Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory, 10th Edition Solution Manual

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Lab Exercise 1: Latitude and Longitude1Scan to view thePre-Lab videoName:Laboratory Section:Date:Score/Grade:1LABEXERCISELatitude and LongitudeVideohttp://goo.gl/pQk8vCExercise 1Pre-Lab Video1.London, England, and Colombo, Sri Lanka (English Channel, Germany, Carpathian Mtns.)EnglishChannel,Netherlands,Germany,Carpathians,Romania,BlackSea,Turkey,ZagrosMountains., Iran, Arabian Sea, southern tip of India2.Vancouver, British Columbia, and Sydney, AustraliaVancouver Island, Pacific Ocean, Tropic of Cancer, Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Niihau), equator,International Date Line, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Tasman Sea3.Your hometown and Beijing, ChinaPersonal answer depends on your locationLab Exercise and ActivitiesGreat and Small CirclesSECTION 11.Parallels have often been used to demarcate political boundaries. The 49th parallel north forms a por-tion of the border between which two countries?The Canada–United States border from Manitoba/Minnesota area to the Pacific Coast.2.Parallels made famous by wars in the last century include the parallel dividing the two Koreas and theparallel that divided Vietnam until 1975. (The border was approximately 80 km [50 mi] north of the cityof Hue.) What are these two parallels?38th and 17thLatitude and ParallelsSECTION 2

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2Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory4.Using a globe and your atlas or other world map, locate three cities that are located at approximately the23rd parallel in the Northern Hemisphere; note their location in degrees (and minutes, if your map isdetailed enough to estimate minutes). Use the globe first, then refer to the atlas maps to better deter-mine specific latitudes. Be sure and list their country names as well.City and Country NameLongitude (degrees and minutes, if possible)a)Cabo San Lucas, Mexico109° 55’ Wb)Havana, Cuba82° 24’ Wc)Guangzhou, China113° 15’ E5.List the names and longitudes of three cities that are located at approximately your latitude.City and Country NameLongitudea)personal answersb)c)NorthPoleEquator90°30°0°23.5°N23.5°S66.5°N66.5°S90°SouthPole▲Figure 1.3Measuring latitudes on Earth

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3Lab Exercise 1: Latitude and LongitudeLongitude and MeridiansSECTION 31.On a political globe or world map follow the International Date Line across the Pacific Ocean. Why doyou think the International Date Line is not straight but zigs and zags?The International Date Line zigzags to avoid local confusion. If the Date Line passed through acountry, imagine the confusion of having the country split with each side experiencing a differentday! Political reasons exist as well. The island country of Kiribati moved the International DateLine to its eastern margin (150° west longitude) to be the first to experience each new day. Thesedistortions of the IDL only apply to the countries and their territorial waters and not to internationalwaters between them and the 180th meridian.2.Examine an atlas or a political globe and in the spaces marked a through h list the provinces and statesthrough which the 100th meridian in the Western Hemisphere passes—north to south. The first answeris provided for you in bracketed italics.a)b)Manitobac)North Dakotad)South Dakotae)Nebraskaf)Kansasg)Oklahomah)Texas3.Figure 1.5is a view of Earth from directly above the North Pole; the equator is the full circumferencearound the edge. A line has been drawn from the North Pole to the equator and labeled 0°, representingthe prime meridian. Earth’s prime meridian through Greenwich, England, was not generally agreed toby most nations until 1884. To the right of 0° on the diagram is theEastern Hemisphere, and to the leftof 0° is theWestern Hemisphere.a)Label both the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.b)Extend another line from the North Pole to the other side of Earth, opposite the prime meridian,and label it 180°. You now have marked the line that is the International Date Line, whichextends from North to South Poles on the opposite side of Earth from the prime meridian.[Nunavut, Canada]

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4Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratoryc)Using your protractor, measure, draw, and label the meridians that are 100° east and 60° west ofthe Greenwich meridian.d)Finally, locate, draw, and label the meridian that marks your present longitude.NorthPoleWesternhemisphereEasternhemisphere0°180°100°E60°W▲Figure 1.5Measuring longitudes on Earth

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Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and Time5Scan to view thePre-Lab videoName:Laboratory Section:Date:Score/Grade:2LABEXERCISEThe Geographic Gridand TimeVideohttp://goo.gl/lbWTVCExercise 2Pre-Lab VideoLab Exercise and ActivitiesEarth’s Geographic GridSECTION 1CityLatitude and Longitudea)Greenwich, London, England[51.5°N 0°]b)Rio de Janeiro, Brazilc)Sydney, Australiad)Your state’s/province’s capital citye)[Tokyo, Japan]35.7°N 139.7°Ef)8.8°S 13.2°Eg)21.3°N, 157.8°Wh)54.8°S, 68.3°W22.5°S 43.3°W33.8°S 151.2°ELuanda, AngolaHonolulu, HawaiiUshuaia, Argentina1.Locate and give the geographic coordinates for the following cities (to a tenth of a degree if your atlasmaps are detailed enough) or identify the cities from the given coordinates. The answers to a) and e) areprovided for you in bracketed italics. Once you have identified the cities and found the coordinates, plotthe coordinates in items 1 (a) through (h) above on the map grid in Figure 2.1, and label the city names.2.If you were halfway between the equator and the South Pole and one-quarter of the way around Earth tothe west of the prime meridian, what would be your latitude and longitude?45°S, 90°W3.You are at 10°N and 30°E; you move to a new location that is 25° south and 40° west of your presentlocation. What is your new latitudinal/longitudinal position?15°S, 10°W4.You are at 20°S and 165°E; you move to a new location that is 45° north and 50° east from your presentlocation. What is your new latitudinal/longitudinal position?25°N, 145°W

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6Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the LaboratoryThe antipode is the point on the opposite side of Earth from another point. You may have heard that ifyou dig straight down, you’ll eventually reach China. Setting aside the difficulties of digging through themolten iron outer core of Earth, you wouldn’t end up in China if you started digging from the United States.To find the antipode of a location, you’ll need to find both the latitude and longitude of the antipode. Tofind the antipodean latitude, convert the location’s latitude to the opposite hemisphere. If the latitude is50°N, it’s antipodean latitude is 50°S. With longitude, the antipode is always 180° away. To find the antipo-dean latitude, simply subtract the location’s latitude from 180° and change it to the other hemisphere. Tofind the antipodean longitude of 120°W, subtract 120° from 180°, and change it to the Eastern Hemisphereto find 60°E.5.What is the antipode of your current location?Personal answer, depending upon students’ locations6.If you wanted to dig through the center of the Earth and come up in Beijing, China, where should youstart digging?39°S 64°W180°160°E140°E120°E100°E80°E60°E40°E20°E0°20°WLondon, EnglandHonolulu, HawaiiSydney, AustraliaTokyo, JapanRio de Janeiro, BrazilLuanda, AngolaUshuaia, Argentina40°W60°W80°W100°W120°W140°W160°W90°N80°N70°N60°N50°N40°N30°N20°N10°N0°10°S20°S30°S40°S50°S60°S70°S80°S90°SEquatorTropic of CancerTropic of Capricorn▲Figure 2.1Plotting coordinates

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7Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and TimeLatitude and Longitude ValuesSECTION 21.From the table, you can see that latitude lines are evenly spaced, approximately 111 km (69 miles) apartat any latitude. Using these values as the linear distance separating each degree of latitude, the distancebetween any given pair of parallels can be calculated. (Note: Locations must be due north-south of eachother.) For example, Denver is approximately 40° north of the equator (arc distance). The linear dis-tance between Denver and the equator can be calculated as follows:40° N to 0°540°3111 km/1°54440 kmor40° N to 0°540°369 miles/1°52760 milesUsing these same values for a degree of latitude and an atlas for city location, calculate the linear dis-tance in kilometers and miles between the following sets of points (along a meridian):a)Mumbai, India, and the equatorb)Miami, Florida, and 10° south latitude26°3111 km/1°52886 km or, 26°369 mi/1°51794 mic)Edinburgh, Scotland, and 5° northd)Your location and the equator2.The table also shows that the linear distance separating each 1° of longitude decreases toward the poles.For example, at 30° latitude each degree of longitude is separated by slightly more than 96 km (nearly60 miles), and at 60° latitude, the linear distance is reduced to approximately half that at the equator.For each of the following latitudes, determine the linear distance in kilometers and in miles for 15° oflongitudinal arc (along a parallel): The first answer is provided for you in bracketed italics.19°3111 km/1°52109 kmor, 19°369 mi/1°51311 mi51°3111 km/1°55661 km or, 51°369 mi/1°53519 miPersonal answerkmmilesOne degreeOne minute of longitudeOne second of longitudeA tenth of a degreeOne hundredth of a degreePersonal answerskmmilesa)30° latitude:b)40° latitude:c)50° latitude:d)60° latitude:3.Again using Table 2.1, what is the linear distance in kilometers and miles along the parallel at your lati-tude from your location to the prime meridian?Personal answer4.What is the approximate linear distance of the following angular distances, at your present latitude?[15°396.49 km51447 km][15°359.96 mi5899 mi]15385.40 km51281 km15353.075796 mi1075.50 km (15371.70 km)668.25 mi (15344.55 mi)837 km (15355.8 km)520.05 mi (15334.67 mi)

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8Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory5.How large an area would you have to look through if your friend’s location were given as 0.00°, 36.00°E?1.23 km26.Write your friend’s location with sufficient precision so that you would only have to look in an area111 m by 111 m.0.000°, 36.000°E1.From the map of global time zones inFigure 2.2, determine the present time in the following cities:(For your time, use the starting time of the lab.)MoscowLos AngelesLondonHonoluluChicagoMumbai2.You may not always have a time zone map available, but by remembering the relationship of 1 hour forevery 15° of longitude, you can easily calculate the difference in time between places. Indicating andusing the standard meridians to determine time zones, solve the following problems. The first answer isprovided for you in bracketed italics. Show your work:a)If it is 3a.m.Wednesday in Vladivostok, Russia (132°E), what day and time is it in Moscow(37°E)? [The controlling meridian for Moscow is 105° away from Vladivostok’s controllingmeridian of 135°E(135° − 30°=105°difference).Since Earth rotates 15° per hour, Moscow is7 hours earlier than Vladivostok (105° difference / 15° rotation per hour=7 hours time differ-ence), therefore if it is 3a.m.Wednesday in Vladivostock, it is 8p.m.Tuesday in Moscow.]b)If it is 7:30p.m.Thursday in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (97°W), what day and time is it inHarare, Zimbabwe (31°E)?Calgary is at 114°W, it is closest to the 120°W standard meridian – Pacific Standard Time.However, Calgary uses Mountain Time based on the 105°W meridian, which would putHarare only 9 hours later than Calgary.c)If you depart from San Francisco International Airport at 10:00p.m.on Tuesday, what day andtime will you arrive in Auckland, New Zealand (175°E), assuming a flight time of 14 hours?8 a.m. Thursday3.If there is a difference of 15° of longitude for each hour of time, how much difference in time is there for1° of longitude? for 1rof longitude?4 minutes of time (1 hr or 60 min415)4 seconds of time (1951/60 of 1°; 4 seconds51/60 of 4 min)4.Which of the following standard (controlling) meridians is the standard meridian for your time zone?75°—Eastern; 90°—Central; 105°—Mountain; 120°—Pacific; 135°—Alaska; other.Personal answerHow many degrees of longitude separate you from this standard controlling meridian?Personal answerPersonal answersTime, Time Zones, and the International Date LineSECTION 3

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9Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and TimeCalculate the difference between standard and Sun time using the answer you determined in no. 3above. How many minutes ahead or behind your standard meridian are you?Personal answer5.Assume the time on your watch, showing local standard time, is 4:15p.m.A chronometer reads 2:15a.m.What is your longitude?150°W6.John Harrison’s chronometer (a clock giving Coordinated Universal Time) lost 5 seconds during the81-day voyage from England to Jamaica. Given that Earth rotates through 15° in 1 hour, how manydegrees of longitude would the ship be off, with an error of 5 seconds? How many kilometers and mileswould that be, assuming 111 km per degree of longitude?0.02 degrees, 2.3 km or 1.4 mi7.Does your community adopt daylight saving time? What are the dates for adjusting clocks in the springand fall?Personal answer8.What time does your physical geography lab starta)according to standard time?b)according to daylight saving time?c)in UTC?(24-hour clock time in Greenwich, England, e.g., 3:00p.m.=15:00 hours)Personal answers

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Name:Laboratory Section:Date:Score/Grade:Scan to view thePre-Lab video3LABEXERCISEDirections and CompassReadingsVideohttp://goo.gl/L5b275Exercise 3Pre-Lab VideoLab Exercise and ActivitiesCompass PointsSECTION 1NESWNWNNWWNWWWSWSWSSWSSESESNNENEENEEESENNESENWSWNNEENEESESSESSWWSWWNWNNW▲Figure 3.1Compass points1.Label 16 compass points onFigure 3.1, using color pencils on the compass rose to distinguish the cat-egories of division. (Include a legend for your color scheme.) In each division, the points are listedclockwise.10Lab Exercise 3: Directions and Compass Readings

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11Lab Exercise 3: Directions and Compass ReadingsBA0°360°90°145°78°270°310°180°200°230°45°▲Figure 3.2Azimuths3.Using Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2, and your protractor, answer the following questions.Which azimuth is found at the following compass points: NESW225W270ESE112.5NNW337.5Which compass point is found at the following azimuths: 135°[SE]247.5°WSW180°S315°NW225°SW[45°]1.Figure 3.2has a few azimuths drawn and labeled as examples. Using your protractor, determine theazimuth readings forAandB, and label the value for each on the diagram.2.Measure, draw, and label the following azimuths on the diagram: 230°, 78°, 145°.SECTION 2Azimuths

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12Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the LaboratoryCompass DeclinationSECTION 31.Using the isogonal map in Figure 3.3 and your atlas, in what city would you have to stand during 2020to get a compass reading with zero magnetic declination (where magnetic north aligns with true north,or an agonic line). Mark the city with a dot and a label on the map.2.Using your atlas, turn to the pages featuring the polar regions and find the latitude/longitude coordi-nates for the:a)Magnetic North Pole86.3°N 160.1°Wb)Magnetic South Pole64.3°S 136.6°E3.Use 111 km (69 mi) per degree of latitude to find the linear distance in kilometers and miles betweenthe latitude of the:a)Magnetic North Pole and true north410.7 km, 256.7 mib)Magnetic South Pole and true south2852.7 km, 1782.9 mi4.According to Figure 3.4, what is the magnetic declination between:a)True north and magnetic north (MN)?9.5°b)True north and grid north (GN)?1° 2495.Look for the declination arrow in the margin of the topographic map provided by your instructor. Whatis the magnetic declination between true north and magnetic north on the topographic map provided byyour instructor? What is the magnetic declination between true north and magnetic north shown forthis location in Figure 3.3? Any discrepancies you find relate to the migrating magnetic pole and thedates of the topo map and the isogonal map (2020). (Keep this topo map handy for the next section.)Personal answerUsing the local topographic map from the last section, complete the following. For questions 1-5students’ answers will vary depending upon the topographic map provided by the instructor.Compass BearingSECTION 4

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Lab Exercise 4: Map Projections, Map Reading, and Interpretation13Scan to view thePre-Lab videoName:Laboratory Section:Date:Score/Grade:4LABEXERCISEMap Projections,Map Reading, andInterpretationVideohttp://goo.gl/BppTYeExercise 4Pre-Lab VideoLab Exercise and ActivitiesThis step may be done by working in groups. Your instructor will direct you.1.Using a globe and tracing (or wax) paper—notebook paper works with an illuminated globe—trace out-lines of North America, South America, and Greenland. You can do this quickly; a rough outline show-ing size and shape is sufficient.Using a globe and your tracings, compare the relative sizes of North America, South America, andGreenland. Which is larger and by approximately how many times? Describe your observations.North America is larger than Greenland by eleven times, and South America is over eight timeslarger than Greenland. North America is roughly 25% larger than South America.2.Examples of two cylindrical projections are presented inFigure 4.2, theMercator projection(confor-mal, true-shape), andFigure 4.3, theLambert projection(equivalent, equal-area). These two map pro-jections—the Mercator and the Lambert—are simply being used to examinerelativesize and shape ineach portrayal of Earth.Trace around the outlines of the same continents and island as indicated above—North America,South America, and Greenland. You might want to mark and color code the tracings according to theirsource (Mercator or Lambert) for future reference. Use your tracings to answer the following questions.Keep in mind that these two sets of map outlines compared to the globe you used are not at the samescale: the distance measured along their respective equators will not be equal.a)Using the outlines from the Mercator and Lambert map projections on the next pages, make thesame comparisons among North America, South America, and Greenland. Which is relativelylarger and by approximately how many times? Again, describe your observations.Mercatorapproximately same size (Greenland would appear larger if all of Greenland wasshown on map)LambertSouth America; approximately 5 times largerCylindrical, Planar, and Conic ProjectionsSECTION 2

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Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory14b)Now compare the relative shapes of Greenland, North America, and South America from theglobe (shows true shape) with those from the Mercator and Lambert projections. Is there distor-tion in terms of shape? If so, briefly explain how they are distorted.Mercatorpoleward areas appear larger, but not greatly distortedLambertN -S “flattening ,” especially at poles; makes them appear flatter N -S wider E -W than on globe3.What happens to the circles in the Mercator projection (and, therefore, to the landmasses) as latitudeincreases? What causes this distortion of the circles away from the equator? (Hint:Compare parallelsand meridians with those on the globe.)Circles become larger at higher latitudes, so landmasses appear much larger than reality. Distancebetween parallels and meridians becomes greater toward poles (stretching).4.What happens to the circles in the Lambert projection (and, therefore, to the landmasses) as latitudeincreases? What causes this distortion of the circles away from the equator? (Once again, compare par-allels and meridians.)Circles become flatter and wider (ovals); cause N -S “shortening” and E -W “widening”in polarregions. Parallels get closer on projection and meridians become parallel.5.Cylindrical projections such as Mercator and Lambert would best be used in mapping what areas of theglobe? Why?Best for mapping equatorial areas (low latitudes); closest to line of tangency (equator) where thereis least distortion.6.Figure 4.5ashows Earth on aplanarprojection, in which the globe is projected onto a plane. This is agnomonic projectionand is generated by projecting a light source at the center of a globe onto a planethat is tangent to (touching) the globe’s surface. The resulting increasingly severe distortion as distanceincreases from the standard point prevents showing a full hemisphere on one projection.a)Where is the projection surface tangent to (touching) the globe? (See end flap of this lab manual.)Tangent at North Pole (at a point, not along a line)b)What kind of distortion, if any, occurs on a planar projection, and where?N -S stretching increases with distance from the North Polec)Can you show the entire Earth on a single gnomonic projection? If not, why not?No; cannot show anything south of equatord)Which areas of the globe would likely be mapped on a planar projection, and why?Used for high latitude/polar regions (Arctic/Antarctic); closest to point of tangency7.Use the two maps in Figure 4.5 to plot a great circle route between San Francisco (west coast of theUnited States, where you can see small details of San Francisco Bay) and London (southern England atthe 0° prime meridian). The straight line on the gnomonic projection will show the shortest routebetween the two cities. Transfer the coordinates of this route over to the Mercator map and connect witha line plot to show the route’s track. Note the route arching over southern Greenland on the Mercator.8.Assume you board a plane in San Francisco for a flight to London. Briefly describe your great-circleflight route between the two cities (plotted on the map in Figure 4.5b). What are some of the featuresover which you fly? Describe the landscape and water below.Northeastward crossing Hudson Bay; east across the southern tip of Greenland; southeastwardbetween Ireland and Scotland to London.

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Lab Exercise 4: Map Projections, Map Reading, and Interpretation15Coordinate System: North Pole GnomonicProjection: GnomonicDatum: WGS 1984False Easting: 0.0000False Northing: 0.0000Longitude Of Center: -60.0000Latitude Of Center: 90.0000Legend50m_coastline50m_lakes50m_lakesne_50m_admin_0_countries_ima20°0'0"W100°0'0"W30°0'0"W90°0'0"W40°0'0"W80°0'0"W60°0'0"W(a)(b)40°W20°W20°E0°60°W80°W100°W120°W140°W40°N30°N50°N60°N70°N80°N120°W100°W80°WSan FranciscoSan FranciscoLondonLondon60°W40°W20°W20°E0°30°N40°N50°N60°N70°N80°N▲Figure 4.5(a) Gnomonic/planar projection; (b) Mercator/cylindrical projection.Map ScaleSECTION 3Complete:1.Several companies manufacture large world globes for display in museums, corporate lobbies, and sci-ence exhibit halls. If such a globe featured adiameterof 4 m (13 ft), what is the scale of this globeexpressed as a representative fraction? (Show your work.) (Hint:Earth’s equatorial diameter=12,756 km[7926 miles].)1:3,189,000 (4m diameter of globe, 12,756 km Earth diameter; 12,756 km44 m53,189,000 m).

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