitDiffraction127327.5SingleSlitDiffraction127727.6LimitsofResolution:TheRayleighCriterion128127.7ThinFilmInterference1286
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