Developmental Psychology - Psychosocial Development Age 2–6 | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideDevelopmental Psychology–PsychosocialDevelopment: Age 2–61. Family Relationships: Ages 2–6Family plays ahuge rolein a preschooler’s growth. The way children develop physically, mentally,and socially is influenced by many factors in the family—parenting styles, discipline, siblings,finances, health, and overall family circumstances. Let’s break down the main influences.1.1 ParentingParents use different approaches to guide and raise their children. These approaches, orparentingstyles, are shaped by culture, community, the situation, and the child’s behavior. Parenting styles areoften described by two main dimensions:1.Parental control–How strict or restrictive parents are2.Parental warmth–How loving, supportive, and affectionate parents areFour common parenting styles:•Authoritarian:High control, low warmth → may produce fearful or dependent children•Permissive:High warmth, low control → may produce rebellious children•Indifferent (or neglectful):Low warmth, low control → may produce hostile or delinquentchildren•Authoritative:Balanced control and warmth → promotes communication, problem-solving,and healthy developmentIn families with two parents, different styles can sometimesbalance each other out. For example, apermissive mother may balance an authoritarian father’s strictness.Negotiating with childrenis also important. When parents discuss rules and decisions with theirchildren, it teaches them aboutfairness, cooperation, and shared responsibility. But parentsshould still maintain authority when needed—too much negotiation can create power struggles.

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Study Guide1.2 SiblingsSiblings are often a child’sfirst peers. Preschoolers learn social skills, cooperation, and conflictresolution by interacting with brothers and sisters. Sibling relationships can be both equal andunequal at the same time, providing unique lessons in human interaction.Only childrenare not at a disadvantage. Research shows that children without siblings often performas well as, or better than, children with siblings in terms ofpersonality, intelligence, andachievement. One reason is that only children often receivemore focused attentionfrom theirparents.1.3 Family Circumstances and Social ClassFamily circumstances, includingincome, household stability, and access to resources, stronglyaffect a child’s development. Children usually do better infinancially stable, intact families, but notall families have these resources. Some families may struggle to afford quality daycare or healthcare,which can havelong-term emotional effectson children.Sociologist Melvin Kohn studied how social class affects parenting. He found:•Working-class parentsoften focus onobedience and following rules•Middle-class parentsoften emphasizeself-expression, curiosity, and motivationThis shows thatsocial class shapes not only a child’s experiences but also their attitudes,behavior, and psychosocial development.SummaryFor preschoolers,family is everything. Parenting style, siblings, family finances, and social class allinfluence how children learn, behave, and interact with others. Warm, supportive parenting combinedwith healthy family relationships helps children build confidence, social skills, and emotional resiliencethat lasts a lifetime.

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Study Guide2. Friends and Playmates: Ages 2–62.1 Early Relationships MatterThe way children form friendships is often influenced by their family relationships. Kids who haveloving, stable, and accepting relationshipswith their parents and siblings usually find it easier tobuild positive relationships with friends and playmates.2.2 First FriendshipsChildren usually form theirfirst true friendships around age 3, though they may play alongsideother children even earlier. Just like adults, preschoolers tend to choose friends who:•Share similarinterests•Arefriendly and supportive•Are similar insize or appearance2.3 What Friends TeachFriendships are more than just fun—they’re alsolearning experiences. Playing with friends helpschildren:•Handle angerand frustrations•Share and cooperate•Learn valueslike fairness and kindness•Practice more mature behaviors2.4 Popular vs. Less Popular ChildrenSome children are naturallypopular with their peers. These kids know how tobe a good friend, notjust how to have friends. They share, cooperate, and handle conflicts well.

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