Solution Manual for Physical Geography Laboratory Manual, 12th Edition

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Answer KeyforPhysical Geography Laboratory ManualTwelfth Editionby Darrel HessCity College of San Franciscoto accompanyMcKnight’s Physical Geography:A Landscape AppreciationTwelfth Editionby Darrel HessIllustrated by Dennis Tasa

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iiiAnswer Key ContentsIntroduction to Answer KeyvExercise1Metric Conversions3Exercise2Location7Exercise3Time13Exercise4Map Scale17Exercise5Map Projections23Exercise6Isolines27Exercise7Landscape Analysis withGoogle Earth™&TheNational Map35Exercise8Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing41Exercise9Earth-Sun Relations49Exercise10Solar Angle55Exercise11Insolation61Exercise12Temperature Patterns67Exercise13Air Pressure75Exercise14Wind81Exercise15Humidity89Exercise16Adiabatic Processes95Exercise17Stability101Exercise18Midlatitude Cyclones109Exercise19Weather Maps117Exercise20Weather Satellite Images127Exercise21Doppler Weather Radar135Exercise22Hurricanes141Exercise23Climate Classification153Exercise24Weather Variability and Climate Change171Exercise25Groundwater179

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ivExercise26Biomes and Ecological Land Units185Exercise27Soils193Exercise28Contour Lines201Exercise29U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps205Exercise30Topographic Profiles209Exercise31U.S. Public Land Survey System215Exercise32Aerial Photographs and Stereograms221Exercise33Plate Tectonics229Exercise34Volcanoes237Exercise35Volcanic Calderas245Exercise36Faulting251Exercise37The San Andreas Fault257Exercise38Mass Wasting265Exercise39Drainage Basins273Exercise40Floodplains281Exercise41Stream Drainage Patterns287Exercise42Stream Rejuvenation293Exercise43Flood Recurrence Intervals299Exercise44Karst Topography305Exercise45Desert Landforms311Exercise46Sand Dunes321Exercise47Continental Glaciation327Exercise48Alpine Glaciation337Exercise49Coastal Landforms349AppendixIIMath Skills Practice Worksheet364

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vIntroduction to Answer KeyTO THE TEACHERThis Answer Key includes all of the exercise problem sets found in thePhysical GeographyLaboratory Manual12th edition by Darrel Hess, that accompanies the textbookMcKnight’sPhysical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, 12th edition, by Darrel Hess. However, only theproblem set pages themselves are included in this Answer Key—the page numbers match those inthe Lab Manual, so there are gaps in the page number sequence. The answers provided are thosethat I have written in my copy of the Lab Manual.These answers are offered as a guide only—insome cases other answers may also be correct.New To The 12thEdition Lab Manual:This new edition of the Lab Manual retains all of theexercises found in the previous edition, along with new exercises onGroundwater(Exercise 25)andGeographic Information Systems and Remote Sensingby Ryan Jensen (Exercise 8; replacingthe previous exercise on GIS). In addition, many exercises and problem sets underwent majorrevisions, includingLandscape Analysis with Google Earth™ and The National Map(Exercise 7),Doppler Weather Radar(Exercise 21),Weather Variability and Climate Change(Exercise 24),Biomes and Ecological Land Units(Exercise 26),Aerial Photographs and Stereograms(Exercise32),Mass Wasting(Exercise 38), andFlood Recurrence Intervals(Exercise 43).At the suggestion of instructors, the order of exercises has been adjusted slightly, groupingthe exercises on topographic map and aerial photograph interpretation in the middle of the LabManual, just before the sections on geomorphology where these skills are called for.In addition to the 16 pages of color topographic maps included in previous editions of theLab Manual, 16 additional pages of color maps and images are now included.Many topographicmaps that were “grayscale” in the previous edition arenow in color, along with additional coloraerial imagery.QR Codes and Lab Manual Internet Site:The QR (Quick Response) codes that accompanymany exercises give students access to Lab Manual Internet content wherever they can use asmartphone or other mobile device. By scanning the QR codes, students can view color maps,satellite movie loops, color photographs, and Google Earth™ “videos” needed to complete nearlyalloftheInternet-basedproblemsintheLabManual.TheLabManualWebsite(www.MasteringGeography.com) also provides all of the content accessed with the QR codes,along with KMZ files for the problems using Google Earth™.The URLs of the recommended Web sites are provided for each Internet exercise, butbecause the Internet changes over time, the URLs printed in the Lab Manual may become out ofdate or better sites might become available in the future. Feel free to recommend different, oradditional, Internet sites to your students.

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viSUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING LAB SESSIONSMost instructors try to keep the amount of lecture in a laboratory session to a minimum,leaving as much time as possible for working through the problems.If your students read thebackground information for each exercise before attending a lab session, often a quick review andoverview of the exercise problems is all that is needed—this is especially true for exercises basedon material that has been covered in detail in the lecture course.In a few cases, however, a moredetailed introduction is required—I find this true with topics such as weather maps, satellite images,topographic maps, and aerial photographs and stereograms.I encourage students to work together in pairs or small groups during lab sessions.I findthat students enjoy this kind of collaborative learning. However, this approach does require carefulmonitoring on your part—occasionally one assertive student will lead a group astray or will simplydo all of the work. You should clarify your policies on collaborative work early on.SAMPLE LABORATORY COURSE SYLLABUSFor greater flexibility, many major topics in the Lab Manual are covered over severalexercises and the problems for most exercises are divided into two or more parts. The length anddifficulty of the problem sets vary greatly from exercise to exercise. It is doubtful that students willhave time to complete all of the problem sets in all of the exercises over the course of a singlequarter or semester. The exercises and problem sets you choose may depend on the time available,the material being emphasized in lecture, and perhaps local interest.When selecting exercises touse in your lab sessions, consider the following suggestions:There are several skills that students will be called upon to use repeatedly. For example, theinterpretation of various kinds of isolines will be required throughout the first half of themanual, and the interpretation of contour lines, the construction of topographic profiles, andthe use of stereograms is required in the second half.If Google Earth™ is used for landformanalysis, Exercise 7 (Landscape Analysis with Google Earth™ and The National Map)should be assigned before students begin more detailed landform analysis problems.While most exercises are designed to stand alone, in a few cases one exercise builds uponthe previous one. For example, the exercise on adiabatic processes (Exercise 16) assumes anunderstanding of relative humidity (Exercise 15); the exercise on stability (Exercise 17)assumes an understanding of adiabatic processes; and the exercises on weather maps andsatellite images (Exercises 19 and 20) assume an understanding of midlatitude cyclones(Exercise 18).Local or regional interest may influence which exercises you choose. For example, here inCalifornia, exercises on the San Andreas Fault and alpine glaciation are more immediatelyrelevant to my students than those on hurricanes or continental glaciation.Since many ofthe problem sets are broken into several parts, you can emphasize some topics more thanothers simply by adding or deleting parts of problem sets.Note that many of the problem sets may be completed using either S.I. units or Englishunits—be sure to specify which units you wish your students to use.

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viiIf your students don’t have access to stereoscopes, you canstill make use of the stereogramsin the Lab Manual—simply have the students analyze one side of the stereogram as theywould any aerial photograph.As a starting point for selecting exercises for your laboratory course, a sample syllabus isshown on the following page. The syllabus is designed for a typical 3-hour-per-week lab over a 16-week semester. It can be abridged as needed for shorter terms. In some cases, only parts of exercisesproblems are recommended—for example, on the sample syllabus “18-II” indicates thatPart II ofthe Exercise 18 problems are recommended.Because I let students work collaboratively on lab exercise problem sets, when calculatingfinal grades for my lab courses I tend to weigh work on exercise problem sets less heavily thanexams. (Some instructors actually provide answer keys so that students can correct their ownexercises at the end of a lab session—the instructors then simply give credit for completing anexercise.)In my own lab courses, I include two short 45-minute quizzes in addition to a midtermand final.

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viiiSample SyllabusWeekTopicLab Exercise1Introduction; Location; Time ZonesAppendix II2-I/II3-I2Map Scale; Map Projections; Isolines4-I5-I/II6-II8-I/II3Solar Angle; Insolation; Temperature Patterns10-I/II11-I/II12-III4Air Pressure; Wind13-I/II14-I/II5Humidity; Adiabatic Processes15-1/II or III/IV16-1/II or III/IV6Weather Maps; Weather Satellite Images18-II19-I/II/IV20-I/II21-III or 22-II7Climate Classification23-I/V248Lab Midterm Exam9Contour Lines; Topographic Maps; Stereo Aerial Photographs28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 7*(ifGoogle Earth™ problemsare assigned)10Plate Tectonics; Volcanoes; Faulting33-I34-I/III36-I37-I11Mass Wasting; Drainage Basins; Flood Recurrence Intervals38-I39-I/II4312Floodplains; Stream Drainage Patterns40-I/II or III/IV41-I42-I13Karst Topography; Desert Landforms44-I or 44-II45-I/III46-I14Continental Glaciation; Alpine Glaciation47-I/II48-I/II/VI15Coastal Landforms;Review49-I /IIor II/IV16Lab Final Exam*If Google Earth™ problems are assigned omit one problem set in each lab for weeks 10 through 15.

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ixSUPPLEMENTING LABORATORY EXERCISESWhen possible, you are encouraged to supplement the Lab Manual with additionaltopographic maps, aerial photographs, equipment, and outside field work.If your classroom is equipped with computers and Internet access, you’ll obviously have aneasier time completing exercises using Google Earth™, weather satellite images, andDoppler weather radar, although increasingly students are able to access these resourceswith their phones or other mobile devices.If teaching sets of topographic maps are available, you may use some of the problem sets inthe Lab Manual as starting points for expanded lab exercises.For example, a teaching setof the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5' topographic map that includes your campus or citymakes a nice addition to the general introduction to topographic maps in Exercise 29. Youmay also download the PDF of any quadrangle from the USGSUS Topowebsite(http://nationalmap.gov/ustopo/).Inaddition,timeseriessatelliteimagery iseasilyavailable from the USGSLandsatLook Viewerwebsite (http://landsatlook.usgs.gov/).If equipment is available, supplement the Lab Manual exercises with additional hands-onproblems. For example,I typically supplement my exercise on air pressure and wind withan outdoor exercise in which students make a wind map of our campus—at selectedlocations, students record the wind direction and speed (using inexpensive hand-held windmeters and magnetic compasses); back in lab they map the wind patterns using standardweather map symbols for direction and speed, and then answer a series of questions aboutthe variations they found (due to such factors as topography and building orientation).If practical, local field trips are a great addition to a laboratory course.I’ve found it veryuseful to reproduce an enlarged portion of a topographic map that has the field trip stopsindicated—at each of the stops, students answer a series of questions. I have students leadmefrom stop to stop—this sounds simple, but many students have never had to find theirway using a map—even in an urban area—without step-by-step instructions from anavigation app.In a similar way, if teaching sets of GPS units are available, havingstudents navigate around your campus to“mystery locations” you’ve preprogrammed intothe units is fun and surprisingly instructive (yes, they can get lost even with a GPS unit inhand!).MATH AND CHARTING SKILLS PRACTICE WORKSHEETOn the first day of lab I pass out the “Math Skills Practice Worksheet”found in AppendixII. The worksheet provides examples of the kinds of basic math and charting tasks that studentswill use during the lab course.I emphasize that this worksheet is not a test, and I provide ananswer key so that students can check their answers.Although only basic math skills are required to complete the exercises in the Lab Manual,I’ve found it helpful early on in the course to identify students who may need a quick mathreview, as well as those who may need more significant help.The “Hints” provided for theworksheet are often all that’s needed to help most students though the practice problems.Answers to the practice worksheet are included at the back of this Answer Key.

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xCOMMENTSPlease address any suggestions or comments to:Darrel HessCity College of San Francisco50 Phelan AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94112E-mail:dhess@ccsf.edu

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3EXERCISE 1: Metric ConversionsName__________________________________________Section____________________1.Complete the following conversions using exact conversion factors (round your answersto 1 decimal place).S.I. UnitsEnglish System Units(a)14 centimeters__________ inches(b)29 meters__________ feet(c)175 kilometers__________ miles(d)42 liters__________ quarts(e)57 grams__________ ounces(f)65 kilograms__________ pounds(g)37°C__________°F2.Complete the following conversions using exact conversion factors (round your answersto 1 decimal place).English System UnitsS.I. Units(a)3 inches__________ centimeters(b)4.3 feet__________ meters(c)18 yards__________ meters(d)73 miles__________ kilometers(e)6.2 quarts__________ liters(f)10 gallons__________ liters(g)14 ounces__________ grams(h)155 pounds__________ kilograms(i)47°F__________°CExErcisE1 ProblEMs/solUtioNs—Part5.595.1108.744.42.0143.398.67.61.316.5117.55.937.9396.970.480.3

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4Physical Geography Laboratory ManualName__________________________________________Section____________________ExErcisE1 ProblEMs/solUtioNs—Partii1.Complete the following conversions using exact conversion factors (round your answersto 1 decimal place).S.I. UnitsEnglish System Units(a)72 centimeters__________ inches(b)24 meters__________ feet(c)1300 kilometers__________ miles(d)4.5 liters__________ quarts(e)144 grams__________ ounces(f)228 kilograms__________ pounds(g)12°C__________°F2.Complete the following conversions using exact conversion factors (round your answersto 1 decimal place).English System UnitsS.I. Units(a)55 inches__________ centimeters(b)1774 feet__________ meters(c)220 yards__________ meters(d)23,900 miles__________ kilometers(e)24 quarts__________ liters(f)300 gallons__________ liters(g)26 ounces__________ grams(h)4500 pounds__________ kilograms(i)88°F__________°C78.8807.34.85.028.5502.753.6139.7541.1201.138,455.122.71135.5737.12043.031.1

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7EXERCISE 2: LocationName __________________________________________Section ____________________1.Using a globe, determine the latitude and longitude of the following cities. Be sure toindicate if the location is north or south latitude, and east or westlongitude. Indicatelatitude and longitude to the nearest whole degree (round down if less than 30′; round upif 30′or more).CityLatitudeLongitude(a)Chicago, Illinois________________(b)Tokyo, Japan________________(c)Sydney, Australia________________(d)Singapore________________(e)Buenos Aires, Argentina________________2.Using a globe, determine which major city is located at the following coordinates:LatitudeLongitudeCity(a)14° N100° E_________________________(b)56° N38° E_________________________(c)19° N99° W_________________________(d)1° S37° E_________________________(e)37° S175° E_________________________3.(a)What is the latitude and longitude of your school? (Estimate to the nearest minuteof latitude and longitude; be sure to indicate if the location is north or south latitude,and east or west longitude.)(b)What resource did you use to determine this?ExErcisE2 ProbLEms/soLUtioNs—Parti42° N88° W35° N140° E35° S151° E1° N104° E35° S58° WBangkokMoscowMexico CityNairobiAuckland

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Physical Geography Laboratory Manual8Name__________________________________________Section____________________ExErcisE2 ProbLEms/soLUtioNs—Partii1.On the diagram shown, plot the followingcoordinates with a dot. Then label eachdot with its corresponding letter.(a)10° N, 40° W(b)50° N, 40° E(c)40° N, 25° W(d)5° S, 10° W(e)65° N, 70° E2.Use the index of an atlas to find the following places. Determine the latitude and longitudeto the nearest degree.PlaceLatitudeLongitude(a)Pusan (Busan)________________(b)Reykjavik (Reikjavik)________________(c)Walvis Bay________________(d)Tuvalu (Ellice Islands)________________3.If you start at the equator and travel to 10° N, approximately how many kilometers (ormiles) north of the equator will you be? Take the circumference of Earth to be 40,000 kil-ometers (24,900 miles). Show your calculations.4.If you travel west through 10° of longitude along the equator, the distance traveled will bevery different from the distance traveled through 10° of longitude at 60° N. Why?35° N129° E64° N22° W23° S14° E177° E8° S40,000/360 = 111.1 km/degree = 1111 (approx. 1100 km)24,900/360 = 69.2 mi./degree = 692 mi. (approx. 690 mi.)Meridians converge at the poles and so are closer together at 60° N than at 0°.

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13EXERCISE 3: TimeName __________________________________________Section ____________________ExErcisE3 ProblEms/solUTioNs—ParTiUsing the longitude of a time zone’s central meridian (which has been provided for you), answerthe following questions. Be sure to indicate if the time is a.m. or p.m.; however, refer to “noon”or “midnight” rather than to 12:00 p.m. or 12:00 a.m. It may be helpful to draw a simple diagramshowing the central meridian of each time zone, such as Figure 3-3, when making your calculations.1.If it is 10:00 a.m. Monday in Denver (based on 105° W), what time and day is it in NewYork City (75° W)?2.If it is 11:00 a.m. Thursday in Seattle (120° W), what time and day is it in Seoul, SouthKorea (135° E)?3.A satellite image of the United States was taken at “0900Z.” What was the local standardtime in Chicago (90° W)?4.If it is Friday at 3:00 p.m. daylight-saving time in Kansas City (90° W), what is the day andtime in Quito, Ecuador (75° W), where daylight-saving time is not being observed?105° W12:00 noon, Monday:90° W75° W10 A.M.11 A.M.12 noonMMM4:00 A.M., Friday:135° E150° E165° E180°165° W150° W135° W120° W4 A.M.5 A.M.6 A.M.7 A.M.8 A.M.9 A.M.10 A.M.11 A.M.FFFF/RRRRR3:00 A.M:90° W75° W60° W45° W30° W15° W0°3 A.M.4 A.M.5 A.M.6 A.M.7 A.M.8 A.M.9 A.M.90° W75° W3 P.M. DST= 2 P.M. ST3 P.M. STFF3:00 P.M., Friday:

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Physical Geography Laboratory Manual14Name __________________________________________Section ____________________ExErcisE3 ProblEms/solUTioNs—ParTii1.(a)Your plane leaves Boston (75° W) at 7:00 a.m. on Saturday, bound for Los Angeles(120° W). The flight takes 5 hours. What is the time and day when you arrive in LosAngeles?(b)Your connecting flight to Taipei (120° E) leaves Los Angeles at 1:00 p.m. on thatsame day. The flight takes 11 hours. What is the time and day when you arrive inTaipei?ExErcisE3 ProblEms/solUTioNs—ParTiii1.For a given latitude, if the stated time of sunset is 6:45 p.m. at 90° W, what is the time ofsunset at 91° W?2.For a given latitude, if the stated time of sunrise is 6:10 a.m. at 120°00′W, what is the timeof sunrise at 117°30′W?Take off:120° W105° W90° W75° W4 A.M.5 A.M.6 A.M.7 A.M.SaSaSaSaLanding:+5 hours = 9:00 A.M., SaturdayTake off:120° E135° E150° E165° E180°165° W150° W135° W120° W5 A.M.6 A.M.7 A.M.8 A.M.9 A.M.10 A.M.11 A.M.12 noon1 P.M.SuSuSuSuSu/SaSaSaSaSaLanding:+11 hours = 4:00 P.M., Sunday6:49 P.M.:91° W to 90° W = 1° later = 4 minutes later = 6:49 P.M6:00 A.M.:120° W to 117°30' W = 2.5° earlier = 10 minutes earlier = 6:00 A.M.

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