Social Work: An Empowering Profession, 9th Edition Test Bank

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Test BankForSocial Work: An Empowering Profession9th EditionBrenda DuBois,St. Ambrose UniversityKarla Miley,Black Hawk CollegePrepared byKarla Miley,Black Hawk College

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iiiTable of ContentsPrefaceivLecture Outlines and Teaching SuggestionsChapter 1Social Work: A Helping Profession1Chapter 2An Evolving Profession7Chapter 3Social Work and Social Systems15Chapter 4The Social Service Delivery System21Chapter 5Values and Ethics in Social Work28Chapter 6Human Rights and Social Justice35Chapter 7Diversity and Social Work43Chapter 8Empowerment Social Work Practice54Chapter 9Social Work Functions and Roles60Chapter 10Social Work and Social Policy66Chapter 11Social Work and Poverty, Homelessness, Unemployment, andCriminal Justice74Chapter 12Social Work in Health, Rehabilitation, and Mental Health85Chapter 13Social Work with Families and Youths98Chapter 14Adult and Aging Services109Test BankChapter 1Social Work: A Helping Profession120Chapter 2An Evolving Profession124Chapter 3Social Work and Social Systems128Chapter 4The Social Service Delivery System132Chapter 5Values and Ethics in Social Work136Chapter 6Human Rights and Social Justice140Chapter 7Diversity and Social Work144Chapter 8Empowerment Social Work Practice148Chapter 9Social Work Functions and Roles152Chapter 10Social Work and Social Policy156Chapter 11Social Work and Poverty, Homelessness, Unemployment, andCriminal Justice160Chapter 12Social Work in Health, Rehabilitation, and Mental Health164Chapter 13Social Work with Families and Youths168Chapter 14Adult and Aging Services172Answer Key176

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ivPrefaceEducation for the social work profession requires an understanding of the dynamics of human behavior, socialproblems, social welfare responses, and professional interventions. In short, early in their educational experience,students will want to know “the who, the what, and the why” of social work.We believe the most important characteristic of an introductory textbook is in the way it presents a foundationso that students develop a mind-set, or way of thinking about the “who, what and why” of social work. Curriculumframeworks developed by the Council on Social Work Education prescribe content on diversity, human rights andsocial justice, ethical and professional behavior, policy practice, and social work practice. We believe that, in theirintroduction to social work, students need to explore the common base of professional values, knowledge, and skillsas each relates to the curricular components.What distinguishes this introductory textbook from others is that it adopts a discipline-based, empowerment-oriented approach in framing the foundation of the introductory course. To that end, this text introduces variouselements that comprise the curriculum. Content covers the historical and philosophical roots of social work; theprofessional base of values and ethics; perspectives on diversity and difference; human rights and social justice, thesocial service delivery network, social policy, and client populations; an array of strategies related to social workpractice, policy, and research; and an overview of various fields of social work practice.The vision for this textbook reflects our combined experience as social work educators and incorporates ourcollaborative efforts in developing content for our respective introductory social work courses. Originally, our planfor the book developed out of differences in the strengths of our educational and practice backgrounds—a socialsystems perspectives from the University of Iowa School of Social Work and social group work from the Universityof Chicago, School of Social Service Administration; our varied practice experiences in public welfare, school socialwork, and aging services; and our differing foci of macrolevel and clinical practice. We both now embrace ageneralist approach informed by perspectives on strengths and empowerment.The ninth edition fully incorporates empowerment-based social work and the strengths perspective in thecontext of human rights and social justice. The Reflections on Empowerment and Social Justice boxes, along withthe Reflections on Diversity and Human Rights boxes, emphasize contemporary issues and ethical concerns in thecontext of empowerment and diversity. The Voices from the Field boxes include fictitious accounts of socialworkers’ perspectives on their professional experiences in various fields of practice. To further anchor students incompetency-based education, each chapter includes critical thinking questions linked to the CSWE competencies.Most chapters still include Social Work Highlights that feature practice applications and case examples.New to This EditionThe ninth edition ofSocial Work: An Empowering Professionmaintains the basic structure of previous editionswhile refreshing the internal organization of some chapters and updating content throughout. Notable revisions andadditions includeAn increased emphasis on diversity and difference, including an extensive revision of Chapter 7anda new section on diversity and the history of social work in Chapter 2Major revisions in the sections on disabilities and substance use disorders in Chapter 12 and healthyaging in Chapter 14New material on runaway youths, domestic minor sex trafficking, and youth empowerment in thesection on services for youth in Chapter 13Additional content on biological influences on behavior, environmental justice, evidence-basedpractice, and human rights and social justice in various chapters adverse childhood experiences andprinciples of trauma-informed care in Chapter 13, eco-maps in Chapter 3, and an extension ofempowerment-based social work in the introductory chapter, Chapter 1, to include content onaffirming diversity and difference, adopting a human rights perspective, and taking actionE-text features, including an electronically linked glossary, Assess Your Understanding “pop-up”quizzes aligned with learning outcomes, and MyLab activities at the end of most chaptersUpdates to demographic data as well as inclusion of several hundred new citations to ensure currency

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vOrganization of the BookThe book is organized into four sections:Part One,The Profession of Social Work, delineatesthe “who, what, why, and where” of social work and the socialservice delivery system.Chapter 1 defines social work, examines the purpose of the profession, overviews fields of practice,and introduces empowerment-based social work practice.Chapter 2 surveys the historical roots of the social work profession, including the contributions ofdiversity in the history of social work, and details the base of professional knowledge, values, andskills.Chapter 3 introduces the social systems and ecological frameworks for practice and delineates micro-,mezzo-, and macrolevel clients.Chapter 4 identifies key components of the social service delivery network.Part Two,Social Work Perspectives, examines the values, social justice mandate, and elements of diversity anddifference that both inform and shape social work practice.Chapter 5 features the value and ethical foundations of social work practice.Chapter 6 focuses on social justice and human rights, the “isms” and injustice, the theoretical basis ofsocial injustice, and implications for social work practice.Chapter 7 considers diversity and difference in the context of cultural identity and intersectionality andthe knowledge, values, and skills necessary to support multicultural social work practice.Part Three,Generalist Social Work, introduces an empowering approach to generalist social work at all systemlevels, including core processes, social work functions along with associated roles and strategies, and policypractice.Chapter 8 describes the nature of the collaborative partnership between practitioners and clients andbriefly describes empowering processes for generalist practice.Chapter 9 delineates the various roles and strategies associated with each function of social work—consultancy, resource management, and education.Chapter 10 explores the relationships between social work and social policy and reviews major historicand contemporary social welfare policies and services.Part Four,Contemporary Issues in Fields of Practice, features the opportunities and challenges for social workerswithin the broad fields of public welfare, health systems, family services and child welfare, and adult and agingservices.Chapter 11 profiles responses to issues in the public domain that involve social workers, includingpoverty, homelessness, unemployment, and crime and delinquency.Chapter 12 presents opportunities for social workers in the fields of health and behavioral health care,including a range of public health and health care settings and services for people with disabilities,mental health issues, and substance use disorders.Chapter 13 examines social work interests in the areas of family-centered services, child maltreatment,a continuum of child welfare services, school social work, and other services for youths.Chapter 14 emphasizes adult and aging services, including long-standing fields of practice such asoccupational and gerontological social work, as well as response to family caregiving issues, intimatepartner violence, elder abuse, and the increasing numbers of older adults who aspire to a life span thatis equal to their health span.Instructor’sManualThe Instructor’s Manual that accompaniesSocial Work: An Empowering Profession(9thed.) includes the followingfeatures for each chapter:AChapter Summarythat overviews key points.LearningObjectivesthat provide the organizing framework for the chapter.ALecture Outline that incorporates the Critical Thinking Questions included at the end of the chapteras well as suggestions for Teaching Strategies. TheCritical Thinking Questions and TeachingStrategies are aligned with CSWE outcome competencies.Ideas for Potential Assignments aligned with CSWE outcome competencies.

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viA list of MYLab activities associated with the chapter.Twenty-five Multiple Choice Questions distributed among the chapter learning objectives.Five essay questions.An answer key for multiple choice questions.MYLabHelping Professionsfor Introduction to Social WorkReach every student by pairing this text with MyLab Helping ProfessionsMyLab™ is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trustedauthor content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improvesresults for each student. MyLab Helping Professions organizes all assignments around essential learning outcomesand the CSWE EPAS for Social Work–enabling easy course alignment and reporting.Video-and case-based Application exerciseshelp students apply key concepts, prepare for certification,and develop the decision-making skills they need to become effective helping professionals.Automatically-graded licensure quizzesprovide immediate feedback to help students prepare for theircertification examinations, master foundational content, and improve their course performance.Assess Your Understandingquizzesthroughout the eText present students with opportunities to checktheir understanding. Each response provides immediate feedback that guides students’ learning andensures they master key learning outcomes.The Video Libraryallows users to easily search a database of video clips organized by course area.Instructors can choose froma wealth of content to create their own personalized homework, groupexercises, and in-class activities.The Pearson eTextgives students access to their textbook anytime, anywhere.Chapter Options for MyLab ActivitiesChapter 1: Social Work: AHelping Profession[No MyLab Box in this Chapter.]Chapter 2: An EvolvingProfessionIn Topic 2 Assignments: Professional Behavior, try ApplicationExercise 2.1: Logan’s Professional Behavior and Licensure Quiz 2.1:Professional Behavior. Then try Application Exercise 2.2: ProfessionalNetiquette and Licensure Quiz 2.2 Professional Behavior Online.In Topic 10 Assignments: Client Intervention, try Licensure Quiz 10.3:Interprofessional Collaboration.Chapter 3: Social Work andSocial SystemsInTopic 3 Assignments: Social Work Theories, try ApplicationExercise 3.2 Assessment Theories: What are YourSystems?Then, in Topic 8 Assignments: Client Engagement, try ApplicationExercise 8.2:Facilitating a Support Group and Licensure Quiz 8.2:Person-in-Environment and Client Engagement.In Topic 10 Assignments:Client Intervention, try Licensure Quiz 10.2:Applying Theory to Client Intervention.In Topic 11 Assignments: Client Evaluation, try Application Exercise11.3: Evaluating Community Work.Chapter 4: The Social ServiceDelivery System[No MyLab Box in this Chapter.]

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viiChapter 5: Values and Ethics inSocial WorkTopic 1 Assignments: Ethical Standards.In Topic 8 Assignments: Client Engagement, try Application Exercise8.4: Empathy vs. Sympathy, Licensure Quiz 8.4: Empathy andReflection in Practice, Application Exercise 8.5: Client Interaction, andLicensure Quiz 8.5: Interpersonal Skills and Engagement.Chapter 6:Human Rights andSocial JusticeTopic 5 Assignments:Human Rights and Social Justice.Chapter 7: Diversity and SocialWorkTopic 4 Assignments: Diversity.Chapter 8: Empowerment SocialWork PracticeIn Topic 3 Assignments: Social Work Theories, start with ApplicationExercise 3.1: Turning Deficits into Strengths and Licensure Quiz 3.1:Strength-Based Practice. Then try Licensure Quiz 3.2: AssessmentTheories, Application Exercise 3.3: Intervention Theories:Understanding an Agency’s Mission and Services, Licensure Quiz 3.3:Intervention Theories, Application Exercise 3.4: Evaluation Theories:Evaluating Family Practice, and Licensure Quiz 3.4: EvaluationTheories.In Topic 9: Client Assessment, try Licensure Quiz 9.1: Critical ThinkingSkills, Licensure Quiz 9.2: Theory and Client Assessment—Part 1,Licensure Quiz 9.3: Theory and Client Assessment—Part 2, andLicensure Quiz 9.4: Goals and Objectives.Chapter 9: Social WorkFunctions and RolesIn Topic 6 Assignments:Research Methods, try Application Exercise6.4: Lobbying for Legislative Change.Then, in Topic 10 Assignments: Client Intervention, try ApplicationExercise 10.4: MeaningfulAdvocacy.Chapter 10: Social Work andSocialPolicyIn Topic 7 Assignments:Policy Practice, try Application Exercise 7.1:Connecting Legislation to the Realties of Practice, Application Exercise7.2: Making Connections with Service Delivery and Access,Application Exercise 7.3: Lobbying for Runaway and Homeless Youth,and Application Exercise 7.4: A Living Wage.Chapter 11: Social Work andPoverty, Homelessness,Unemployment, and CriminalJustice[No MyLab Box in this Chapter.]Chapter 12:Social Work inHealth, Rehabilitation, andMental HealthIn Topic 10 Assignments:Client Intervention,try Application Exercise10.1: Helping Sara and Licensure Quiz 10.4: Client Intervention.Chapter 13: Social Work withFamilies and YouthsIn Topic8 Assignments: Client Engagement,try Application Exercise8.1: Emily’s Struggle with Adolescence and Licensure Quiz 8.1:HBSE Theories and Engagement. Then try Application Exercise 8.3:Reflection in Client Engagement and Licensure Quiz 8.3Multidisciplinary Theoretical Frameworks and Engagement.In Topic 9 Assignments: Client Assessment, try Application Exercise9.1: Using Family Systems to Assess Clients, Application Exercise 9.2:The Jones Family, Application Exercise 9.4: The Power of One,Application Exercise 9.5: Self-Determination, and Licensure Quiz 9.5:Appropriate Strategies.

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viiiIn Topic 10 Assignments: Client Intervention,try Application Exercise10.2: Alec’s Many Systems, Application Exercise 10.3: WaysProfessionals Collaborate, andLicensure Quiz 10.1: InterventionStrategies.Chapter 14: Adult and AgingServicesIn Topic 9 Assignments: Client Assessment,try Application Exercise9.3 Miss Jane.In the Topic 11 Assignments: Client Evaluation, try ApplicationExercise 11.2:Evaluating the “Newcomers” Group and ApplicationExercise 11.4: Evaluating an Older Adult Outreach Program.

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1Chapter 1Social Work: A Helping ProfessionChapter SummaryAs an orientation to social work and social welfare, this Chapter 1 explores the profession of social work and whatsocial workers do, the mission and purpose of social work, the relationship between social work and social welfare,and characteristics of social work as an empowering profession. The discussion frames social work as a humanrights and social justice profession.Although social work is only one of several occupations in the social welfare arena, historically, social work hasbeen identified as the primary profession that carries out the mandate of social welfare. Differentiating social workfrom other human service professions is complicated by the tendency to identify anyone working in the broad areaof social welfare as a social worker. Thus, with respect to human services, the general public tends to labelindividuals with a variety of educational backgrounds, training, and levels of competence as social workers. Whilethese human service employees may identify themselves as “doing social work,” social work requires a particulareducation to acquire the knowledge, skills, and value base fundamental to professional social work practice.As caring professionals, social workers work with others to resolve problems, obtain resources, provide support,and pursue social justice. As generalists, social workers view human behavior in the context of the socialenvironment, recognize the potential for change at multiple system levels, draw on common processes to organizetheir work with clients, and integrate direct practice with social policy and research activities.Preparation for professional social work practice requires an understanding of human and societal needs, anassimilation of the values of the social work profession, and the development of skills for facilitating change. Thepurpose, mission, goals, and objectives of the profession prescribe the behaviors, attitudes, and skills required toeffect change. Clients touched by personal and social problems engage with social workers to improve their socialfunctioning through a partnership of planned change. In all fields of practice, the focus of professional social workersis on both people and their social and physical environments, often described as the intersection of private troublesand public issues.Empowerment-oriented social workers set increasing personal, interpersonal, and sociopolitical power as a goalso that clients can access resources and power that will enable them to improve their situations and address theirconcerns. Common elements of empowerment-oriented social work include focusing on strengths, workingcollaboratively, critically reflecting on structural arrangements, adopting a human rights and social justiceperspective, linking personal and political power, and taking action.Learning ObjectivesDescribe who social workers are and what they do in their day-to-day social work activitiesExplain the perspectives of social work, including the mission, purpose, and goals of the professionExplicate the relationship between social work and social welfareEvaluate social work as an empowering professionLecture OutlineThe Social Work ProfessionSocial Work DefinedSocial workers help others resolve problems and obtain resources, provide support, and facilitate socialresponses to needs-Client systems include:Individuals and familiesGroupsOrganizationsCommunities

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2Social Workers as Caring ProfessionalsDemonstrate positive regard and genuine concern about well-being of othersPersonal qualities warmth, honesty, genuineness, openness, courage, hopefulness, humility, concern, andsensitivityValue working in partnershipsTeaching Strategy: Through discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in smallgroups, generate examples that illustrate how personal characteristics inform one’s identityas a social worker as well as professional behavior (Ethical and Professional Behavior)Voices from the Field: Examples illustrate the integration of practice, policy, and researchJoannie Devereaux - social worker in a nursing home-Working with residents and families, individually and small groups-Collaborating with other professionals to work with legislators on state-based funding issues related tostate payments-Conducting research on the impact of resident involvement in decision-making on their transition tolong term careKaren Ostlund - legislative caseworker-Advocating for constituents to address issues they face when dealing with federal agencies-Networking with a variety of agencies to improve service delivery-Gathering data within congressional district to evaluate the impact of welfare reform on constituentsMike Nicolas -social worker at County General Hospital’s hospice unit-Providing counseling and support to clients and families-Participating on a community task force on AIDS focusing on community education, establishing abefriender program, and collecting data for a grant applicationMary Ann Grant - rape crisis worker-Counseling survivors and their families, individually and in small groups-Presenting community education programs on prevention and response to sexual assault-Working with researchers from a local university on a project about date rapeCritical Thinking Question: Whereas human needs are the reasons for social workintervention, human strengths are the sources for solutions. In the section “Voices from theField,” whatpotential needs of social work clients are represented in the practice examples,and what are the sources of strengths that give direction to intervention strategies with theseclients? (Intervention)Generalist Social WorkUtilizes generic practice processesRecognizes the potential for change at multiple system levels - within human systems between systems andamong environmental systemsViews behavior in the context of social environmentsIntegrates direct practice, social policy, and researchCritical Thinking Question: In every aspect of their lives, social workers represent the socialwork profession. How does the definition of generalist social work practice informprofessional identity and behaviors?(Ethical and Professional Behavior)Social Work PerspectivesSocial Work’s Mission and PurposeEnhance well-being of all people, particularly those who are vulnerable and oppressed (NASW)Promote well-being and collective betterment of society (CSWE)Personal Troubles and Public IssuesC. Wright Mills’ idea: Personal troubles and public issues are separate and distinct-Personal troubles are private matters-Issues are public matters

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3Social work interpretation of Mill’s ideas: Relationship between public and private is reciprocal-Private troubles emanate from public issues-Private troubles develop into public issuesTeaching Strategy: Through discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in smallgroups, generate examples to explicate the reciprocal relationship between private troublesand public issues. How does the concept of private troubles and public issues relate togeneralist social processes of assessment? (Assessment)Strengths and NeedsUniversal Basic Needs-Physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritualMotivational Needs:-Maslow’s hierarchy –physiological, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization-Assumption: people must fulfill basic needs before they pursue needs for personal growthPersonal Development-Fulfillment contributes to personal growth and adaptation throughout the lifespanLife Tasks-Associated with expected and unexpected life situationsCultural Strengths-Shape identity-Inform worldview-Source of strategies for problem solvingCollective Needs for Social Justice and Human Rights-Social justice:Share equally in the social order, participation in society, protection under the law, opportunitiesfor development, access to social benefitsIsms restrict justice–racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, handicapism, ageism-Human rights: universal and indivisibleFirst generation: civil and political rightsDue process, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from tortureSecond generation: social, economic, and political rightsQuality of life rights, health care, reasonable standard of living, education, workThird generation: collective rightsEnvironmental justice, humanitarian aid, economic development, peaceful coexistenceWorld Living Needs-Learning to live in an interdependent global societyInteractions among Strengths, Needs, and EnvironmentsSocial and physical environments affect how we view possibilities and get alongWe experience “goodness of fit” to extent environmental demands and resources meet needsEnvironmental competence–congruence between provisions and needs-Groupswith “privilege” likely have less exposure to environmental risks-Disenfranchised populations experience reduced access to environmental resources anddisproportionate exposure to environmental risksSocial Work’s Goals(NASW)Enhancing the people's capacities to resolve problems, cope, and function effectivelyLinking clients with needed resourcesImprove the service delivery networkPromoting social justice through the development of social policyCritical Thinking Question: Social work is aptlydescribed as society’s conscience. How dosocial workers promote social and economic justice and advocate for human rights? (HumanRights & Justice)

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4The Relationship between Social Work and Social WelfareSocial InstitutionsAddress the physical, economic, educational, religious, political, and social welfare needs of citizensProvisions fulfill human needs and resolve social problemsThe Social Welfare InstitutionResponds to the health, education, and well-being needs of societal membersAddresses individuals' "general well-being" and the populations' universal needsFunctions of Social WelfareResidual view-Welfare applies when the normal family, economic, or political structures break downInstitutional view-Welfare is an integrated function that provides services as a citizens' rights-Diverse provisions benefit the total populationFields of Social Work PracticeSelected Examples-Family and Child Welfare-Health Care-Child Welfare and Child Protective Services-Mental Health-Gerontological Social Work (Aging Services)-Occupational Social Work-Community Organizing and Community Development-Information and Referral-Income Maintenance-School Social Work-Criminal JusticeEmployment Outlook (Bureau of Labor Statistics)-Expanding opportunities for social workers-Future growth areas: aging services, child welfare, mental healthCritical Thinking Question: Social workers understand that public policies affect the types ofsocial benefits and acknowledge the need for policy practice. What are some examples ofsocial policies that affect services to clients in various fields of social work practice? (PolicyPractice)Teaching Strategy: Through discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in smallgroups, generate examples to illustrate how social workers could promote social justice andhuman rights in different fields of practice (Human Rights and Justice/Intervention)Social Work, Social Welfare, and SocietyConsensus and Conflict Models:-Structural functional model - social workers as agents who control deviant citizens and reformdysfunctional social structures-Conflict model - social workers as confronting social injustice, and changing power alignments insocietyPatterns of relationship between social work and society-Agent of social control on behalf of society-Reformer of society-Separate from society-Intermediary between individuals and societySocial Work as an Empowering ProfessionEmpowerment DefinedElements - personal, interpersonal, and sociopolitical power

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5-Involves subjective elements of perception and more objective elements of resources of power withinsocial structures.-Implies exercising psychological control over personal affairs and exerting influence over the course ofevents in the sociopolitical arenaAccess to ResourcesRequisite of empowermentTeaching Strategy: Through discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in smallgroups, generate responses to questions such as: How does the availability of resourcesinfluence empowerment? In what ways do the opportunity structures of society (educationand the economy) empower or disempower societal members? (Human Rights and Justice )Empowerment Social WorkFocusing on StrengthsSupports the vision and hope for possibility, growth, and changeAffirming Diversity and DifferenceCultural variations represent differences not deficitsWorking CollaborativelyAssumption: Clients are primary experts on their own situationsFailure to redefine power in ways that social workers step back from role of expert disempowers clientsFrom beginning to end, social workers and clients accomplish their work through and interdependentpartnershipCritically Reflecting on Structural ArrangementsFocus: structural arrangements that challenge access to resources and opportunitiesContinuous process: thinking, doing, reflectingAsking questions is critical: in the absence of questioning, we support the status quo by taking structuralarrangements for grantedAdopting a Human Rights PerspectiveConnections with social justice integral to social work history; connections with human rights relativelyrecent in social work as practiced in the U.S.Human rights concerns are present in any issue related to social exclusion and inequalityImplications for how social workers view clients’ situations, build relationships, network personal andpolitical resources, and advocate just social policiesLinking Personal and Political PowerIntegration of social work as clinical with social work as politicalTaking ActionAdvocacy and social action are embedded in the history, values. and ethics of social workCentral to purpose of social workCritical element of empowermentTeaching Strategy: For discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in small groups,pose the question: In the context of social work’s mission, purpose and goals, is the clinicalwithout the political actually social work? (Ethical and Professional Behavior)Teaching Strategy:Through discussion in the class as a whole or brainstorming in smallgroups, ask students to develop guiding principles for social work practice based on theirunderstanding of social work as an empowerment-oriented, human rights and social justiceprofession. (Human Rights & Justice/Intervention/Ethical and Professional Behavior)

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6Potential AssignmentsEthical and Professional BehaviorHave students collect newspaper articles highlighting agency programs that represent the various fields ofpractice. How do these programs reflect the goals and objectives of the social work?Human Rights & Justice; AssessmentCreate a collage depicting the continuum of human and social needs. Collages can be made by individuals or assmall group projects. You may want to ask students to write a paragraph to interpret their collage. Share resultsin class.Policy PracticeHave students interview social workers from various fields of practice to learn about trends and the employmentoutlook in those fields.MYLabHelping Professions for Introduction to Social WorkNo MyLab Options

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7Chapter 2An Evolving ProfessionChapter SummarySocial work emerged as a professional activity during the late nineteenth century. Its roots lie in early social welfareactivities, the charity organization movement, and the settlement house movement. Social work is a profession thathas historically maintained a partisan commitment to working with people who are poor or otherwisedisenfranchised. However, social workers’ views of their clients and, as a consequence, their preferences aboutcourses of action have differed. Some have viewed disadvantaged populations as supplicants—unworthy, powerless,and in need of personal reform. As charity workers, they applied measures to improve individuals’ moral and socialacceptability, whereas others have viewed disenfranchised populations as victims of social disorder, social injustice,and social change. As social reformers, they confronted the root causes of problems, modified societal structures,and engaged in advocating policy and legislative changes to improve environmental conditions and createopportunities. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the practices of racial segregation and the principle of“separate, but equal” framed the context of social policies, delivery models for social services, and even historicalaccounts of social welfare initiatives. The result was excluding minorities from mainstream social welfare servicesand education. The tireless efforts of African American leaders and their vision for a just world fueled manyprograms and services associated with the Women’s Club Movement, the African American Settlement HouseMovement, and advocacy organizations such as the National Urban League. Additionally, they founded AfricanAmerican colleges and advocated change through individual and collective efforts. Targeting policy at both the localand national levels, the political activities of these African American leaders in social welfare embodyempowerment and foreshadow the integration of policy practice into contemporary social work.Many definitions of social work found throughout the professional literature reiterate the themes of helpingindividuals and changing social conditions. Some definitions emphasize people, whereas others incorporate thereciprocal interactions between people and their social environment. Among those historical trends that influencedthe definition of practice are the emergence of social casework as a methodology in the early 1900s; the prominenceof the psychoanalytic movement in the 1920s leading to increased emphasis on mental health and the mentalhygiene movement; the public welfare movement in the 1930s; the acceptance of group work and communityorganizing methodologies in the 1940s and 1950s; the emergence of a dual perspective in the 1950s, social reformactivities in the 1960s; the popularity of the social systems and ecological perspectives in the 1970s and 1980s; anincreased emphasis on empowerment, social justice, human rights and international social work in the 1990s; and anevidence-based practice and competency-based social work education into the twenty-first century.Social work’s professional status was evaluated by Abraham Flexner in 1915, and his conclusion hasreverberated among social workers ever since. In 1957, Ernest Greenwood applied criteria to assert social work’sstanding as a profession. Today, the social work profession continues to confront issues related to maintaining itsprofessional legitimacy. The question of whether social work is in fact a profession has challenged social workersfor nearly a century and parallels the evolving definition of the profession. This history reflects the systematicefforts by early pioneers to acquire professional status, unify professional organizations, and develop standards foreducationThe foundation for generalist practice has a generic or common base of purpose, values, knowledge, and skillsshared by all social workers. This common base unifies the profession even though social work practitioners utilizea variety of methods, work in different settings, have diverse groups as clients, and practice with clients at differentsystem levels. The values–knowledge–skills complex of the profession describes thewhy,thewhat,and thehowofsocial work. To act on this orientation, social workers draw their attitudes toward people from a body of professionalvalues and base their understanding of human behavior and environmental responses on a body of knowledge.Building on historical traditions, the contemporary social work profession emphasizes human rights andempowerment of oppressed populations more explicitly in the defined mission, purpose, and practice of social work.

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8Learning ObjectivesTrace the emergence of social work as a profession with reference to the charity organization societies, thesettlement house movement, and diversity in the early history of the professionDescribe how the definition of social work evolved during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuriesProfile social work’s quest for professional status, the rise of professional organizations, and thedevelopment of social work educationCritique the common base of social work’s values, knowledge base, and skills; and the tenets forprofessional social work practiceLecture OutlineThe Emergence of Social Work as a ProfessionEarly Social Welfare OrganizationsThe National Conference of Charities and Corrections formed in 1879-Formed to address social problems of poverty, crime, and social dependency-Membership–public officials and volunteers in State Boards of Charities-Focus: effective administration and reform of welfare institutionsThemes reflect roots of social workCharity Organization Societies (COS)First COS founded by S. Humphrey’s Gurteen- 1877 in Buffalo, NYTo provide structure for private charitiesFriendly visitors met with applicants to model moral characterMary Richmond-Early COS leader-Instrumental in providing direction to workers through her publications-What is Social Case Work?andSocial DiagnosisSettlement House MovementOriginated in London with founding of Toynbee Hall by Samuel BarnettFirst settlement in U.S., Neighborhood Guild, founded in New York City by Stanton CoitJane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr established Hull House in ChicagoCombined social advocacy and social services to address problems associated with urbanization andimmigrationSettlement workers livedamong poor as “settlers”Critical Thinking Question:The roots of the social work profession lie in two distinct late-nineteenth-century social movements. What policy contributions of the charity organizationand the settlement house movements continue to carry over in contemporary social servicedelivery? (Policy Practice)Teaching Strategy: Ask students to compare and contrast the practice philosophy of JaneAddams and Mary Richmond? (Ethcial and Professional Behavior)Teaching Strategy: Ask students to analyze the contributions of the Settlement HouseMovement to our understanding of empowerment (Ethcial and Professional Behavior / PolicyPractice)Diversity and the History of Social WorkAfrican American initiatives developed in response to racial segregation and principles of “separate but equal”that prevailed in the U.S.African American Women’s Club MovementNationwide network of clubs, sororities, and other professional and service organizations

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