Understanding Earth Seventh Edition Test Bank

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Import Settings:Base Settings: Brownstone DefaultInformation Field: SectionHighest Answer Letter: DMultiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: NoChapter: Chapter 1: The Earth SystemMultiple Choice1. Living organisms have been on Earth for _________ of Earth's history.A) less than 1%B)approximately20%C)approximately50%D)approximately80%Ans: DSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time2. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method istrue?A) A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientist.B) A theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests.C) A theory is proven to be true and therefore may not be discarded.D) A hypothesis cannot predict the outcome of scientific experiments.Ans: BSection: 1-1: The Scientific Method3. Which of the following statements about the scientific method isfalse?A) A scientific theory is never considered finally proved.

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B) Data used to generate a hypothesis may come from observations, experiments, andchance findings.C) A theory that has accumulated a substantial body of experimental support is called ahypothesis.D) A scientific model represents some aspect of nature based on a set of hypotheses andtheories.Ans: CSection: 1-1: The Scientific Method4. According to the principle of uniformitarianism,A) geologic processes we observe today have operated in the past.B) animals evolved at a uniform rate.C) all of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula.D) early Earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean.Ans: ASection: 1-3: The Geologic Record5. How old isEarth?A) approximately 4.5 thousand yearsB) approximately 4.5 billion yearsC) approximately 4.5 million yearsD) approximately 4.5 trillion yearsAns: BSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time6.Earth's core is made up primarily ofA) iron.B) lead.C) oxygen.D) silicon.Ans: ASection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth

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7. Which of the following elements is more abundant inEarth's crustthan inEarth as awhole?A) ironB) magnesiumC) nickelD) siliconAns: DSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth8. Which of the following makes up the bulk ofEarth?A) crustB) inner coreC) mantleD) outer coreAns: CSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth9. Ninety percent ofEarthis made up of which four elements?A) iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesiumB) oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and siliconC) magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygenD) silicon, calcium, aluminum, and ironAns: ASection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth10. Approximately 50% ofEarth's crust is made up of which element?A) aluminumB) ironC) oxygenD) silicon

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Ans: CSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth11.Earthexchanges __________ with the rest of the cosmos.A) energy and massB) mass, but not energy,C) energy, but not mass,D) neither energy nor massAns: ASection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components12. Solar energy energizes all of the following major components ofEarthsystem,excepttheA) atmosphere.B) biosphere.C) hydrosphere.D) lithosphere.Ans: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components13. What powersEarth's external heat engine?A) gravitational energyB) radioactive decayC) solar energyD) tidal forcesAns: CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components14. In which of the following subsystems isEarth's magnetic field generated?A) climate system

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B) hydrologic systemC) geodynamo systemD) plate tectonic systemAns:CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components15.Earth's climate system involves interactions between the atmosphere and theA) biosphere.B) hydrosphere.C) lithosphere.D) biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.Ans: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components16. On average,Earth's lithosphere is approximately ____ km thick.A) 4B) 20C) 100D) 500Ans: CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components17. The asthenosphere isA) cool and strong.B) cool and weak.C) hot and strong.D) hot and weak.Ans: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components

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18. What are the plates of plate tectonics made up of?A) asthenosphereB) crustC) lithosphereD) mantleAns: CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components19. Which of the following relationships iscorrect?A) asthenosphere = crustB) lithosphere = crustC) asthenosphere = crust + upper mantleD) lithosphere = crust + upper mantleAns: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components20. The motion of a flowing materialin whichhot matter rises from the bottom and coolmatter sinks from the surface is calledA) accretion.B) convection.C) differentiation.D) fusion.Ans: BSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components21. Which of the following statements about convection istrue?A) Heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.B) Hot material flows upward and displaces cool material.C) Cool material flows upward and displaces hot material.D) Random circulation occurs.Ans: BSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components

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22. How old are the oldest rocks now found onEarth's surface?A) 0.5 billion yearsB) 4.0 billion yearsC) 2.5 billion yearsD) 4.5 billion yearsAns: BSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time23.Earth’satmosphere has been oxygen-rich for __________ ofEarth’shistory.A)approximately25%B)approximately50%C)approximately75%D)approximately99%Ans: BSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time24. Large continental masses had formed onEarthbyA) 0.3 billion years ago.B) 2.5 billion years ago.C) 1.0 billion years ago.D) 4.0 billion years ago.Ans: BSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time25. How old are the earliest fossil remains?A)approximately65 million yearsB)approximately2200 million yearsC)approximately540 million yearsD)approximately3500 million yearsAns: D

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Section: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time26. When did biology's Big Bang (evolutionary explosion) occur?A)approximately65 million years agoB)approximately2.2 billion years agoC)approximately540 million years agoD)approximately3.5 billion years agoAns: CSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time27. What caused the mass extinctions 65 million years ago that ended the Age ofDinosaurs?A) major bolide impactB) massive volcanic eruptionsC) global glaciationD) all of the aboveAns: ASection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time28. Stony meteorites are similar in composition toEarth’sA) mantle.B) crust.C) inner core.D) outer core.Ans: ASection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth29. The group of meteorites thatissimilar in composition toEarth’scoreisA) stony meteorites.B) high-density meteorites.C) iron-nickel meteorites.

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D) none of the above.Ans: CSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth30. A ___________ aims to predict the complex behavior of Earth systems.A) scientific hypothesisB) scientific observationC) scientific planD) scientific modelAns: DSection: 1-1: The Scientific Method31. Change in the ground elevation ofEarth’ssurface is calledA) geodesy.B) topography.C) uniformitarianism.D) none of the aboveAns: BSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface32. Elevation of the ground surface is measured relative toA) MountEverest.B) the equator.C) sea level.D) the north pole.Ans: CSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface33. The daily rotation ofEarthcauses the equatorial regions to _______ and the polarregions to ________.

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A) bulge outward, flattenB) flatten, bulge outwardC) bulge inward, flattenD) flatten, bulge inwardAns: ASection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface34. TheMohorovičićdiscontinuity coincides with the __________ boundary.A) mantle-coreB) crust-mantleC) lithosphere-mantleD) inner core-outer coreAns: BSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth35. Continental crust is ________ oceanic crust.A) less dense thanB) the same density asC) more dense thanD) Geoscientists have no ideahow dense the continental crust is.Ans: ASection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth36.Earth’smajor layers include (from outermost to innermost):A) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust.B) outer core, inner core, mantle, crust.C) crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.D) crust, outer core, inner core, mantle.Ans: CSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth

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37. The plate tectonic system is driven byA) magnetism.B) the climate system.C) solar heat.D) internal heat.Ans: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components38. The first evidence of erosion by water in the rock record occurredA) 4000 Ma.B) 3500 Ma.C) 2500 Ma.D) 3800 Ma.Ans: DSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time39. The three major global geosystems areA) climate system, solar system, and geodynamo system.B) geodynamo system, plate tectonic system, and solar system.C) climate system, geodynamo system, and plate tectonic system.D) plate tectonic system, climate system, and solar system.Ans: CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components40. Solar energy energizes which ofEarth’scomponents?A) atmosphereB) biosphereC) hydrosphereD) all of the aboveAns: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components

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41. The first appearance ofHomo sapienson Earth occurredinA) 16 Ma.B) 0.16 Ma.C) 1.6 Ma.D) 1600 Ma.Ans: BSection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time42. How many major mass extinction events have occurred throughout Earth’shistory?A) 5B) 10C) 2D) 1Ans: ASection: 1-6: An Overview of Geologic Time43. The ability ofEarth’satmosphere to retain heat is referred to as theA) solar effect.B) radiation effect.C) biosphere effect.D) greenhouse effect.Ans: DSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components44. Magnetic reversals ofEarth’smagnetic field are whenA)Earth’snorth and south poles flip.B)Earth’smagnetic field decreases in intensity.C)Earth’smagnetic poles wander.D)Earth’smagnetic field increases in intensity.Ans: A

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Section: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components45. The typical elevation of the land surface occurs within a range of _______ above sealevel.A) 0to20 kmB) 0to1 kmC) 0to10 kmD) 0to5 kmAns: BSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface46. The typical depth of ocean basins isA) 1to2 km.B) 10to12 km.C) 4to5 km.D) 8to10 km.Ans: CSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface47. The highest topographic point above sea level on Earth is atA) Mount Himalaya.B) Mount Mauna Loa.C) Mount Marianas.D) Mount Everest.Ans: DSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface48. A scientific hypothesis that stands repeated testing can be elevated to a scientificA) model.B) fact.C) theory.

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D) idea.Ans: CSection: 1-1: The Scientific Method49. The average density of continental crust is ________ g/cm3.A) 2.8B) 3.4C) 3.0D) 4.0Ans: ASection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth50. Continents float high because they areA) denser than the mantle.B) less dense than the mantle.C) the same density as the mantle.D) thicker than the mantle.Ans: BSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth51. Which of the following isnotan integral part of the scientific method?A) experimentationB) observationC) beliefD) criticismAns: CSection: 1-1: The Scientific Method52. In terms of its shape,Earth isA) a perfect sphere.

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B) an imperfect sphere.C) flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.D) bulging at the poles and flattened at the equator.Ans: CSection: 1-2: Earth's Shape and Surface53. The densest part ofEarthis theA) oceanic crust.B) continental crust.C) mantle.D) core.Ans: DSection: 1-4: Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth54. The lithosphere is composed of=A) uppermost crust.B) lowermost crust.C) crust and upper mantle.D) mantle.Ans: CSection: 1-5: Earth as a System of Interacting Components55. Geologist James Hutton advanced the principle ofA) uniformitarianism.B) uniformity.C) conformity.D) universalism.Ans: ASection: 1-3: The Geologic Record

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