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Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory, 10th Edition Solution Manual

Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory, 10th Edition Solution Manual makes textbook problem-solving easy with a comprehensive guide that explains every step.

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    Lab Exercise 1: Latitude and Longitude 1 Scan to view the Pre-Lab video Name: Laboratory Section: Date: Score/Grade: 1 LAB EXERCISE Latitude and Longitude Video http://goo.gl/pQk8vC Exercise 1 Pre-Lab Video 1. London, England, and Colombo, Sri Lanka (English Channel, Germany, Carpathian Mtns.) English Channel, Netherlands, Germany, Carpathians, Romania, Black Sea, Turkey, Zagros Mountains., Iran, Arabian Sea, southern tip of India 2. Vancouver, British Columbia, and Sydney, Australia Vancouver Island, Pacific Ocean, Tropic of Cancer, Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Niihau), equator, International Date Line, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Tasman Sea 3. Your hometown and Beijing, China Personal answer depends on your location Lab Exercise and Activities Great and Small Circles SECTION 1 1. Parallels have often been used to demarcate political boundaries. The 49th parallel north forms a por- tion of the border between which two countries? The Canada–United States border from Manitoba/Minnesota area to the Pacific Coast. 2. Parallels made famous by wars in the last century include the parallel dividing the two Koreas and the parallel that divided Vietnam until 1975. (The border was approximately 80 km [50 mi] north of the city of Hue.) What are these two parallels? 38th and 17th Latitude and Parallels SECTION 2

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    2 Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory 4. Using a globe and your atlas or other world map, locate three cities that are located at approximately the 23rd parallel in the Northern Hemisphere; note their location in degrees (and minutes, if your map is detailed enough to estimate minutes). Use the globe first, then refer to the atlas maps to better deter- mine specific latitudes. Be sure and list their country names as well. City and Country Name Longitude (degrees and minutes, if possible) a) Cabo San Lucas, Mexico 109° 55’ W b) Havana, Cuba 82° 24’ W c) Guangzhou, China 113° 15’ E 5. List the names and longitudes of three cities that are located at approximately your latitude. City and Country Name Longitude a) personal answers b) c) North Pole Equator 90° 30° 0° 23.5°N 23.5°S 66.5°N 66.5°S 90° South Pole ▲ Figure 1.3 Measuring latitudes on Earth

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    3 Lab Exercise 1: Latitude and Longitude Longitude and Meridians SECTION 3 1. On a political globe or world map follow the International Date Line across the Pacific Ocean. Why do you think the International Date Line is not straight but zigs and zags? The International Date Line zigzags to avoid local confusion. If the Date Line passed through a country, imagine the confusion of having the country split with each side experiencing a different day! Political reasons exist as well. The island country of Kiribati moved the International Date Line to its eastern margin (150° west longitude) to be the first to experience each new day. These distortions of the IDL only apply to the countries and their territorial waters and not to international waters between them and the 180th meridian. 2. Examine an atlas or a political globe and in the spaces marked a through h list the provinces and states through which the 100th meridian in the Western Hemisphere passes—north to south. The first answer is provided for you in bracketed italics. a) b) Manitoba c) North Dakota d) South Dakota e) Nebraska f) Kansas g) Oklahoma h) Texas 3. Figure 1.5 is a view of Earth from directly above the North Pole; the equator is the full circumference around the edge. A line has been drawn from the North Pole to the equator and labeled 0°, representing the prime meridian. Earth’s prime meridian through Greenwich, England, was not generally agreed to by most nations until 1884. To the right of 0° on the diagram is the Eastern Hemisphere , and to the left of 0° is the Western Hemisphere . a) Label both the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. b) Extend another line from the North Pole to the other side of Earth, opposite the prime meridian, and label it 180°. You now have marked the line that is the International Date Line, which extends from North to South Poles on the opposite side of Earth from the prime meridian. [Nunavut, Canada]

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    4 Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory c) Using your protractor, measure, draw, and label the meridians that are 100° east and 60° west of the Greenwich meridian. d) Finally, locate, draw, and label the meridian that marks your present longitude. North Pole Western hemisphere Eastern hemisphere 0° 180° 100°E 60°W ▲ Figure 1.5 Measuring longitudes on Earth

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    Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and Time 5 Scan to view the Pre-Lab video Name: Laboratory Section: Date: Score/Grade: 2 LAB EXERCISE The Geographic Grid and Time Video http://goo.gl/lbWTVC Exercise 2 Pre-Lab Video Lab Exercise and Activities Earth’s Geographic Grid SECTION 1 City Latitude and Longitude a) Greenwich, London, England [ 51.5°N 0° ] b) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil c) Sydney, Australia d) Your state’s/province’s capital city e) [ Tokyo, Japan ] 35.7°N 139.7°E f) 8.8°S 13.2°E g) 21.3°N, 157.8°W h) 54.8°S, 68.3°W 22.5°S 43.3°W 33.8°S 151.2°E Luanda, Angola Honolulu, Hawaii Ushuaia, Argentina 1. Locate and give the geographic coordinates for the following cities (to a tenth of a degree if your atlas maps are detailed enough) or identify the cities from the given coordinates. The answers to a) and e) are provided for you in bracketed italics. Once you have identified the cities and found the coordinates, plot the coordinates in items 1 (a) through (h) above on the map grid in Figure 2.1, and label the city names. 2. If you were halfway between the equator and the South Pole and one-quarter of the way around Earth to the west of the prime meridian, what would be your latitude and longitude? 45°S, 90°W 3. You are at 10°N and 30°E; you move to a new location that is 25° south and 40° west of your present location. What is your new latitudinal/longitudinal position? 15°S, 10°W 4. You are at 20°S and 165°E; you move to a new location that is 45° north and 50° east from your present location. What is your new latitudinal/longitudinal position? 25°N, 145°W

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    6 Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory The antipode is the point on the opposite side of Earth from another point. You may have heard that if you dig straight down, you’ll eventually reach China. Setting aside the difficulties of digging through the molten iron outer core of Earth, you wouldn’t end up in China if you started digging from the United States. To find the antipode of a location, you’ll need to find both the latitude and longitude of the antipode. To find the antipodean latitude, convert the location’s latitude to the opposite hemisphere. If the latitude is 50°N, it’s antipodean latitude is 50°S. With longitude, the antipode is always 180° away. To find the antipo- dean latitude, simply subtract the location’s latitude from 180° and change it to the other hemisphere. To find the antipodean longitude of 120°W, subtract 120° from 180°, and change it to the Eastern Hemisphere to find 60°E. 5. What is the antipode of your current location? Personal answer, depending upon students’ locations 6. If you wanted to dig through the center of the Earth and come up in Beijing, China, where should you start digging? 39°S 64°W 180° 160°E 140°E 120°E 100°E 80°E 60°E 40°E 20°E 0° 20°W London, England Honolulu, Hawaii Sydney, Australia Tokyo, Japan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Luanda, Angola Ushuaia, Argentina 40°W 60°W 80°W 100°W 120°W 140°W 160°W 9 0°N 80°N 70°N 60°N 50°N 40°N 30°N 20°N 10°N 0° 10°S 20°S 30°S 40°S 50°S 60°S 70°S 80°S 90°S Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn ▲ Figure 2.1 Plotting coordinates

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    7 Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and Time Latitude and Longitude Values SECTION 2 1. From the table, you can see that latitude lines are evenly spaced, approximately 111 km (69 miles) apart at any latitude. Using these values as the linear distance separating each degree of latitude, the distance between any given pair of parallels can be calculated. ( Note: Locations must be due north-south of each other. ) For example, Denver is approximately 40° north of the equator (arc distance). The linear dis- tance between Denver and the equator can be calculated as follows: 40° N to 0° 5 40° 3 111 km/1° 5 4440 km or 40° N to 0° 5 40° 3 69 miles/1° 5 2760 miles Using these same values for a degree of latitude and an atlas for city location, calculate the linear dis- tance in kilometers and miles between the following sets of points (along a meridian): a) Mumbai, India, and the equator b) Miami, Florida, and 10° south latitude 26° 3 111 km/1° 5 2886 km or, 26° 3 69 mi/1° 5 1794 mi c) Edinburgh, Scotland, and 5° north d) Your location and the equator 2. The table also shows that the linear distance separating each 1° of longitude decreases toward the poles. For example, at 30° latitude each degree of longitude is separated by slightly more than 96 km (nearly 60 miles), and at 60° latitude, the linear distance is reduced to approximately half that at the equator. For each of the following latitudes, determine the linear distance in kilometers and in miles for 15° of longitudinal arc (along a parallel): The first answer is provided for you in bracketed italics. 19° 3 111 km/1° 5 210 9 km or, 19° 3 69 mi/1° 5 1311 mi 51° 3 111 km/1° 5 5661 km or, 51° 3 69 mi/1° 5 3519 mi Personal answer km miles One degree One minute of longitude One second of longitude A tenth of a degree One hundredth of a degree Personal answers km miles a) 30° latitude: b) 40° latitude: c) 50° latitude: d) 60° latitude: 3. Again using Table 2.1, what is the linear distance in kilometers and miles along the parallel at your lati- tude from your location to the prime meridian? Personal answer 4. What is the approximate linear distance of the following angular distances, at your present latitude? [ 15° 3 96.49 km 5 1447 km ] [ 15° 3 59.96 mi 5 899 mi ] 15 3 85.40 km 5 1281 km 15 3 53.07 5 796 mi 1075.50 km (15 3 71.70 km) 668.25 mi (15 3 44.55 mi) 837 km (15 3 55.8 km) 520.05 mi (15 3 34.67 mi)

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    8 Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory 5. How large an area would you have to look through if your friend’s location were given as 0.00°, 36.00°E? 1.23 km 2 6. Write your friend’s location with sufficient precision so that you would only have to look in an area 111 m by 111 m. 0.000°, 36.000°E 1. From the map of global time zones in Figure 2.2 , determine the present time in the following cities: (For your time, use the starting time of the lab.) Moscow Los Angeles London Honolulu Chicago Mumbai 2. You may not always have a time zone map available, but by remembering the relationship of 1 hour for every 15° of longitude, you can easily calculate the difference in time between places. Indicating and using the standard meridians to determine time zones, solve the following problems. The first answer is provided for you in bracketed italics. Show your work: a) If it is 3 a . m . Wednesday in Vladivostok, Russia (132°E), what day and time is it in Moscow (37°E)? [ The controlling meridian for Moscow is 105° away from Vladivostok’s controlling meridian of 135°E (135° − 30° = 105° difference ). Since Earth rotates 15° per hour, Moscow is 7 hours earlier than Vladivostok (105° difference / 15° rotation per hour = 7 hours time differ- ence), therefore if it is 3 a . m . Wednesday in Vladivostock, it is 8 p . m . Tuesday in Moscow. ] b) If it is 7:30 p . m . Thursday in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (97°W), what day and time is it in Harare, Zimbabwe (31°E)? Calgary is at 114°W, it is closest to the 120°W standard meridian – Pacific Standard Time. However, Calgary uses Mountain Time based on the 105°W meridian, which would put Harare only 9 hours later than Calgary. c) If you depart from San Francisco International Airport at 10:00 p . m . on Tuesday, what day and time will you arrive in Auckland, New Zealand (175°E), assuming a flight time of 14 hours? 8 a.m. Thursday 3. If there is a difference of 15° of longitude for each hour of time, how much difference in time is there for 1° of longitude? for 1 r of longitude? 4 minutes of time (1 hr or 60 min 4 15) 4 seconds of time (1 9 5 1/60 of 1°; 4 seconds 5 1/60 of 4 min) 4. Which of the following standard (controlling) meridians is the standard meridian for your time zone? 75°—Eastern; 90°—Central; 105°—Mountain; 120°—Pacific; 135°—Alaska; other. Personal answer How many degrees of longitude separate you from this standard controlling meridian? Personal answer Personal answers Time, Time Zones, and the International Date Line SECTION 3

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    9 Lab Exercise 2: The Geographic Grid and Time Calculate the difference between standard and Sun time using the answer you determined in no. 3 above. How many minutes ahead or behind your standard meridian are you? Personal answer 5. Assume the time on your watch, showing local standard time, is 4:15 p . m . A chronometer reads 2:15 a . m . What is your longitude? 150°W 6. John Harrison’s chronometer (a clock giving Coordinated Universal Time) lost 5 seconds during the 81-day voyage from England to Jamaica. Given that Earth rotates through 15° in 1 hour, how many degrees of longitude would the ship be off, with an error of 5 seconds? How many kilometers and miles would that be, assuming 111 km per degree of longitude? 0.02 degrees, 2.3 km or 1.4 mi 7. Does your community adopt daylight saving time? What are the dates for adjusting clocks in the spring and fall? Personal answer 8. What time does your physical geography lab start a) according to standard time? b) according to daylight saving time? c) in UTC? (24-hour clock time in Greenwich, England, e.g., 3:00 p . m . = 15:00 hours) Personal answers

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    Name: Laboratory Section: Date: Score/Grade: Scan to view the Pre-Lab video 3 LAB EXERCISE Directions and Compass Readings Video http://goo.gl/L5b275 Exercise 3 Pre-Lab Video Lab Exercise and Activities Compass Points SECTION 1 N E S W NWN NW WNW W WSW SW SSW SSE SE S NNE NE ENE E ESE N NE SE NW SW NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW ▲ Figure 3.1 Compass points 1. Label 16 compass points on Figure 3.1 , using color pencils on the compass rose to distinguish the cat- egories of division. (Include a legend for your color scheme.) In each division, the points are listed clockwise. 10 Lab Exercise 3: Directions and Compass Readings

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    11 Lab Exercise 3: Directions and Compass Readings B A 0 ° 360 ° 90 ° 145 ° 78 ° 270 ° 310 ° 180 ° 200 ° 230 ° 45 ° ▲ Figure 3.2 Azimuths 3. Using Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2, and your protractor, answer the following questions. Which azimuth is found at the following compass points: NE SW 225 W 270 ESE 112.5 NNW 337.5 Which compass point is found at the following azimuths: 135° [SE] 247.5° WSW 180° S 315° NW 225° SW [45°] 1. Figure 3.2 has a few azimuths drawn and labeled as examples. Using your protractor, determine the azimuth readings for A and B , and label the value for each on the diagram. 2. Measure, draw, and label the following azimuths on the diagram: 230°, 78°, 145°. SECTION 2 Azimuths

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    12 Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory Compass Declination SECTION 3 1. Using the isogonal map in Figure 3.3 and your atlas, in what city would you have to stand during 2020 to get a compass reading with zero magnetic declination (where magnetic north aligns with true north, or an agonic line). Mark the city with a dot and a label on the map. 2. Using your atlas, turn to the pages featuring the polar regions and find the latitude/longitude coordi- nates for the: a) Magnetic North Pole 86.3°N 160.1°W b) Magnetic South Pole 64.3°S 136.6°E 3. Use 111 km (69 mi) per degree of latitude to find the linear distance in kilometers and miles between the latitude of the: a) Magnetic North Pole and true north 410.7 km, 256.7 mi b) Magnetic South Pole and true south 2852.7 km, 1782.9 mi 4. According to Figure 3.4, what is the magnetic declination between: a) True north and magnetic north (MN)? 9.5° b) True north and grid north (GN)? 1° 24 9 5. Look for the declination arrow in the margin of the topographic map provided by your instructor. What is the magnetic declination between true north and magnetic north on the topographic map provided by your instructor? What is the magnetic declination between true north and magnetic north shown for this location in Figure 3.3? Any discrepancies you find relate to the migrating magnetic pole and the dates of the topo map and the isogonal map (2020). (Keep this topo map handy for the next section.) Personal answer Using the local topographic map from the last section, complete the following. For questions 1-5 students’ answers will vary depending upon the topographic map provided by the instructor. Compass Bearing SECTION 4

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    Lab Exercise 4: Map Projections, Map Reading, and Interpretation 13 Scan to view the Pre-Lab video Name: Laboratory Section: Date: Score/Grade: 4 LAB EXERCISE Map Projections, Map Reading, and Interpretation Video http://goo.gl/BppTYe Exercise 4 Pre-Lab Video Lab Exercise and Activities This step may be done by working in groups. Your instructor will direct you. 1. Using a globe and tracing (or wax) paper—notebook paper works with an illuminated globe—trace out- lines of North America, South America, and Greenland. You can do this quickly; a rough outline show- ing size and shape is sufficient. Using a globe and your tracings, compare the relative sizes of North America, South America, and Greenland. Which is larger and by approximately how many times? Describe your observations. North America is larger than Greenland by eleven times, and South America is over eight times larger than Greenland. North America is roughly 25% larger than South America. 2. Examples of two cylindrical projections are presented in Figure 4.2 , the Mercator projection (confor- mal, true-shape), and Figure 4.3 , the Lambert projection (equivalent, equal-area). These two map pro- jections—the Mercator and the Lambert—are simply being used to examine relative size and shape in each portrayal of Earth. Trace around the outlines of the same continents and island as indicated above—North America, South America, and Greenland. You might want to mark and color code the tracings according to their source (Mercator or Lambert) for future reference. Use your tracings to answer the following questions. Keep in mind that these two sets of map outlines compared to the globe you used are not at the same scale: the distance measured along their respective equators will not be equal. a) Using the outlines from the Mercator and Lambert map projections on the next pages, make the same comparisons among North America, South America, and Greenland. Which is relatively larger and by approximately how many times? Again, describe your observations. Mercator approximately same size (Greenland would appear larger if all of Greenland was shown on map) Lambert South America; approximately 5 times larger Cylindrical, Planar, and Conic Projections SECTION 2

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    Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory 14 b) Now compare the relative shapes of Greenland, North America, and South America from the globe (shows true shape) with those from the Mercator and Lambert projections. Is there distor- tion in terms of shape? If so, briefly explain how they are distorted. Mercator poleward areas appear larger, but not greatly distorted Lambert N -S “flattening ,” especially at poles; makes them appear flatter N -S wider E -W than on globe 3. What happens to the circles in the Mercator projection (and, therefore, to the landmasses) as latitude increases? What causes this distortion of the circles away from the equator? ( Hint: Compare parallels and meridians with those on the globe.) Circles become larger at higher latitudes, so landmasses appear much larger than reality. Distance between parallels and meridians becomes greater toward poles (stretching). 4. What happens to the circles in the Lambert projection (and, therefore, to the landmasses) as latitude increases? What causes this distortion of the circles away from the equator? (Once again, compare par- allels and meridians.) Circles become flatter and wider (ovals); cause N -S “shortening” and E -W “widening” in polar regions. Parallels get closer on projection and meridians become parallel. 5. Cylindrical projections such as Mercator and Lambert would best be used in mapping what areas of the globe? Why? Best for mapping equatorial areas (low latitudes); closest to line of tangency (equator) where there is least distortion. 6. Figure 4.5a shows Earth on a planar projection, in which the globe is projected onto a plane. This is a gnomonic projection and is generated by projecting a light source at the center of a globe onto a plane that is tangent to (touching) the globe’s surface. The resulting increasingly severe distortion as distance increases from the standard point prevents showing a full hemisphere on one projection. a) Where is the projection surface tangent to (touching) the globe? (See end flap of this lab manual.) Tangent at North Pole (at a point, not along a line) b) What kind of distortion, if any, occurs on a planar projection, and where? N -S stretching increases with distance from the North Pole c) Can you show the entire Earth on a single gnomonic projection? If not, why not? No; cannot show anything south of equator d) Which areas of the globe would likely be mapped on a planar projection, and why? Used for high latitude/polar regions (Arctic/Antarctic); closest to point of tangency 7. Use the two maps in Figure 4.5 to plot a great circle route between San Francisco (west coast of the United States, where you can see small details of San Francisco Bay) and London (southern England at the 0° prime meridian). The straight line on the gnomonic projection will show the shortest route between the two cities. Transfer the coordinates of this route over to the Mercator map and connect with a line plot to show the route’s track. Note the route arching over southern Greenland on the Mercator. 8. Assume you board a plane in San Francisco for a flight to London. Briefly describe your great-circle flight route between the two cities (plotted on the map in Figure 4.5b). What are some of the features over which you fly? Describe the landscape and water below. Northeastward crossing Hudson Bay; east across the southern tip of Greenland; southeastward between Ireland and Scotland to London.

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    Lab Exercise 4: Map Projections, Map Reading, and Interpretation 15 Coordinate System: North Pole Gnomonic Projection: Gnomonic Datum: WGS 1984 False Easting: 0.0000 False Northing: 0.0000 Longitude Of Center: -60.0000 Latitude Of Center: 90.0000 Legend 50m_coastline 50m_lakes 50m_lakes ne_50m_admin_0_countries_ima 20°0'0"W 100°0'0"W 30°0'0"W 90°0'0"W 40°0'0"W 80°0'0"W 60°0'0"W (a) (b) 40°W 20°W 20°E 0° 60°W 80°W 100°W 120°W 140°W 40°N 30°N 50°N 60°N 70°N 80°N 120°W 100°W 80°W San Francisco San Francisco London London 60°W 40°W 20°W 20°E 0° 30°N 40°N 50°N 60°N 70°N 80°N ▲ Figure 4.5 (a) Gnomonic/planar projection; (b) Mercator/cylindrical projection. Map Scale SECTION 3 Complete: 1. Several companies manufacture large world globes for display in museums, corporate lobbies, and sci- ence exhibit halls. If such a globe featured a diameter of 4 m (13 ft), what is the scale of this globe expressed as a representative fraction? (Show your work.) ( Hint: Earth’s equatorial diameter = 12,756 km [7926 miles].) 1:3,189,000 (4m diameter of globe, 12,756 km Earth diameter; 12,756 km 4 4 m 5 3,189,000 m).

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