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Developmental Psychology - Psychosocial Development Age 7–11

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Study GuideDevelopmental Psychology–PsychosocialDevelopment: Age 7–111.Family Relationships: Ages 7–11Even though school-age children spend more time away from home than when they were younger,theirfamily relationships remain very important. Families typically include parents, siblings,grandparents, and other extended family members.1.1 Sharing Power and Decision-MakingMiddle childhood is atransitional stage. Children begin to take on more responsibility and parentsstartsharing powerwith them.•Example of shared power:Parents letting childrennegotiate their allowance.•Example of limits:Parents decidingwhich friends their children can or cannot play with.Even though children are gaining more freedom, parents still need toset rules and boundaries,because children don’t yet have the experience to make all adult decisions safely.1.2 Increasing ResponsibilityDuring these years, children are givenmore responsibilities:•They may be allowed to gounsupervised to a movie or park.•They may help withhousehold chores, like cleaning up or watching younger siblings.Most children enjoy thesemore grown-up rolesand appreciate their parents trusting them withresponsibility.

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Study Guide1.3 Discipline and GuidanceDiscipline is still important in middle childhood. The goal is toteach values, morals, self-control,and integrityrather than just punish children.•Research showspositive reinforcement—rewarding good behavior—is usually moreeffective than punishment.•Discipline helps childrenlearn how to make better choicesand develop responsibility.1.4 Time Together and Working ParentsMany modern families needtwo incomes, which means parents may spend less time at home. Thiscan lead to children feeling likelatchkey kids, who are alone after school while parents work.Children may feel:•Confused about why parents aren’t home•Resentful if they don’t get attention after schoolCommunication is key:•Parents shouldtalk honestlywith their children about why they work.•Parents should emphasize thatquality time matters more than quantity.•Families should make sure thetime spent together is meaningfuland engaging.SummaryDuring middle childhood, family relationships:•Remain the most important connections in a child’s life•Evolve as children gain responsibility and parents share some decision-making•Are strengthened by positive reinforcement, guidance, and open communication•Benefit when parents balance work and family time, focusing onquality interactionsMiddle childhood is a time forgrowing independencewhile still relying on family for love, support,and guidance.

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Study Guide2. Friendships: Ages 7–11Friendships become very important duringmiddle childhood, especially with kids of the samegender. Friends play many roles: they are classmates, playmates, adventurers, and people childrencanconfide in. Friends also help childrenbuild self-esteemand feel competent in social situations.2.1 The Growing Importance of FriendsAs children get older,peer relationships become more centralin their lives.•Kids enjoygroup activities, like skating, riding bikes, playing house, or building forts.•Peer groups help children learncooperation, teamwork, and social rules.At the same time, friendships may bringconcerns about popularity and fitting in. Children maystart to worry about what others think and may feel pressure to conform.2.2 How Friendships FormFriendships in middle childhood are usually based onsimilarities, such as:•Interests and hobbies•Values or attitudes•Age and genderChildren may also become aware ofracial, cultural, or other differences, which can influencefriendships.2.3 Prejudice and Social Learning•Sometimes, childrenreject peers who are different, which can lead toprejudice—negativeattitudes toward other groups.•Friends and peer groups canreinforce stereotypes, but most children becomeless rigidover time and learn to accept others from different backgrounds.

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Study GuideSummaryBetween ages 7 and 11:•Friends are important forfun, support, and learning social skills•Group activities help childrendevelop cooperation and teamwork•Friendships often form based onsimilarities, but awareness of differences may affectinteractions•Children may experienceprejudice, but their attitudes usuallybecome more flexibleas theygrowFriendships in middle childhood help childrenpractice social skills, build confidence, andunderstand others, making them a crucial part of growing up.3. Peer Pressure: Ages 7–11Peer pressureis when friends or classmates influence a child to think or act in certain ways. Duringmiddle childhood, peer pressure can sometimes benegative, leading children to make choices theymight not otherwise make.3.1 Who Is Most AffectedChildren who aremost susceptibleto peer pressure often havelow self-esteem. They may adoptthe group’s behaviors or opinions in an attempt tofit in or feel valued.3.2 Examples of Negative Peer PressureWhen children cannot resist peer influence, especially inuncertain or ambiguous situations, theymay:•Startsmoking or drinking•Stealorlie•Make other risky or harmful choicesResisting peer pressure is not always easy. In some cases, children who stand up for themselves maybe seen asless popular.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
Developmental Psychology
Subject
Psychology

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