Study GuideDevelopmental Psychology–PsychosocialDevelopment: Age 2–61. Family Relationships: Ages 2–6Family plays ahuge rolein a preschooler’s growth. The way children develop physically, mentally,and socially is influenced by many factors in the family—parenting styles, discipline, siblings,finances, health, and overall family circumstances. Let’s break down the main influences.1.1 ParentingParents use different approaches to guide and raise their children. These approaches, orparentingstyles, are shaped by culture, community, the situation, and the child’s behavior. Parenting styles areoften described by two main dimensions:1.Parental control–How strict or restrictive parents are2.Parental warmth–How loving, supportive, and affectionate parents areFour common parenting styles:•Authoritarian:High control, low warmth → may produce fearful or dependent children•Permissive:High warmth, low control → may produce rebellious children•Indifferent (or neglectful):Low warmth, low control → may produce hostile or delinquentchildren•Authoritative:Balanced control and warmth → promotes communication, problem-solving,and healthy developmentIn families with two parents, different styles can sometimesbalance each other out. For example, apermissive mother may balance an authoritarian father’s strictness.Negotiating with childrenis also important. When parents discuss rules and decisions with theirchildren, it teaches them aboutfairness, cooperation, and shared responsibility. But parentsshould still maintain authority when needed—too much negotiation can create power struggles.Preview Mode
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