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Criminal Justice Policy 1st Edition Test Bank

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource Chapter 1: Test Bank Questions True/False Questions 1. Policies are always implemented according to the original intent of the authors. a. True *b. False 2. Policy implementation is very contentious, and can undergo various challenges. *a. True b. False 3. An outcome evaluation involves looking at the progression of the policy development experience to see if the methods need improvement, and if implementation issues should be addressed. @ Page 2; A process evaluation is conducted to assess the methods, and address any other implementation issues a. True *b. False 4. According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR), crime has increased in the United States over the last two decades. @ Page 2; According to the UCR, as of 2011, the violent crime rate had decreased 49% since 1992. a. True *b. False 5. The largest crime bill ever passed by Congress was the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. *a. True b. False 6. Incarceration trends indicate that minorities and whites are equally represented in the jail and prison system @ Page 5; False. African American and Hispanic males and females are incarcerated at higher rates then white males and females a. True *b. False 7. Victims of crime influence criminal justice policies. *a. True b. False 8. The plea bargain is an essential tool under the crime control model. *a. True b. False

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 9. For men, the fear of crime is often related to feelings of vulnerability. a. True *b. False 10. Female victims are usually targeted and maltreated by complete strangers. a. True *b. False Multiple Choice Questions 11. What is the order of the policy development process? a. Policy demands, policy identification, agenda formation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation *b. Problem identification, policy demands, agenda formation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation c. Problem identification, agenda formation, policy demands, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation d. Agenda formation, policy demands, problem identification, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation 12. What stage of the policy development process is considered to be the most politicized? a. Policy Implementation b. Policy Adoption c. Policy Evaluation *d. Agenda formation 13. What type of evaluation is responsible for looking at the changes that occurred as a result of the implementation of the policy? a. Policy Evaluation *b. Outcome Evaluation c. Process Evaluation d. Needs Assessment Evaluation 14. What is the most important stage in the policy development process? @ Page 2; Evaluation is important because it identifies whether the policy produced a change, if it did not produce a change; an evaluation can help identify why the change did not occur a. Implementation b. Adoption c. Agenda Formation *d. Evaluation 15. The incarcerated population is composed of a majority of what type of offenders? *a. Drug offenders

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource b. Sex offenders c. Violent offenders d. White - collar offenders 16. Who can sponsor a bill? @ Page 5; Members of Congress are the only ones that can introduce a bill, though the idea of the bill could have originated within the constituency or interest groups. *a. Members of Congress b. The President c. The media d. Interest Groups 17. What Direct Democracy tool bypasses the traditional structures of lawmaking? a. Recall b. Referendum *c. Initiative d. All of the above 18. What act highlighted the fiscal concerns of maintaining the death penalty? @ Page 6; This California Initiative failed, having secured only 48% of votes *a. The Savings, Accountability, and Full Enforcement Act b. The Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 c. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 d. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 19. Liberals focus on: *a. constitutional rights. b. rational choice process. c. retributive values. d. traditional values. 20. Conservatives focus on: a. the importance of due process. b. individual freedoms. c. constitutional rights. *d. traditional values. 21. Candidates that are seeking public support for their campaigns usually take what stance in regards to criminal justice polices? a. “Soft on Crime” *b. “Tough on Crime” c. A combination of both d. None of the above 22. The crime control model aligns with which philosophical perspective? a. Liberal

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource *b. Conservative c. Moderate d. Radical 23. According to Herbert Packer, under the crime control and due process model, justice resembles what? *a. An assembly line & an obstacle course b. An obstacle course & an assembly line c. An Olympic race & an assembly line d. None of the above 24. The due process model coincides with which philosophical view? *a. Liberal b. Radical c. Moderate d. Conservative 25. The media portrays which type of crime the most often? a. Property crime b. White - collar crime *c. Violent crime d. Drug crimes Multiple Response Questions 26. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Governments and organizations, such as interest groups, utilize policies to: *a. Facilitate and regulate action. *b. Guide the decision making - process. *c. Provide direction as the policy is implemented. d. None of the above 27. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. In order to implement a policy, issues have to be identified. According to the authors, who can identify policy issues? *a. The citizens *b. The media *c. Politicians *d. Advocacy groups 28. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Who signs bills into law? *a. The President of the United States *b. Governors c. Congressmen d. A Supreme Court Justice

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 29. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Which Criminal Justice policies were enacted via the initiative, and later amended via another initiative? @ Page 6; The Three Strikes Law was enacted as Proposition 184 in 1994, but later amended via Proposition 36 in 2012 a. Proposition 83, Jessica’s Law *b. Proposition 184, Three Strikes Law c. Proposition 35, Sentencing for Human Traffickers d. Proposition 9, Marsy’s Law 30. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was reauthorized in what years? a. 1998 *b. 2000 c. 2003 *d. 2005 31. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. In 2013, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was extended to include what groups of people? *a. LGBT victims *b. Native American victims *c. Immigrant victims d. Male victims 32. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The fear of crime stems from the victimization of whom? a. Personal victimization *b. Victimization of peers and family *c. The general community d. None of the above Short Answer Questions 33. Implementation is all about spending. Name some of the ways in which the funds can be allocated for criminal justice policy. *a. Hiring more police officers, increasing police presence in various regions, and allocating funds to supervise offenders in the community. However, this answer can also include funds for rehabilitation programs. 34. What are some of the factors that affect the implementation of a policy? *a. The language of the policy; if it is too vague, it will affect implementation, and funding; if funds are low, the chances of policy implementation decrease. 35. Why are minorities disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system? *a. Criminal justice policies have further increased these trends because of the use of mandatory minimum sentencing for drugs.

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 36. How does the initiative allow citizens to bypass the legislature when making laws? *a. If citizens are able to acquire the required signatures, then their proposition gets placed on the ballot, and is voted on by the people at the next election. This process allows individuals to circumvent the system by not relying on congressmen to introduce, and vote on the legislation. 37. What does the rational choice process imply? *a. This process implies that the actions of criminals are determined by their cognitive decisions to participate in criminal activity. 38. What did the United States Supreme Court rule in the 2012 Arizona v. United States court case? *a. The investigation of immigration status in cases of lawful stops, detention and arrest is permissible.

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource Chapter 2: Test Bank Questions True/False Questions 1. The National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ), later renamed the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), is the research center of the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA). *a. True b. False 2. Prior to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), national agencies conducting criminal justice research did not exist. *a. True b. False 3. Federal grant funds devoted to criminal justice research have decreased since the University of Maryland Report was released in 1997. a. True *b. False 4. Crime is disproportionately committed by young people, specifically adolescents and young adults. *a. True b. False 5. Females commit more crime and delinquency than males. @ Page 20; Approximately 70% of crimes committed by juveniles are male, and 30% are female a. True *b. False 6. Adolescent - limited offenders tend to have the most risk factors. @ Page 20; Life - course persistent offenders have the most risk factors. a. True *b. False 7. Life - course - persistent offenders tend to have multiple biological risk factors. *a. True b. False 8. Crime is not concentrated in families. @ Page 21; a small percentage of families account for a large proportion of offenders a. True *b. False

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 9. According to researchers, there is a relationship between having a large number of siblings and delinquency. *a. True b. False 10. The main social risk factor for juveniles is having delinquent friends. *a. True b. False 11. Neighborhoods with low levels of collective efficacy have low crime rates. @ Page 23; Communities with high levels of collective efficacy have low crimes rates. a. True *b. False 12. Universal programs are not cost effective, and difficult to administer. @ Page 25; these programs are cost effective, and easy to administer. a. True *b. False 13. Risk profiles incorporate both risk and protective factors. *a. True b. False Multiple Choice Questions 14. Who does the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) award federal grants and contracts to? a. Universities b. Public agencies c. Private Institutions *d. All of the above 15. What criminal justice research agency was the first agency established by the Crime Control Act of 1973? a. The Office of Justice Programs (OJP) *b. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) c. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) d. The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) 16. What is the name the review that evaluated over 500 crime prevention programs? a. University of Colorado, Boulder Report b. The University of Michigan Report c. The Harvard Report *d. The University of Maryland Report

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 17. What are some of the institutional settings that were examined in the University of Maryland Report? a. Schools b. Police agencies c. Families *d. All of the above 18. How many institutional settings were measured in the University of Maryland report? a. 10 b. 3 *c. 7 d. 15 19. Which one of the following program classifications was not used when evaluating the programs in the University of Maryland report? a. What Doesn’t Work b. What Works *c. What’s Next d. What’s Promising 20. Career criminals are: *a. A small percentage of individuals that commit a large proportion of crimes. b. A large percentage of individuals that commit a small proportion of crimes. c. A small percentage of individuals that commit a small proportion of crimes. d. A large percentage of individuals that commit a large proportion of crimes. 21. Individuals who commit a little crime over a short period are classified as: a. Career criminals *b. Adolescent - limited offenders c. Life - course - persistent offenders d. Adolescent - moderate offenders 22. What types of crimes are more likely to be committed by females? a. Violent crimes b. Hate crimes *c. Larceny/Theft crimes d. White collar crimes 23. What are some of the risk factors identified by the authors? a. Family risk factors b. Biological and psychological risk factors c. Social risk factors d. Environmental risk factors *e. All of the above 24. Which of the following is not a biological individual risk factor?

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource a. Low intelligence b. Lack of empathy c. Irritability *d. Amiability 25. Which one of the following is considered to be a poor child rearing method? a. Parents who have warm and caring relationships with their children b. Parents are involved in their children’s lives c. Parents use fair methods of discipline *d. Parents who do not supervise their children 26. According to researchers, which parenting style is considered the best? a. Authoritarian b. Permissive *c. Authoritative d. Hands - off 27. Which of the following is not a characteristic that could be thought of as a protective factor? a. Schools that have rules and enforce them b. Schools that offer praise and achievement *c. Schools that do not have adequate resources d. Schools that have high expectations for students 28. Which prevention/intervention program is considered to be the most expensive to administer? a. Selective *b. Indicated c. Universal d. General 29. Which of the following is not a dimension of fidelity? a. Target population b. Provider training c. Setting *d. Evaluation 30. Which of the following programs increased the unwanted behavior? *a. Scared Straight b. Big Brothers, Big Sisters of America c. Social Skills Training d. Familias Unidas Multiple Response Questions

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 31. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (OCCSSA) of 1968 established what agencies? *a. The Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA) b. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) *c. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) d. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 32. Individuals who offend at a higher rate, and for a long period of time are classified as: a. Adolescent - moderate offenders. *b. Life - course persistent offenders. c. Adolescent - limited offenders. d. Life - course temporary offenders. 33. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are identified as major risk factors for delinquency? a. Small family size *b. Antisocial parents c. Low conflict homes *d. Poor child rearing methods 34. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. What are the levels of prevention and intervention as stated by the authors? *a. Indicated *b. Universal c. General *d. Selective Short Answer Questions 35. Explain the purpose, and the importance of the 1997 University of Maryland Report. *a. In 1996, Congress mandated the evaluation of federally funded crime prevention programs. Due to the mandate, the University of Maryland, commissioned by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), set out to do a summative study. Their study/report was an independent review of the 500+ studies of crime prevention programs. Though this report was the first of its kind, the findings claimed that the program evaluations that were examined were not particularly strong, and they were lacking generalizability. Overall, the report further highlighted the importance of criminal justice research, and the need for more rigorous scientific methods. 36. According to the authors, what is concentrated advantage? *a. Concentrated advantage is used to describe ethnic minority communities that have high rates of poverty, unemployment, and family disruption. Neighborhoods such as these also have high crime rates, and a prevalent presence of residents that have already been through the criminal justice system (e.g. parolees). 37. Who do universal prevention programs target?

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource *a. These programs target entire populations without identifying the individuals that are at a higher risk. 38. Explain what program fidelity is, and its importance. *a. Fidelity means implementing the program the way the researchers had originally indented. If there is no fidelity, then there is a possibly that the program might not work. 39. Identify the main problem that criminal justice prevention and intervention programs are facing today, and name one good thing that has come out of the economic recession of 2008. *a. The main problem is funding. However, the recession has allowed practitioners to seek more cost - effective, evidence - based practices to replace the existing programs. Generally speaking, the existing programs were costly, and as studies have shown ineffective.

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource Chapter 3: Test Bank Questions True/False Questions 1. Without someone to implement it, policy is nothing more than words on a page. *a. True b. False 2. Specialization requires specific education, training, and experience requirements. *a. True b. False 3. The characteristics of police culture (e.g. loyalty) can lead to cases of misconduct, and citizen abuse. *a. True b. False 4. Inadequate resources can hinder the ability of bureaucrats to effectively and efficiently implement policies. *a. True b. False 5. Public accountability is an important characteristic of policy implementation at the street - level. *a. True b. False 6. A representative democracy allows the citizens the ability to elect representatives and bureaucrats. @ Page 41; False; street - level bureaucrats are hired by the state a. True *b. False 7. Bureaucratic discretion involves using one’s own judgments, opinions, or reasoning to make decisions. *a. True b. False 8. Bureaucratic discretion is a complex, and contentious phenomenon. *a. True b. False 9. Discretion allows bureaucrats the freedom to take action to carry out their duties and obligations. *a. True b. False

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource 10. Individuals who engage in sabotage undermine criminal justice policy objectives. *a. True b. False Multiple Choice Questions 11. According to the author, the “law - on - the - books” versus “law - in - action” phenomenon highlights the issues of what stage of the policy development process? a. Policy Adoption b. Policy Evaluation *c. Policy Implementation d. Policy Demands 12. What sociologist is responsible for the study of modern organizations? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx *c. Max Weber d. Michel Foucault 13. Max Weber’s work on the bureaucracy took place in what era? *a. The Industrial Revolution b. The Age of Exploration c. Great Depression d. Reconstruction Era 14. Which of the following is not an important component of modern organizational structures? a. Specialization b. Division of Labor c. Hierarchy *d. Informal Rules 15. According to the author, what characteristics are important for the maintenance of professionalism and discipline? a. Specialization b. Formal rules c. Hierarchy d. Division of labor *e. All of the above 16. Organizations that are characterized by rigid hierarchies and an authoritarian command structure are referred to as: a. Quasi - judicial organizations. b. Quasi - official organizations. *c. Quasi - military organizations.

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    Mallicoat, Criminal Justice Policy Instructor Resource d. Quasi - governmental organizations. 17. Who is responsible for the phrase: “street - level bureaucrat?” @ Page 39; Michael Lipsky coined the phrase in 1980 a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim *c. Michael Lipsky d. Karl Marx 18. Which of the following is not a factor that shapes the way street - level bureaucrats implement policy? *a. Adequate resources b. Demands for services c. Vague work goals d. Clients who do not want to be involved 19. Grimshaw and Jefferson’s (1987) “occupational common sense” is also referred to as: a. Street - level idealism *b. Street - level realism c. Street - level pragmatism d. None of the above 20. According to the author, discretion is based on which of the following? a. Experience b. Moral judgments c. Training *d. All of the above 21. What narrative posits that bureaucrats make judgments about a citizens identities, and motives? *a. Citizen - agent narrative b. State - agent narrative c. State - citizen narrative d. None of the above 22. Which of the following treatments and/or responses is given to individuals who are deemed unworthy? a. The “good treatment” *b. The “by - the - book” response c. The “extraordinary treatment” d. The “practical treatment” 23. Which of the following treatments is used when street - level bureaucrats must gain the compliance and/or cooperation of citizens? a. The “by - the - book” response b. The “extraordinary treatment”

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