Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology, 8th Edition

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Test Bankto accompanyCULTURALANTHROPOLOGYEighth EditionBARBARA MILLERGeorge Washington UniversityJACK HEATON

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iiiCONTENTSChapter 1: Anthropology and the Study of Culture1Chapter 2: The Evolution of Humanity and Culture13Chapter 3: Researching Culture24Chapter 4: Making a Living36Chapter 5: Consumption and Exchange48Chapter 6: Reproduction and Human Development59Chapter 7: Disease, Illness, and Healing71Chapter 8: Kinship and Domestic Life82Chapter 9: Social Groups and Social Stratification94Chapter 10: Power, Politics, and Social Order106Chapter 11: Communication118Chapter 12: Religion130Chapter 13: Expressive Culture142Chapter 14: People on the Move154Chapter 15: People Defining Development166

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1Chapter 1 Anthropology and the Study of CultureMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Anthropology is usually divided into four fields, but some people claim that a fifth, known as __________, shouldbe included.A) interpretivist anthropologyB) functionalist anthropologyC) applied anthropologyD) theoretical anthropologyAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts2. Biological anthropologists focus on __________.A) the impact of colonialism on different culturesB) cross-cultural patterns of contemporary human politicsC) human evolution and contemporary human variationD) how culture is passed on from one generation to the nextAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts3. Which subfield of archaeology provides insights into social change in Britain in the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies?A) archaeology of contemporary lifeB) prehistoric archaeologyC) underwater archaeologyD) industrial archaeologyAnswer: DLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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24. The field of anthropology that studies human language and communication is called __________.A) biological anthropologyB) communication scienceC) linguistic anthropologyD) applied anthropologyAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts5. The Garbage Project has practical relevance because it provides information on __________.A) how rural areas differ from urban areasB) how long it has taken for garbage from prehistoric times to decomposeC) recent consumption patternsD) how the poor of the world are creating the least garbageAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts6. What example of an applied use of biological anthropology is listed in the text?A) cultural resource managementB) forensic anthropologyC) specialized testing for bilingual studentsD) poverty reduction programsAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts7. Paul Farmer has done most of his work in __________.A) MexicoB) HaitiC) GuatemalaD) Puerto RicoAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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38. A cultural relativist would view contemporary Nacirema culture as __________.A) materialistic, aggressive, and without much worthB) just as interesting and worthy of study as any otherC) more ethical than most othersD) adaptively superior to any otherAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts9. The functionalist approach says that __________.A) powerful structures shape cultureB) culture is like a biological organism with interacting partsC) culture should be studied on the basis of how people make a livingD) cultures evolve from primitive to more advanced, or civilizedAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts10. The French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss is associated with the theoretical perspective known as__________.A) functionalismB) holismC) French structuralismD) cultural relativismAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts11. A major theoretical debate exists in cultural anthropology today between __________.A) applied anthropologists and archaeologistsB) cultural materialists and interpretivist anthropologistsC) ecological anthropologists and economic anthropologistsD) psychological anthropologists and medical anthropologistsAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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412. The cultural materialist perspective uses a three-level model of culture that includes __________.A) infrastructure, structure, and superstructureB) class, “race,” and genderC) ethnicity, age, and classD) structure, agency, and changeAnswer: ALearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts13. The cultural materialist interpretation of the Hindu belief in sacred cows addresses __________.A) their ritual purityB) their role in social relationshipsC) their economic valueD) their symbolic valueAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts14. The theoretical approach, which is the view that powerful structures such as economics, politics, and mediashape cultures and create entrenched systems of inequality and oppression, is referred to in the textbook as__________.A) the infrastructureB) cultural determinismC) cultural imperialismD) structurismAnswer: DLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts15. Which of the following phrases is from the definition of culture used in the text?A) “that complex whole”B) “total socially acquired life-way”C) “patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting”D) “learned and shared behavior and beliefs”Answer: DLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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516. Among Tejano immigrants in the United States, making tamales symbolizes __________.A) a connection with the homeland in MexicoB) the triumph of culture over natureC) the importance of corn in Tejano cultureD) a woman’s role as a “good wife”Answer: DLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts17. A recent mental health disorder in Japan related to sleep is __________.A) insomniaB) nightmares about workC) falling asleep during the dayD) sleeping sicknessAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts18. Culture __________.A) is more developed in contemporary North America than in contemporary ChinaB) first emerged among humans around 10,000 years agoC) is predominantly transferred through genesD) shapes natural, biological functionsAnswer: DLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts19. The increased spread of international ties and spread of Western capitalism worldwide is referred to as__________.A) internationalizationB) capitalizationC) globalizationD) holismAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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620. The opening of a Western-style clothing retail store in a previously isolated area has resulted in the popularity ofblue jeans among local youth. Many of the wearers have replicated local fabric designs in paint on the jeans. Whatmodel of cultural interaction does this scenario best represent?A) clash of civilizationsB) WesternizationC) ethnocentrismD) localizationAnswer: DLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You Know21. People who have a longstanding connection with their home territory predating colonialism are referred to as__________.A) ethnic groupsB) indigenous peopleC) local groupsD) racial groupsAnswer: BLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts22. San peoples of Southern Africa fought a long legal battle to gain profits from __________.A) diamond mines on their landB) oil deposits on their landC) a new diet pillD) documentaries of their lifestyleAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts23. A study of landowners in a culture could be described as being focused on a microculture based on what factor?A) classB) ethnicityC) genderD) institutionAnswer: ALearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know

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724. The tendency to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in othercultures is known as __________.A) cultural relativismB) cultural universalismC) ethnocentrismD) egocentrismAnswer: CLearning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the distinctive features of cultural anthropology.Topic: Distinctive Features of Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts25. The main goal of cultural anthropology is to __________.A) understand why people behave and think the way they doB) predict culture changeC) understand the evolution of culture from nonhuman primates to human primatesD) learn how to make positive changes to culturesAnswer: ALearning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the distinctive features of cultural anthropology.Topic: Distinctive Features of Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the ConceptsTRUE/FALSE26. Cultural anthropology studies effects of biological heredity on human behavior.Answer: FalseLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts27. Most North American anthropologists agree that general anthropology consists of five fields.Answer: FalseLearning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts28. Two theoretical trends were influenced by postmodernism: structurism and functionalism.Answer: FalseLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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829. Cultural constructionism is a theoretical position that stands in opposition to cultural relativism.Answer: FalseLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts30. Cultural materialists attempt to learn about culture by examining the material aspects of it, such as theenvironment and how people make a living within a particular environment.Answer: TrueLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts31. Basic natural functions—such as eating, drinking, sleeping, and eliminating—are done and thought about thesame way everywhere, as opposed to cultural functions such as language.Answer: FalseLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts32. The American Anthropological Association’s 2014 involvement in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa is anexample of anthropology applied to an institutional microculture.Answer: TrueLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts33. Both globalization and localization can be seen in the spread of McDonald’s restaurants.Answer: TrueLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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934. The four models of cultural interaction are: clash of civilizations, McDonaldization, hybridization, andlocalization.Answer: TrueLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts35. A study of middle schools in the southwestern Rocky Mountain region of the United States found that Mexicanimmigrant girls are marginalized, in part because they are not interested in or good at sports.Answer: TrueLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the FactsESSAY36. What is applied anthropology and what are two examples of it?Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.Applied anthropology is the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shapeand achieve policy goals2.Example: Forensic anthropology.3.Example: Cultural resource management.4.Example: Delivering health care in rural Haiti.Learning Objective: 1.1 Define what is anthropology.Topic: Introducing Anthropology’s Four FieldsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know37. State the overall goal(s) of cultural anthropology and provide two examples of how cultural anthropologists havecontributed to achieving the goal(s).Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.Cultural anthropology is the study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change.It studies both similarities and differences.2.Example: Franz Boas introduced cultural relativism.3.Example: Margaret Mead encouraged interest in anthropology among the general public.4.Example: ClaudeLévi-Strauss proposed understanding culture by studying the themes in myths.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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1038. Describe one way cultural anthropology has changed since the late nineteenth century.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.It has moved away from the idea that cultures evolve from “primitive” to modern forms.2.The idea of cultural relativism encouraged understanding cultures on their own terms.3.French structuralism and related traditions introduced the value of studying myths, beliefs, symbols,and other systems of meaning.4.The field has gained a diversity of perspective from work by non-European anthropologists andtraditions such as feminist anthropology and gay and lesbian anthropology.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze It39. Describe the cultural materialist perspective and an example of the perspective applied to a cultural practice.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.The cultural materialist believes culture is shaped by material factors.2.Culture is divided into a three-level system: infrastructure, structure, and superstructure.3.The example given in the text is the sacred cows of Hinduism. A cultural materialist emphasizespractical benefits they provide, and de-emphasizes the beliefs associated with them.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts40. What does the theory of agency emphasize? Why is it contrasted with structurism? How does it address the issueof poverty?Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.The theory of agency emphasizes the role of individual choices in shaping a person’s life.2.It is contrasted with structurism because that perspective maintains that large forces such as theeconomy may prevent individuals from exercising free will.3.In the case of poverty, the perspective will focus on ways individuals work to improve their conditionsand mitigate the negative effects of their circumstancesLearning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze It41. Describe and contrast two ways anthropologists have approached the definition of culture.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.Sir Edward Tylor defines it as a “complex whole” of “acquired habits.”2.Karl Marx and cultural materialists consider it a product of material circumstances.3.Clifford Geertz and interpretivists argue culture consists of elements such as beliefs, symbols, andmoods.4.The text uses the definition of “learned and shared behavior and beliefs.”Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze It

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1142. Using examples from the text, describe two ways that culture shapes a “natural” human function.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.Eating: Cheese is considered an acceptable food in some places, but not others.2.Drinking: Consumption of alcohol in U.S. fraternities is understood to create and reinforce socialbonds.3.Sleeping: Corporate culture in North America places a value on sleeping relatively little.4.Eliminating: Locations in Europe have public outdoor street urinals; the function is kept more privatein other cultural contexts.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know43. Define the concept of holism and provide a cultural example.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.It is related to the idea that cultures are internally integrated.2.It teaches that a focus on individual elements of culture may be misleading because no one element canbe properly understood without understanding its context in the greater whole.3.The example given, of warfare in highland Papua New Guinea, describes the links between warfare,wives, and political power.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Understand the Concepts44. What is a microculture and what are three examples of how microcultures can be formed?Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.A microculture is a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior within a larger culture.2.Example: class, based on economic position in a society.3.Example: ethnicity, a sense of common identity among a group based on common heritage or othercharacteristic.4.Example: gender, culturally defined roles for men and women.5.Example: institutions; cultures can form within schools, prisons, or militaries.Learning Objective: 1.2 Recognize what is cultural anthropology.Topic: Introducing Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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1245. Describe the difference between absolute cultural relativism and critical cultural relativism. Choose an issue andconsider it from each of the two perspectives.Answer: The ideal answer will include:1.Absolute cultural relativism is the position that people outside of a culture have no grounds on whichto criticize its values or beliefs.2.Critical cultural relativism is the position that beliefs and practices can be questioned by distinguishingbetween who is helped and who is harmed by those cultural elements.3.Example: The absolute cultural relativist perspective would claim outsiders should not question theNazi Holocaust because it was a product of another culture.4.Example: A critical cultural relativist perspective would describe the Holocaust in terms of whom itharmed, the power structure involved, and the relationship between the cultures.Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the distinctive features of cultural anthropology.Topic: Distinctive Features of Cultural AnthropologyDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Analyze It

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13Chapter 2 The Evolution of Humanity and CultureMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Most nonhuman primate species are __________.A) arboreal and terrestrialB) arboreal, quadrupedal, and diurnalC) terrestrial, bipedal, and nocturnalD) arboreal, bipedal, and nocturnalAnswer: BLearning Objective: 2.1 Identify what living nonhuman primates tell us about human culture.Topic: Nonhuman Primates and the Roots of Human CultureDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts2. __________ is the term applied to nonhuman primates whose diet is not specialized.A) FrugivoreB) FolivoreC) GummivoreD) OmnivoreAnswer: DLearning Objective: 2.1 Identify what living nonhuman primates tell us about human culture.Topic: Nonhuman Primates and the Roots of Human CultureDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts3. The only great ape found in Asia is the __________.A) chimpanzeeB) orangutanC) bonoboD) gorillaAnswer: BLearning Objective: 2.1 Identify what living nonhuman primates tell us about human culture.Topic: Nonhuman Primates and the Roots of Human CultureDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts4. Gorillas live in what type of social group?A) single-male, multi-femaleB) male onlyC) fission-fusionD) solitaryAnswer: ALearning Objective: 2.1 Identify what living nonhuman primates tell us about human culture.Topic: Nonhuman Primates and the Roots of Human CultureDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts

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