Princeton Review AP English Language and Composition Premium Prep, 18th Edition: 8 Practice Tests + Complete Content Review + Strategies and Techniques (2024) (2023)

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ThePrincetonReviewPublishingTeamRobFranek,Editor-in-ChiefDavidSoto,SeniorDirector,DataOperationsStephenKoch,SeniorManager,DataOperationsDeborahWeber,DirectorofProductionJasonUllmeyer,ProductionDesignManagerJenniferChapman,SeniorProductionArtistSelenaCoppock,DirectorofEditorialOrionMcBean,SeniorEditorAaronRiccio,SeniorEditorMeaveShelton,SeniorEditorChrisChimera,EditorPatriciaMurphy,EditorLauraRose,EditorIsabelleAppleton,EditorialAssistantPenguinRandomHousePublishingTeamTomRussell,VP,PublisherAlisonStoltzfus,SeniorDirector,PublishingBrettWright,SeniorEditorEmilyHoffman,AssistantManagingEditorEllenReed,ProductionManagerSuzanneLee,DesignerEugeniaLo,PublishingAssistantThePrincetonReview110East42ndSt,7thFloorNewYork,NY10017Copyright©2023byTPREducationIPHoldings,LLC.AllrightsreservedPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyPenguinRandomHouseLLC,NewYork.TermsofService:ThePrincetonReviewOnlineCompanionTools(“StudentTools’)forretailbooksareavailableforonlythetwomostrecenteditionsofthatbook.StudentToolsmaybeactivatedonlyoncepereligiblebookpurchasedforatotalof24monthsofaccess.ActivationofStudentToolsmorethanonceperbookisindirectviolationoftheseTermsofServiceandmayresultindiscontinuationofaccesstoStudentToolsServices.ISBN9780593517079EbookISBN9780593517086APisatrademarkregisteredandownedbytheCollegeBoard,whichisnotaffiliatedwith,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.ThePrincetonReviewisnotaffiliatedwithPrincetonUniversity.Permissionhasbeengrantedtoreprintportionsofthefollowing:“HowwealthinequalityhaschangedintheU.S.sincetheGreatRecession,byrace,ethnicityandincome.”PewResearchCenter,Washington,D.C.November1,2017“Istechnologygoodorbadforleaming?”,bySaroMohammed,Ph.D.BrownCenterChalkboard.Brookings.“LivingandLearningwithMobileDevices’.GrunwaldAssociatesLLC.(2013).LivingandLearningwithMobileDevices:WhatParentsThinkAboutMobileDevicesforEarlyChildhoodandK-12Learning“A"NoTechnology’School:TheWaldorfApproach”,byTonyaMosley.SeattleRefined.ZécaloPublicSquare.September14,2014“TheInternetWillNotTurnYourTeenintoaBrain-DeadZombie”.YaldaT.Uhls.October27,2015From"TheHairyMaidattheHarpsichord:SomeSpeculationsontheMeaningofGulliver'sTravelsbyDennisToddfromTexasStudiesinLiteratureandLanguage,Volume34,Number2,Summer1992,pp.239-283.Copyright©1992bytheUniversityofTexasPress.Allrightsreserved.“TheKurdishExperience”byAmirHassanpour.MiddleEastResearchandInformationProject.MER189,July/August1994|vv1StudyXY

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“MarineLePen’sNewYorkTimesop-edisaknifeinthebackforFrance”byEmma-KateSymons,publishedbyOz.com.January19,2015.“TenVeryGoodThings:9.Globalization”byDr.MadsenPirie,publishedbyAdamSmith.org.October12,2012.“ChinaAirPollutionBlanketsU.S.WestCoast’bySophieYeo,publishedbyClimateChangeNews.com.January21,2014.FarewelltoManzanarbyJamesD.HoustonandJeanneWakatsukiHouston.Copyright©1973byJamesD.Houston.ReprintedbypermissionofHoughtonMifflinHarcourtPublishingCompany.Allrightsreserved.Challengevs.Skillflowchart.PermissiongrantedbyMihalyCsikszentmihaly.The4-HourWorkweek:Escape9-5,LiveAnywhere,andJointheNewRichbyTimothyFerriss,copyright©2007,2009byCarmenereOne,LLC.UsedbypermissionofCrownBooks,animprintoftheCrownPublishingGroup,adivisionofPenguinRandomHouseLLC.Allrightsreserved.JayDixit,“TheArtofNow:SixStepstoLivingintheMoment.”PsychologyTodayNovember1,2008.ReprintedwithpermissionfromPsychologyToday.Copyright©2018www.Psychologytoday.comTravelswithLizbeth©1993byLarsEighner.ReprintedbypermissionofSt.Martin'sPress.AllRightsReserved.“ASwarmofaThousandCooperative,Self-OrganisingRobots”byEdYong,publishedonhisNotExactlyRocketScienceblog,hostedbyNationalGeographicMagazine.August4,2014.Reprintedwithpermissionbyauthor.Copyright©2015-2018NationalGeographicPartners,LLC.Allrightsreserved.“AnOpenLetter:ResearchPrioritiesforRobustandBeneficialArtificialIntelligence,”publishedbyFutureOfLife.org.January2015.ReprintedwithpermissionbyFutureofLifeInstitute.Copyright©2018FLI.AllRightsReserved.TheScrewtapeLettersbyC.S.Lewiscopyright©C.S.LewisPte.Ltd.1942.Extractreprintedbypermission.Editor:PatriciaMurphyProductionEditors:LizDaceyandLeeElderProductionArtist:JohnStecykContentContributor:CorinneDolciCoverartbyLevDolgachov/AlamyStockPhotoCoverdesignbySuzanneLeePhotoselectionandlayoutbyCarlingDesign,Inc.Forcustomerservice,pleasecontacteditorialsupport@review.com,andbesuretoinclude:«fullttleofthebook«ISBN«pagenumbera_prh_6.0_144937134_c0_r0|vv-—StudyX

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AcknowledgmentsThePrincetonReviewwouldliketothankCorinneDolciforherthoroughreviewofthistitleandusefulupdatestothe18thedition.TheeditorofthiseditionwouldliketothankLizDacey,LeeElder,andJohnStecykfortheirhardworkonthiseditionaswell.+StudyXy

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ContentsGetMore(Free)ContentPartI:UsingThisBooktoImproveYourAPScorePreview:YourKnowledge.YourExpectationsYourGuidetoUsingThisBookHowtoBeginPartII:PracticeTest1PracticeTest1PracticeTest1:DiagnosticAnswerKeyandExplanationsHowtoScorePracticeTest1PartIll:AbouttheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExamTheStructureoftheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExamHowtheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExamIsScoredOverviewofContentTopicsHowAPExamsAreUsedOtherResourcesDesigningYourStudyPlanPartIV:Test-TakingStrategiesfortheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExamPreview1HowtoApproachMultiple-ChoiceQuestions2UsingTimeEffectivelytoMaximizePoints3PacingDrills4HowtoApproachtheEssays:BasicPrinciples5HowtoApproachtheSynthesisEssay6HowtoApproachtheRhetoricalAnalysisEssay7HowtoApproachtheArgumentEssayReflectPartV:ContentandSkillReviewfortheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam

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8RhetoricalSituation9ClaimsandEvidence10ReasoningandOrganization11StylePartVI:PracticeTests2,3,and4PracticeTest2PracticeTest2:AnswersandExplanationsPracticeTest3PracticeTest3:AnswersandExplanationsPracticeTest4PracticeTest4:AnswersandExplanationsPartVII:PracticeTest5PracticeTest5PracticeTest5:AnswersandExplanations

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1GotoPrincetonReview.com/prepandenterthefollowingISBNforyourbook:97805935170862AnswerafewsimplequestionstosetupanexclusivePrincetonReviewaccount.(Ifyoualreadyhaveone,youcanjustlogin.)3EnjoyaccesstoyourFREEcontent!Needtoreportapotentialcontentissue?ContactEditorialSupport@review.comandinclude:«fulltitleofthebook«ISBN«pagenumberNeedtoreportatechnicalissue?ContactTPRStudentTech@review.comandprovide:«yourfullname«emailaddressusedtoregisterthebook«fullbooktitleandISBN«Operatingsystem(Mac/PC)andbrowser(Chrome,Firefox,Safari,etc.)Onceyou’veregistered,youcan...«GetourtakeonanyrecentorpendingupdatestotheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam«Takeafull-lengthpracticePSAT,SAT,and/orACT«Findthreeadditionalpracticetests«Getvaluableadviceaboutthecollegeapplicationprocess,includingtipsforwritingagreatessayandwheretoapplyforfinancialaid«UseoursearchablerankingsofTheBest389Collegestofindoutmoreinformationaboutyourdreamschool,ifyou'restillchoosingbetweencolleges«Accesscomprehensivestudyguidesandavocabularylist«Checktoseewhethertherehavebeenanycorrectionsorupdatestothisedition+StudyXy

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LookForTheseIconsThroughoutTheONLINEARTICLESOTHERREFERENCESAPPLIEDSTRATEGIESPROVENTECHNIQUESGOINGDEEPERCRITICALCONNECTIONSTUDYBREAK

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PartIUsingThisBooktoImproveYourAPScore«Preview:YourKnowledge,YourExpectations*YourGuidetoUsingThisBook«HowtoBegin

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PREVIEW:YOURKNOWLEDGE,YOURYourroutetoahighscoreontheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExamdependsalotonhowyouplantousethisbook.Respondtothefollowingquestions.1.RateyourlevelofconfidenceaboutyourknowledgeofthecontenttestedbytheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam.A.Veryconfident—IknowitallB.I'mprettyconfident,buttherearetopicsforwhichIcouldusehelpC.Notconfident—IneedquiteabitofsupportD.I’mnotsure2.2.ChooseyourgoalscorefortheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam.54321I’mnotsureyet3.Whatdoyouexpecttolearnfromthisbook?Chooseallthatapplytoyou.A.AgeneraloverviewofthetestandwhattoexpectB.StrategiesforhowtoapproachthetestC.ThecontenttestedbythisexamD.I'mnotsureyetNotSureYet?Ifyouansweredthesethreequestionswith“I'mnotsure,”youmayneedmoretimebeforeyoutaketheAPExam.Butdon’tbediscouraged!Reviewthecontentchaptersbeforeyoutakethepracticetestsinthisbookandyou'llseeimprovementinyourconfidenceandevenyourtestscoresThisbookisorganizedtoprovideasmuch—oraslittle—supportasyouneed,soyoucanusethisbookinwhateverwaywillbemosthelpfultoimprovingyourscoreontheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam.RoomtoWriteOntheactualtest,youwillbegivenspacealongwiththebubblesheettorecordyouranswersforeachfree-responsequestion.Youshouldusescrappaperforthefree-responsesonthesepracticetests(diagramsthatneedtobecompletedhavebeenincludedinthisbook).Afteryou'vegottenahangofthetiming,beawareofhowmuchspaceeach+StudyXy

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responseistakingup,incaseyouneedtowriteinsmallerprintorusefewerwordsonthetest«TheremainderofPartIprovidesguidanceonhowtousethisbookandhelpsyoudetermineyourstrengthsandweaknesses.«PartIIofthisbookcontainsyourfirstpracticetest,aDiagnosticAnswerKey,detailedanswersandexplanationsforeachquestion,andascoringguide.(Abubblesheetisincludedafterthelasttestandadditionalonescanbeprintedfromyouronlinestudenttools.)Thisiswhereyoushouldbeginyourtestpreparationinordertorealisticallydetermine:©yourstartingpointrightnow°whichquestiontypesyou’rereadyforandwhichyoumightneedtopracticeowhichcontenttopicsyouarefamiliarwithandwhichyouwillwanttocarefullyreviewOnceyouhavenaileddownyourstrengthsandweaknesseswithregardtothisexam,youcanfocusyourtestpreparation,buildastudyplan,andbeefficientwithyourtime.OurDiagnosticAnswerKeywillassistyouwiththisprocess.«PartIIIofthisbook:°providesinformationaboutthestructure,scoring,andcontentoftheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam°willhelpyoutomakeastudyplan©pointsyoutowardadditionalresources«PartIVexploresvariousstrategies,including:>howtotacklemultiple-choicequestions>howtowriteeffectiveessays>howtomanageyourtimetomaximizethenumberofpointsavailabletoyou«PartVofthisbookisareviewoftheacademiccontentandskillsthatwillgiveyouanedgeontheAPEnglishLanguageandCompositionExam.«PartsVIandVIIcontainPracticeTests2-5,theiranswersandexplanations.(Bubblesheetscanbeprintedfromyouronlinestudenttools.)IfyouskippedPracticeTest1,werecommendthatyoudoallthetests(withatleastadayortwobetweeneachofthem)sothatyoucantrackyourprogress.Additionally,thiswillhelptoidentifyanyexternalissues:ifyougetacertaintypeofquestionwrongeachtime,youprobablyneedtoreviewit.Ifyougotitwrongonlyonce,youmayhaverunoutoftimeorbeendistractedbysomething.Ineithercase,thiswillallowyoutofocusonthefactorsthatcausedthediscrepancyinscoresandtobeaspreparedaspossibleonthedayofthetest.

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+OnlineResourcescontainthreeadditionalpracticetests.Followthestudyguidebasedontheamountoftimeyouhavetostudyforyourexam.Usethekeytermstoimproveyourvocabularybycreatingflashcardstohelpyoulearnwordsyoumightseeonthetest.thebubblesheetsandscoringworksheetsforyourpracticetests!Rememberthattheseworksheetsaremeanttoserveasaroughguidelineonly.APExamscoresareweightedaccordingtoastatisticalprocessthatvariesslightlyeveryyearbasedonhowstudentsperformontheexam,butyoucanusetheworksheetstoapproximateyourscore.Youmaychoosetousesomepartsofthisbookoverothers,oryoumayworkthroughtheentirebook.Yourapproachwilldependonyourneedsandhowmuchtimeyouhave.Let’snowlookathowtomakethisdetermination.HOWTOBEGIN1.TakePracticeTest1Beforeyoucandecidehowtousethisbook,youneedtotakeapracticetest.Doingsowillgiveyouinsightintoyourstrengthsandweaknesses,andthetestwillalsohelpyoucreateaneffectivestudyplan.Ifyou'refeelingtest-phobic,remindyourselfthatapracticetestisatoolfordiagnosingyourself—it’snothowwellyoudothatmatters,buthowyouuseinformationgleanedfromyourperformancetoguideyourpreparation.So,beforeyoureadfurther,takePracticeTest1startingatthispageofthisbook.Besuretodosoinonesitting,followingtheinstructionsthatappearbeforethetest.2.CheckYourAnswersUsingtheDiagnosticAnswerKeyonthispage,followourthree-stepprocesstoidentifyyourstrengthsandweaknesseswithregardtothetestedtopics.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichcontentreviewchapterstoprioritizewhenstudyingthisbook.Don’tworryabouttheexplanationsfornow,anddon’tworryaboutwhyyoumissedquestions.We'llgettothatsoon.3.ReflectontheTestAfteryoutakeyourfirsttest,respondtothefollowingquestions:+Howmuchtimedidyouspendonthemultiple-choicequestions?+Howmuchtimedidyouspendoneachessay?+Howmanymultiple-choicequestionsdidyoumiss?

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«Doyoufeelyouhadtheknowledgetoaddressthesubjectmatteroftheessays?*Doyoufeelyouwrotewell-organized,thoughtfulessays?4.ReadPartIIIandCompletetheSelf-EvaluationPartIIIprovidesinformationonhowthetestisstructuredandscored.AsyoureadPartIII,re-evaluateyouranswerstothequestionsabove.AttheendofPartIII,youwillrevisitandrefinethequestionsyouansweredabove.Youwillthenbeabletomakeastudyplan,basedonyourneedsandtimeavailable,thatwillallowyoutousethisbookmosteffectively.5.EngagewithPartsIVandVasNeededNoticethewordengage.You'llgetmoreoutofthisbookifyouuseitintentionallythanifyoureaditpassively,hopingforanimprovedscorethroughosmosis.TheStrategychapterswillhelpyouthinkaboutyourapproachtothequestiontypesonthisexam.PartIVopenswitharemindertothinkabouthowyouapproachquestionsnow,andcloseswithareflectionsectionaskingyoutothinkabouthoworwhetheryouwillchangeyourapproachinthefuture.TheTermsandModeschaptersinPartVaredesignedtoprovideareviewoftheterminologyyouarelikelytoencounterontheexam,andwillhelpyoutoidentifytherhetoricalfallaciesandmodesusedinbothtestpassagesandstudentessays.Youwillhavetheopportunitytoassessyourknowledgeofthecontentofeachchapterthroughtest-appropriatequestionsandareflectionsection.6.TakeMorePracticeTestsandAssessYourPerformanceOnceyoufeelyouhavedevelopedthestrategiesyouneedandgainedtheknowledgeyoulacked,youshouldtakePracticeTest2,whichstartsatthispage.Youshoulddosoinonesitting,followingtheinstructionsatthebeginningofthetest.‘Whenyoucompletethetest,checkyouranswerstothemultiple-choicesectionsagainsttheanswerkeyonthispage.Ifpossible,findateachertoreadyouressaysandprovidefeedback.Onceyouhavetakenthetest,reflectonwhatareasyoustillneedtoworkon,andrevisitthechaptersinthisbookthataddressthem.Throughthistypeofreflectionandengagement,youwillcontinuetoimprove.Then,takePracticeTests3,4,and5inthisbookandPracticeTestsA,B,andConline.7.KeepWorkingAswewilldiscussinPartITI,thereareotherresourcesavailabletoyou,includingawealthofinformationonAPStudents:

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apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-english-language-and-composition.Youcancontinuetoexploreandengageinareasneedingimprovementrightuptothedayofthetest.GoOnline!CheckusoutonYouTubefortest-takingtipsandtechniquestohelpyouaceyournextexamatwww.youtube.com/ThePrincetonReview.+Study.

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PartIIPracticeTest1«PracticeTest1«PracticeTest1:DiagnosticAnswerKeyandExplanations*HowToScorePracticeTest1

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PracticeTest1ClickheretodownloadaPDFofPracticeTest1.

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TheExamAP®EnglishLanguageandCompositionExamSECTIONI:Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsDONOTOPENTHISBOOKLETUNTILYOUARETOLDTODOSO.AtaGlanceTotalTime1hourNumberofQuestions45PercentofTotalGrade45%WritingInstrumentPencilrequiredInstructionsSectionIofthisexaminationcontains45multiple-choicequestions.Fillinonlytheovalsfornumbers1through45onyouranswersheet.Indicateallofyouranswerstothemultiple-choicequestionsontheanswersheet.Nocreditwillbegivenforanythingwritteninthisexambooklet,butyoumayusethebookletfornotesorscratchwork.Afteryouhavedecidedwhichofthesuggestedanswersisbest,completelyfillinthecorrespondingovalontheanswersheet.Giveonlyoneanswertoeachquestion.Ifyouchangeananswer,besurethatthepreviousmarkiserasedcompletely.Hereisasamplequestionandanswer.SampleQuestionChicagoisa(A)state(B)city(C)country(D)continent(E)villageSampleAnswer+Studyxy

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Useyourtimeeffectively,workingasquicklyasyoucanwithoutlosingaccuracy.Donotspendtoomuchtimeonanyonequestion.Goontootherquestionsandcomebacktotheonesyouhavenotansweredifyouhavetime.Itisnotexpectedthateveryonewillknowtheanswerstoallthemultiple-choicequestions.AboutGuessingManycandidateswonderwhetherornottoguesstheanswerstoquestionsaboutwhichtheyarenotcertain.Multiple-choicescoresarebasedonthenumberofquestionsansweredcorrectly.Pointsarenotdeductedforincorrectanswers,andnopointsareawardedforunansweredquestions.Becausepointsarenotdeductedforincorrectanswers,youareencouragedtoanswerallmultiple-choicequestions.Onanyquestionsyoudonotknowtheanswerto,youshouldeliminateasmanychoicesasyoucan,andthenselectthebestansweramongtheremainingchoices.+StudyXy

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ENGLISHLANGUAGEANDCOMPOSITIONSECTIONITime—1hourDirections:Thispartconsistsofselectionsfromproseworksandquestionsontheircontent,form,andstyle.Afterreadingeachpassage,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionandcompletelyfillinthecorrespondingovalontheanswersheet.Note:PayparticularattentiontotherequirementsofquestionsthatcontainthewordsNOT,LEAST,orEXCEPT.Questions1-12.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullybeforeyouchooseyouranswers.Thefollowingisexcerptedfromapoliticalleader’s1836addresstotheBritishParliament’sHouseofCommons.1.Theauthorispetitioningforfaminereliefintheformofanimmediategovernmentloan.£20,000,000wastheexactamounttheTreasurygavetoslaveownerswhentheBritishgovernmentoutlawedslaveryintheCaribbean.2.In1825,theBritishHousepassedabillabolishingtheauthor’sCatholicAssociation.3.derogatorytermforaCatholicClickheretoviewthiscontentastext.1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewriter’sexigenceinthepassage?(A)ThelackofinterestamongmembersoftheBritishparliamenttoconsidertherightsofIrishpeopleundercommonlaw(B)AgrowingIrishnationalisminrebelliontoBritishrule(C)TheneedforequaljusticeforthecitizensofIrelandunderBritishrule(D)WideningdisparitiesbetweenthewealthyandthepoorinIreland(E)IrishresentmentofheavytaxationunderBritishrule2.Intheopeningparagraph(lines1-8),thewriterprovidestwopossibleoutcomestotheproblemsinIrelandprimarilyto(A)suggesttohisaudiencethatoneofthoseoutcomesismorefair-mindedthantheother(B)explainwhytheBritisharereluctanttoextendequaltreatmenttoIreland(C)emphasizetheinfluenceofIrishnationalismonhispoliticalthinking(D)suggestthattherightsoftheIrishpeoplehadbeensteadilyerodingovertime(E)highlighttheatrocitiescommittedagainsttheIrishpeopleunderBritishrule+StudyXy

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3.Inthesecondparagraph(lines9-24),whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthewriter’spositionontherelationshipbetweenIrelandandBritain?(A)BecausetheBritisharistocracyissodisconnectedfromtheneedsofordinarypeople,politicalequalitycanonlybeachievedthroughextortion.(B)BecausetheBritishparliamentrefusestogiveanymoneytotheIrishpeople,theauthorwillsettleformerelyequaljusticeonbehalfofhiscountrymen.(C)Byadoptingthemethodssuggestedbytheauthor,theIrishpeoplehavemanagedtosecuremostoftheirbasicliberties.(D)AlthoughtheBritishparliamentpretendstolistentotheneedsoftheIrishpeople,BritainwillneverdojusticetoIrelandwithoutextortion.(E)AlthoughIrelandhasmadesomeprogresstowardgreaterequality,theauthorbelievesthereismoreactionneeded.4.Incontext,lines9-15(“Englandnever...hiredadvocate”)showthatthewriter’stoneis(A)Patronizing,yetstalwart(B)Ingratiating,yetproud(C)Somewhatbitter,yetresolute(D)Sympathetic,yetirreverent(E)Detached,yetdetermined5.Inthethirdparagraph,thewritermentions“theyear1825”(line26)inorderto(A)remindtheaudienceofapriorattemptatreformthatwasresistedbytheBritishparliament(B)showthat,sinceemancipationhadfailed,hemustsettleforreform(C)demonstratethefoolishnessoftheBritishparliamentinrespondingtotheirsubjects’demands(D)pointoutthekeydistinctionbetweenbeingfoolishandbeingconvinced(E)championhisowneffortsatpoliticalreform6.Basedontheoverallcontextofthispassage,the“emancipation”describedinthethirdparagraphwasmostlikely(A)anActofParliamentwhichallowedRomanCatholicstobecomemembersoftheBritishHouseofCommons(B)anIrishlawwhichforbadethekeepingofslavesorindenturedservants

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(C)alawwhichforbadeCatholicsinIrelandtoberepresentedbymembersoftheirownfaithinParliament(D)alawwhichgaveallIrishpeopletherighttovote(E)anendtoIrishpoliticalgrievancesagainsttheBritishparliament7.Inthefourthparagraph(lines38-51),thewritermentionshisownpowerprimarilyto(A)questionthemotivesofthosewhoarehearinghisspeech(B)highlighttheironyoftheParliament’sresistancetomeetingtheneedsoftheIrishpeople(C)affirmtheinevitablesuccessofhispoliticalefforts(D)defendhisownpoliticalinfluenceinthefaceofcriticism(E)challengethelistenerstoaccepthisroleasprimaryspokespersonfortheIrishpeople8.Inthecontextofthepassage,allofthefollowingphrasesrefertosimilarideasEXCEPT(A)“justice”(line5)(B)“concessions”(line12)(C)“emancipation”(line28)(D)“reform”(line35)(E)“powerandinfluence”(lines43-44)9.Inthelastparagraph,thespeakerimploreshislistenersto(A)provideanexplanationforwhytheIrishpeoplehavenotyetreceivedequaljusticeunderthelaw(B)exploretwodistastefulalternativesandchooseoneofthemovertheother(C)acceptthatconflictisinevitablewhennegotiatingpoliticalcompromise(D)setasidetheirpersonalaversiontohischaracterinfavorofequaljusticeforthepeopleofIreland(E)joinhiminthestruggleforIrishliberation10.Elsewhere,inaletterwrittentoafriend,theauthorisquotedassaying:“TheProtestantsofIreland...arepoliticalProtestants,thatis,Protestantsbyreasonoftheirparticipationinpoliticalpower.”Thisquotebestsupportstheargumentsmadeinwhichofthefollowingparagraphs?(A)Paragraph1(B)Paragraph2+StudyXY

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(C)Paragraph3(D)Paragraph4(E)Paragraph511.EachofthefollowingpoliticalactionsoropinionswouldbeconsistentwiththesentimentsexpressedinthisspeechEXCEPT(A)oppositiontoslaveryinothercountries(B)promotingfreedomofreligion(C)theuseofviolenceinpoliticalactivism(D)allowingtheuseofbothIrishGaelicandEnglishinpublicschools(E)theoppositiontotenantevictionsbyaristocraticlandowners12.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonesuggeststhathe(A)acknowledgespastfailures,butbelievesinthepossibilityoffuturesuccess(B)istriumphantaboutpastsuccesses,butishungryformoreadvances(C)isbitterabouttheBritisharistocracy,butdeterminedtowinovertheirapproval(D)believessuccessisunlikely,butmustneverthelessbepursued(E)iseagerforadvancement,butfatiguedfromfailureQuestions13-24.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullybeforeyouchooseyouranswers.ThispassageisexcerptedfromaspeechdeliveredtotheUnitedNationsinParis,France,onSeptember28,1948.Clickheretoviewthiscontentastext.13.WhichofthefollowingismostlikelythereasonwhytheauthordeliveredthisspeechtotheUnitedNations?(A)ShewasadvocatingforthecreationofuniversalstandardsofhumanrightsbythemembersoftheUnitedNations.(B)ShewishedtoaffirmtheUnitedNationscontinuingcommitmenttothedefenseofhumanrightsinallitsmembernations.(C)AstheonlyfemalememberoftheUnitedStatesdelegation,shewishedtoassertherpowertoinfluencetheUnitedNationsinallitsendeavors.(D)ShewishedtocounteracttheSovietinfluenceonstandardsofhumanrightsintheUnitedStates.(E)ShewishedtosurrenderUnitedStates’sovereignpowerstothewilloftheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncil.+StudyXy

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14.Thespeaker’soverallpurposeinthefirstparagraphisto(A)capturethelisteners’attention(B)demonstrateacknowledgmentofherlisteners’diversebackgrounds(C)expresssatisfactionfortheadvancementsalreadymadeforhumanrights(D)inspirefaithinabetterfuturefortheworld(E)callherlistenerstodirectaction15.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormakesreferencestothe“DeclarationoftheRightsofMan”andthe“FrenchRevolution”forallofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT(A)torefertoimportanthistoricaleventswithwhichmostinheraudiencewouldbefamiliar(B)tocitepoliticalexamplesoffreedomandhumanrightsinstalledinlegaldocuments(C)toestablishherselfaseducatedaboutthesubjectmatterathand(D)tociteexamplesofverydifferentinterpretationsofdemocracyandhumanrights(E)toexplainwhyshehaschosentodeliverherspeechinFrance16.Throughoutthepassage,thewriterequates“humanrights”withallofthefollowingEXCEPT(A)employmentforall(B)freedom(C)theUnitedStatesBillofRights(D)democracy(E)financialassistancetothepoor17.Inline50,“vapid”mostnearlymeans(A)meaningless(B)boring(C)lively(D)interesting(E)porous18.Inthecontextofthespeech,theauthorcitesthe“righttowork”inline40asanexampleof(A)abasichumanrightwhichmustbeprotected(B)theassignmentofworkerstocertaintasksbygovernmentforceorcoercion+StudyXY

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(C)atermwhichmayhavedifferentinterpretationsindifferentsocieties(D)aeuphemismforaslavesociety(E)aphrasethatismeaninglesswithoutgovernmentactiontoensureitsimplementation19.Inthefinalparagraph,howdoestheauthorimplythatheraudiencemayreachaconsensusontheissueofhumanrights?(A)Shesuggeststhatnationsindisagreementwithherstanceshouldacquiescetothewishesofthemajority.(B)Shewarnsofthedangerofpersistentdifferencesofopiniononthemattersathand.(C)Sheacknowledgesthedifficultyofagreeingoncoreprinciples,butremainsconfidentinthepossibilityofcompromise.(D)Shesuggeststhatthedifferencesbetweennationsareinsignificanttotheircommongoals.(E)SheassertsthattheUnitedNationsistheonlyplacewhererealagreementbetweenthenationsinvolvedcanbehad.20.Inadifferentexcerptfromthisspeechisthefollowing:“Peoplewhohaveglimpsedfreedomwillneverbecontentuntiltheyhavesecureditforthemselves....Peoplewhocontinuetobedeniedtherespecttowhichtheyareentitledashumanbeingswillnotacquiesceforeverinsuchdenial.”Theabovequoteismostrelatedtowhichoftheideasexpressedinthisspeech?(A)“thesceneofthegreatesthistoricbattlesbetweenfreedomandtyranny,”(lines10-11)(B)“Wemustnotbeconfusedaboutwhatfreedomis.”(line12)(C)“democracy”meansonethingtotheU.S.S.R.andanothertheU.S.A.and,Iknow,inFrance.”(lines23-24)(D)“adecisionbroughtaboutbypublicopinionwhichcameasaresultofthegreatdepression”(lines58-59)(E)“TheplacetodiscusstheissueofhumanrightsisintheforumoftheUnitedNations.”(lines65-66)21.WorldWarIIendedin1945justbeforethecreationoftheUnitedNations,andtheauthordeliveredthisspeechin1948.Inkeepingwiththesethemes,allofthefollowingarepossiblereasonsforthetimingoftheseeventsEXCEPT(A)TheUnitedNationswishedtopreventafuturewarbyaddressingtheissueofglobalhumanrights.

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(B)TheauthorwantedtopreventafuturewarbyaddressingtheissueofhumanrightsattheUnitedNations.(C)Theauthorwasalreadywell-knownforhercommitmenttosocialissues.(D)AftertheirdefeatinWorldWarII,theSovietUnionembraceddemocracybyjoiningtheUnitedNationsandadoptingitstenetsonhumanrights.(E)DespitetheirallianceduringWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionhaddivergentviewsonfreedomandhumanrights,achallengefortheUnitedNationstoreconcile.22.SupposethatanAmericanpoliticianwishedtociteprinciplesoutlinedinthisspeechtofurtherdomesticcivilrightslegislation.Whichassertionwouldbemostconsistentwithitssentiments?(A)Civilrightslegislationhasbeensuccessfullyimplementedinothercountries;therefore,itshouldbeimplementedintheUnitedStates.(B)Withproperdialogueandconsent,civilrightscanbeimplementedsuccessfullyinbothforeigncountriesandintheUnitedStates.(C)TheUnitedStateshaslearnedvaluablecivilrightslessonsfromstudyingthepracticesofothercountries.(D)TheUnitedStateshascivilrightspoliciesthatshouldbeadoptedbyothercountries.(E)Anyattemptatcivilrightsmustbediscussedbyallpartiesaffected,orelseitisdoomedtofailure.23.AllofthefollowingquotesbyfamousAmericansareconsistentwiththethemesofthisspeechEXCEPT(A)“Thebattleforhumanrights—athomeandabroad—isfarfromover.”(B)“WeoweittoourselvesandtothosewhosacrificedsomuchforourlibertytokeepAmericaintheforefrontofthisbattle[forhumanrights].”(C)“Freedommeansthesupremacyofhumanrightseverywhere.”(D)“Therightsofeverymanarediminishedwhentherightsofonemanarethreatened.”(E)“Knowledgemakesamanunfittobeaslave.”24.Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyrepresentstheauthor’sviewsonfreedomasexpressedinthespeech?(A)Withgreatfreedomcomesgreatresponsibility.(B)Freedomisessentialtothepreservationofhumanrights.(C)Eventhoughfreedommayleadtohungerandunemployment,itisanessentialcomponentofhumanrights.(D)Whenfreedomandhumanrightsconflict,freedomshouldprevail.(E)Democracyisdefinedasthemaximizationofhumanfreedom.

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Questions25-31arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thepassagebelowisadraft.(1)Instantly,almost50yearssinceherdeath,herhardworkandfabulousnovelsstillhavemuchtoteachthemodernaudience.(2)Shebravelyovercamethechallengesshefacedanddemonstratedthatperseverancemakesanythingpossible.(3)HurstonascribedmuchofherdeeplyindividualisticpersonalitytotheexperienceofgrowingupinEatonville,Florida.(4)Thetownwasuniqueinthatitwasparticularlyhotinthesummer,butmildatothertimesoftheyear.(5)Hurstonalwayssaidgrowingupinacommunitytotallyseparatefromthelargerwhitesocietyallowedherafreedomandindependencenotavailabletoeveryoneinthesouth.(6)HurstonbeganherundergraduatestudiesatHowardUniversity,butherobviousintelligenceandtalentsoonearnedherascholarshiptoBarnardCollegeinNewYorkCity.(7)Movingnorthinthe1920sthrustherintothemidstoftheHarlemRenaissance,aBlackculturalmovementthatspawnedexceptionalachievementsinliterature,art,andmusic.(8)InteractingwiththelikesofLangstonHughes,W.E.B.DuBois,BillieHoliday,andDukeEllington,Hurstondevelopedherskillsasawriterandpublishednumerousshortstoriesandpoems.(9)ThemostinfluentialworkthatcametodefinehercareergrewoutofherattempttocapturetheBlackexperience.(10)Thatnovel,calledTheirEyesWereWatchingGod,tracedthreegenerationsofafamilylivinginEatonville.(11)HerauthenticrepresentationofthesoutherndialectcausedherHarlemRenaissancecontemporariestobelittletheworkforwhattheysawasitspropagationofinaccuratestereotypes.(12)Hurston,however,remainedtruetoherproject,convincedthattheaccuracyofherrepresentationwouldultimatelyprevailoverthepoliticalpressuresherpeerssoughttoinflictuponher.(13)HistoryhasshownthatHurstonwasright.(14)Moderncriticsadmireherauthenticandskillfulrepresentationofthelanguageaswellasherrealisticportrayalofdailylifeintheearlytwentiethcentury.(15)SheisuniversallyapplaudedasoneofthebestwritersofhereraandrankedwithToniMorrison,MayaAngelou,andAliceWalkerasoneofthemostimportantAfricanAmericanwritersofalltime.25.Whichofthefollowingsentences,ifplacedbeforesentence1,wouldbothconveythecomplexityofZoraNealeHurston’scareerandprovidethemosteffectiveintroductiontotheessay?

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(A)ThegranddaughterofaBaptistpreacher,BlackwriterZoraNealeHurstonwasbornonJanuary7,1891inNotasulga,Alabama.(B)ZoraNealeHurstonprovestobeastudyincontrasts:aBlackwriterreachingawhiteaudience,awomanstrugglinginaman’sprofession,andanindependentthinkerlivinginaconformistera.(C)AlthoughZoraNealeHurstonwaslargelyignoredandmarginalizedduringherlifetime,academicshaverecentlybeguntopaycloserattentiontothiswriterwhohassoinfluencedsubsequentgenerationsofBlackwriters.(D)In1918,ZoraNealeHurstonwasadmittedtoHowardUniversity,ahistoricallyBlackcollegeinWashington,DC,wasoneoftheoriginalmembersoftheZetaPhiBetaBlacksorority,andlaterfoundedTheHilltop,theuniversity’sstudentnewspaper.(E)WhentheyoungBlackwriterZoraNealeHurstonarrivedinNewYorkCityin1925,shenaturallybefriendedtheluminariesactiveintheHarlemRenaissance,suchasLangstonHughesandW.E.B.Dubois,andinashorttimebecameoneofitsmostrespectedmembers.26.Thewriterwantstochangethebeginningofsentence1(reproducedbelow)tobettersetupacomparisonwithintheparagraphandalsowishestocreateamoreobjectivetoneinharmonywiththerestoftheessay.Instantly,almost50yearssinceherdeath,herhardworkandfabulousnovelsstillhavemuchtoteachthemodernaudience.‘Whichversionbestaccomplishesthisgoal?(A)Presently,almost50yearssinceherdeath,herhardworkandfabulousnovelsstillhavemuchtoteachthemodernaudience.(B)Currently,almost50yearssinceherdeath,hertirelessadvocacyforcivilrightsandherrenownednovelsstillhavemuchtoteachthemodernaudience.(C)Now,almost50yearssinceherdeath,hernovels’insightsintotheAfrican-Americanexperiencestillhaveresonancewithmodernaudiences.(D)Atthepresent,almost50yearssinceherdeath,hernovelsarebelovedbysomeandscornedbyothers.(E)Almost50yearssinceherdeath,hernovelsarepraisedbybothacademicsandmodernaudiences.27.Insentence4(reproducedbelow),thewriterwantstosupportthemainideaaboutHurstonconveyedinthisparagraph.

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Thetownwasuniqueinthatitwasparticularlyhotinthesummer,butmildatothertimesoftheyear.Whichversionoftheunderlinedtextbestaccomplishesthisgoal?(A)(asitisnow)(B)afairlytypicalFloridasmalltown,foundedinthemid-nineteenthcentury.(C)thefirstall-blacktowntobeincorporatedinthecountry.(D)notyetinexistenceatthestartoftheCivilWar.(E)raciallyintegrated,evenatatimewhenJimCrowlawsreignedintheSouth.28.Thewriterwantstoaddthefollowingsentencetothethirdparagraphtoprovideadditionalexplanation.BillieHoliday'smusicevokessuchfeelingandmelancholythatit’snowondershebecamesopopular.‘Wherewouldthesentencebestbeplaced?(A)Beforesentence6(B)Aftersentence6(C)Aftersentence7(D)Aftersentence8(E)Donotaddthesentence.29.WhichsentencebestexemplifieshowHurston’sworkwasviewedbyhercontemporaries?(A)Sentence1(B)Sentence6(C)Sentence11(D)Sentence14(E)Sentence1530.Thewriterhasdecidedtodividethethirdparagraphintotwoparts.Thebestplacetoaddthenewparagraphbreakwouldbeatthebeginningofsentence(A)9,becauseitwouldindicatethatHurston’swritingwasmoststronglyinfluencedbyLangstonHughes.(B)9,becauseitwouldsignaltheessay’sshiftinfocustooneofHurston’snovels.(C)10,becausealltheremainingsentencesintheparagraphprovideadetailedsummaryoftheplotofHurston’snovel.+StudyXY

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