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Biochemistry: A Short Course Third Edition Test Bank

Biochemistry: A Short Course Third Edition Test Bank boosts your confidence with focused study material, practice problems, and clear explanations.

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life Matching Questions Use the following to answer questions 1 – 10: Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. a) uracil b) cytoplasm c) protein d) thymine e) carbohydrate f) sugar – phosphate units g) cell wall h) transcription i) glycogen j) lipid k) central dogma l) phagocytosis m) endoplasmic reticulum n) translation o) prokaryotes p) eukaryotes q) lyso s ome 1. DNA is made from the building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ____________. Ans: d Section: 1.2 2. ____________ : Unbranched polymer that, when folded into its three - dimensional shape, performs much of the work of the cell. Ans: c Section: 1.2 3. ____________ : Scheme that describes the flow of information from one strand of DNA to a new strand of DNA . Ans: k Section: 1. 3

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 2 4. ____________ : Process where large amounts of material are taken into the cell. Ans: l Section: 1. 3 5. The transfer of information from DNA to RNA is called ____________. Ans: h Section: 1.3 6. ____________ are cells that are composed of multiple specialized compartments . Ans: p Section: 1.4 7. ____________ : C lass of biological macromolecules w ith many functions , such as forming barriers between cell organelles, serving as a metabolic fuel , and cell - to - cell signaling. Ans: j Section: 1.2 8. ____________ : Highly organized region of the cell where glycolytic metabolism occurs. Ans: b Section: 1.4 9. ____________ : Responsible for protein processing and xenobiotic metabolism. Ans: m Section: 1.4 10 . . ____________ : Filled with proteases and other digestive enzymes. Ans: q Section: 1.4 Fill - in - the - Blank Questions 11. Organisms are known to be highly uniform at the level. Ans: molecular Section : Introduction

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 3 12. After hydrogen and oxygen, the next most common element in living systems is . Ans: carbon Section : 1.1 13. A chemical that can dissolve in water is said to be . Ans: hydrophilic Section : 1.2 14. A nucleotide consists of one or more groups, a 5 - carbon ribose sugar , and a nitrogen - containing aromatic ring group. Ans: phosph oryl Section : 1.2 15. The most common carbohydrate fuel is . Ans: glucose Section: 1.2 16. Heritable information is packaged into discrete units called . Ans: genes Section: 1.3 17. A group of enzymes called catalyze replication. Ans: DNA polymerase Section: 1.3 18. Although all cells in an organism have the same DNA, tissues differ due to selective . Ans: expression Section: 1.3 19. The basic unit of life is considered the . A ns: cell Section: 1.4 20. Secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release material outside of the cell via . Ans: exocytosis Section: 1.4 Multiple - Choice Questions

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 4 22 . In higher organisms, w hich of the following is composed of a polymer with double - stranded phosphodiester - linked monomers? A) RNA B) DNA C) protein D) carbohydrate E) None of the above. Ans: B Section 1.2 23 . What gives proteins such a dominant role in biochemistry? A) the variation in protein sizes B) the ability to act as a blueprint C) their ability to self - replicate D) their ability to spontaneously fold into complex three - dimensional structures E) All of the above. Ans: D Section: 1.2 2 1. The structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick included : A) a double helix. B) the sugar – phosphate backbone aligned in the center of the helix. C) the base pairs that are stacked on the inside of the double helix. D) A and B. E) A and C. Ans: E Section: 1.2

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 5 24 . Proteins are chiefly composed of which of the following? A) carbohydrate and amino acids B) long unbranched amino acid polymers C) peptide bonds formed between lipid moieties D) aggregated amino acids E) A and B Ans: B Section 1.3 25 . How a protein folds is determined by : A) w hether the environment is hydrophobic or hydrophilic . B) t he location in the cell in which the protein is located . C) t he pH of the cytoplasm . D) t he order of the amino acids found in the sequence . E) All of the a bove . Ans: D Section: 1.2

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 6 26 . The half - life of which of the following is likely to be shortest ? A) p rotein B) l ipid C) c arbohydrate D) DNA E) RNA Ans: E Section: 1.2 27 . The central dogma describes : A) t he formation of cells from individual components . B) t he selective expression of genes . C) t he flow of information between DNA, RNA , and protein . D) t he work of polymerases on RNA and DNA . E) All of the above . Ans: C Section: 1.3 28 . Translation takes place on/in the : A) r ibosomes . B) s mooth endoplasmic reticulum . C) n ucleus . D) DNA polymerases . E) DNA parent strand . Ans: A Section: 1.3 29 . Which of the following organelles has a double membrane ? A) n ucleus B) e ndoplasmic reticulum C) m itochondria D) p lasma membrane E) A and C F) All of the above . Ans: E Section: 1.4

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 7 30 . The main function of the plasma membrane is to : A) p rovide the interior of the cell an enclosed environment that no molecules may cross . B) p rovide a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins . C) g ive eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength . D) a llow only the free passage of water in and out of the cell . E) None of the above . Ans: B Section: 1.4 31 . Filaments and microtubules are components of a network called the: A) c hloroplast . B) c ytoplasm . C) c ytoskeleton . D) c ell wall . E) B and D . Ans: C Section: 1.4 32 . Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high - energy ATP molecules are most likely to target which organelle? A) m itochondria B) c ytoskeleton C) c ytoplasm D) e ndoplasmic r eticulum E) n ucleus Ans: A Section: 1.4 33 . A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in the following order : A) n ucleus; secretory vesicle; G olgi complex . B) c ytoplasm; G olgi complex; cytosol; secretory vesicle . C) e ndoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmi c reticulum; G olgi complex . D) n ucleus; cyt oplasm; endoplasmic reticulum; G olgi complex; secretory vesicle . E) None of the above . Ans: E Section: 1.4 34 . Extracellular material is taken into the cell via which process ? A) exocytosis B) p hagocytosis

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 8 C) l ysosome - mediated endocytosis D) r everse secretory mechanism E) p hago - cytosolic internalization Ans: B Section 1.4 35 . The rigid material that provides structural support to a plant cell is /are called the : A) p lant cytoskeleton . B) p lasma membrane . C) c ell wall . D) c hloroplast anchor proteins . E) m icrofilaments and microtubules . Ans: C Section: 1.4 36. In studying secreted proteins, you find that Substance X inhibits the secretion of a labeled protein. However, you do find a fully synthesized, folded , and glycosylated proteins in the cell . Where is the most likely site in the synthesis and secretion of proteins for Substance X to act? A) nucleus during translation B) budding of the secretory granule C) translation on the ribosome D) enzyme modification in the Golgi E) All of the above . Ans: B Section: 1.4 37. Below is the scheme known as the c entral d ogma. Each of the arrows (A, B, C) represents a particular process in gene expression. A, B , and C, respectively, are: A) replication, transcription, translation . B) reverse transcription, transcription, translation . C) transcription, translation, replication . D) replication translation, expression . E) N one of the above . Ans: A Section: 1.3

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 9 38. Match the loss of a particular o rganelle with the associated disease. A) H ypercholesterolemia – smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) D iabetes – endosome C) Tay - Sachs disease - lysosome D) Muscle degeneration – mitochondria E) Stroke – Golgi body Ans: C Section: 1.4 39. In a b iochemistry l ab c ourse, you are asked to design an experiment to identify a strain of bacteria . Your lab partner claims that she thinks the bacterium contains a rough endoplasmic reticulum. To verify her claim, which of the following experiments would you preform? A) d etermine whether the bacterium can synthesize ATP in the presence of fuel molecules and O 2 B) d etermine whether the bacterium can synthesize proteins C) d etermine whether the bacterium generates CO 2 in the presence of fuel molecules D) d etermine whether the bacterium has an internal membrane - enclosed compartment E) All of these experiments will work. Ans: D Section: 1.4 Short - Answer Questions 40 . What are the four key classes of biomolecules? Ans: Proteins, DNA/RNA, l ipids, c arbohydrates. These are the larger, monomer or biopolymer molecules , which perform many functions to maintain cellular life. Each has a different biochemical make - up. Section: 1.2 41 . How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells? Ans: The simplest answer is defined by the existence of organelle s . Eukaryotic cells contain organelles including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not have such compartments. Section: 1.4

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 10 42 . Describe the central dogma and why i t i s important for cell life . Ans: T his is the phrase coined by Franc is Crick and is the overview of how a cell uses the information from DNA to produce RNA, protein, and more DNA . Much of the fate of a cell (metabolism, survival, growth, movement , and cell differentiation) is based on the control of the central dogma. Which genes are transcribed and translated define s the function of a cell. Section: 1.3 43 . Define an organelle. Ans: An organelle is an intracellular compartment, often , but not always , enclosed by a membrane. Examples include the nucleus, mitochondria , and chloroplasts. However, the cytoplasm is defined as that area surrounded by the plasma membrane, excluding the organelles. Section: 1.4 4 4 . What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ? Ans: The endoplasmic reticulum is series of membrane tubes or sacs. When studded with ribosome s , the endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough ER and is involved with the processing of nascent protein. Smooth ER is involved in maturing proteins and carbohydrates , and is responsible for xenophobic metabolism of foreign compounds. Section: 1.4 4 5 . Of the biochemical macromolecules, which class is chiefly responsible for catalysis of cellular processes? Ans: Proteins. Section: 1.2 4 6 . DNA and RNA are composed of what basic biochemical compounds? Ans: Both RNA and DNA are nucleotides. Central to nucleotides is a carbohydrate molecule called a ribose or deoxyribose . Bonded to the ribose is one of several aromatic nitrogen - containing organic compounds , which are generically called “bases . ” One or more phosphate groups are also bonded to the ribose or deoxyribose . Section: 1.2

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    Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 11 4 7 . What are the important functions of carbohydrates? Ans: Structural, energy storage, modify proteins, cell – cell recognition . . Section: 1.2 4 8 . What is significant about the DNA process of replication ? Ans: It provides a mechanism for copying the DNA from one generation to the next. Section: 1.4 4 9 . Which property of lipids drives the formation of membranes? Ans: T he dual chemical nature of lipids allows them to self - organize into membranes . Section: 1. 2 50 . What data might Monod cite to justify the phrase “Anything found to be true of E . coli must also be true of elephants ”? Ans: He would most likely describe similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The first is a barrier , a membrane, that separates the cell form its environment such that independent of cell type, the interior of the cell is chemically different that the external environment. The membrane is more than a barrier ; it is selectively permeable and directs the flow of molecules into and out of the cell. The second is the structure of the molecule that carries information regarding cell activities as the cell undergoes duplication each generation. Nucleic acids are the information storage molecule for living systems.

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    Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the G eneration of Order Out of Chaos Matching Questions Use the following to answer questions 1 – 10: Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. a) ionic bonds or salt bridges b) Brownian motion c) hydrophobic d) hydrogen e) polar f) nonpolar g) van der Waals h) entropy i) ion product of water j) amphipathic k) positive l) dielectric constant m) negative 1. ____________ : T he t ype of bond found between an oxygen o n one water molecule and hydrogen on a different water molecule. Ans: d Section: 2.2 2. Movement of particles due to the random fluctuations of energy content of the environment is known as ____________ . Ans: b Section: 2.1 3. Electrostatic interactions between atoms with opposite electrical charges are also called ____________ . Ans: a Section: 2.3 4. Water weaken s the electrostatic interaction of ions due to its high ____________. Ans: l Section: 2.3 5. The distance when two atoms no longer repulse each other yet have the strongest attraction is known as the____________ contact distance. Ans: g Section: 2.3

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    Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos 2 6. ____________ : Thermodynamic force that drives hydrophobic interactions . Ans: h Section: 2.4 7. ____________ : A molecule with two distinctive chemical properties or characteristics. Ans: j Section: 2.4 8. Which type of amino acid is responsible for increasing entropy as a protein folds ? Ans: f Section: 2.4 9. ____________ : The charge on acetic acid when the pH is more than one pH unit above the p K a . Ans: m Section: 2.5 10. ____________ : The charge of an amino group when the pH is one pH unit below the p K a . Ans: k Section: 2.5 Fill - in - the - Blank Questions 11. Molecules that are readily soluble in water are considered . Ans: polar Section 2.2 12. The force that is quantified by Coulomb’s law is called . Ans: ionic or electrostatic interaction Section 2.3 13. A solvent with a low dielectric constant would be a solvent for salts. Ans: poor Section 2.3 14. The transient force , which while weak, still has a large impact on how macromolecules interact is the . Ans: van der Waals interaction Section 2.3 15. Hydrophobic molecules are driven together by , not because the y have an affinity for each other. Ans: entropy Section 2.4 16. Lipid s that interact with both the water and the hydrophobic regions of the membrane are considered . Ans: amphipathic Section 2.4 17. An acid ionizes to form a proton and its . Ans: base or conjugate base Section 2.5

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    Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos 3 18. When the pH is more than two pH units above the p K a of a carboxyl group, the acid i s . Ans: unprotonated Section 2.5 19. Buffers are critical in maintaining proper levels in biological systems. Ans: pH Section 2.5 20. The sourc e of the key buffering component of blood is . Ans: carbon dioxide Section 2.5 Multiple - Choice Questions 21. What is the H + concentration in a urine sample that has a pH of 6? A) 10 − 6 M B) 10 − 8 M C) 10 6 M D) 10 − 14 M E) 8 M Ans : A Section: 2.5 22. Which of the following is considered a noncovalent bond? A) electrostatic interactions B) hydrogen bonds C) van der Waals interactions D) All of the above . E) None of the above. Ans: D Section: 2.3 23. What charged group(s) is/ are present in glycine at a pH of 7? A) – NH 3 + B) – COO − C) – NH 2 + D) A and B E) A, B, and C Ans: D Section: 2.5 24. Water can form hydrogen bonds with the ___________ of another molecule . A) carbonyl groups B) amine groups C) aromatic rings D) alcohol groups E) A, B , and D Ans: E Section s : 2.3 & 2.4

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    Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos 4 25 . What pairs of atoms in nucleotide bases are involved in hydrogen bonds? A) N – H and C═O B) N – H and S – H C) O – H and P – O D) All of the above. E) None of the above. Ans: A Section: 2.3 26 . Typical van der Waals energ ies are about : A) 4 – 20 kJ/mol . B) 2 – 4 kJ/mol . C) 200 kJ/ mol. D) All of the above. E) None of the above. Ans: B Section: 12.3 27 . What two properties of water are important for biological interactions? A) the polarity of water B) the density of water C) the cohesive properties of water D) A and C E) B and C Ans: D Section: 2.2 28 . List atoms commonly found in biological molecules that are often hydrogen - bond acceptors. A) carbon B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) B and C E) All of the above. Ans: D Section: 2 .3 2 9 . What happens to nonpolar molecules in water? A) They dissolve independently. B) They aggregate together. C) They precipitate. D) All of the above. E) None of the above. Ans: B Section: 2 .3 3 0 . What is the [A − ]/[HA] ratio when the weak acid is in a solution one pH unit above its p K a ? A) 1:1 B) 1:10 C) 10:1 D) 2: 1 E) None of the above. Ans: C Section 2 .3

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