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U.S. History I - American Society and Culture 1815–1860

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Study GuideU.S. History I–American Society and Culture 1815–18601. Impulse for ReformDuring the first half of the 1800s, politicians largelyignored social problemslike alcoholism, slavery,education, and women’s rights. Reformers—both individuals and organizations—worked to addressthese issues.1.1The Temperance MovementBy the early 1800s, Americans were drinkingmore than five gallons of hard liquor per person peryear. High alcohol consumption caused:•Poverty, as workers spent wages on alcohol instead of food or rent•Workplace absenteeism•Abuse of wives and childrenKey developments:•1826:American Temperance Society formed to persuade people to abstain from alcohol.•The movement later pushed for laws to limit alcohol sales.•By the 1840s, national consumptiondropped by half.•Reformers continued advocating for total prohibition, leading to the18th Amendment in1919.1.2Improving Public EducationThe1830ssaw a growing demand for free public education:•Voting rights expanded, making an educated electorate more important.•Factory workers wanted better opportunities for their children.•Schools previously taught only the “three Rs” (reading, writing, arithmetic) inmixed-ageclassrooms.

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Study GuideMassachusetts led reform:•1827:Law established high schools and curricula based on community size.•1837:Horace Mann became Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. Heimplemented:oState funding for schoolsoNew high schoolsoCompulsory attendance lawsoTeacher training and structured curriculaoAge-and skill-based gradingOther advances:•Lyceums(public lecture organizations) promoted education and culture.•More women became teachers; first girls’ high school opened in1821.•Coeducation began atOberlin College (1833); Mount Holyoke opened as a women’s collegein1837.•Northern states benefited more than the South; African Americans had limited access toquality education.1.3The Abolitionist MovementSlavery was ahighly controversial issue:•1836: Congress passed agag rule, banning discussion of slavery petitions.•Many Americans opposed slavery but were divided:oSome were unwilling to actoOthers opposed expansion but accepted slavery where it existed•American Colonization Society (1822):Sent freed slaves toLiberia, but only 15,000emigrated in 40 years.Abolitionists:•William Lloyd Garrison: Published theLiberator(1831) and founded theAmerican Anti-Slavery Society (1833).

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Study Guide•Demanded:oImmediate end to slavery without compensationoEnd to domestic slave tradeoEquality of blacks and whitesMovement divisions:•Garrison opposed political action; moderates formed theLiberty Party, running James G.Birney in 1840.•Debate over women’s role in the movement caused splits.•Free blacks, includingFrederick Douglass, were vocal supporters and speakers.1.4Beginnings of the Women’s Rights MovementReform movements gave women opportunities in public life.•Dorothea Dix worked to improve care for the mentally ill.•1840:Women were excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London.•1848:Seneca Falls Convention(NY) led byElizabeth Cady StantonandLucretia Mott.oDrafted theDeclaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.oDemanded:•Legal equality•Equal employment opportunities•Right to vote•Changes in divorce lawsAchievements before the Civil War:•Married women gained someproperty rights•Voting rights came much later (1920, 19th Amendment)•Careers mostly limited to teaching and nursing
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
U.S. History I
Subject
Education

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