Essentials Of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach, 8th Edition Test Bank

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Test Bank ContentsChapter 1: The Sociological Perspective1Chapter 2: Culture23Chapter 3: Socialization45Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction67Chapter 5: Social Groups and Formal Organizations91Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control113Chapter 7: Global Stratification139Chapter 8: Social Class in the United States161Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity183Chapter 10: Inequalities of Gender and Age207Chapter 11: Politics and the Economy233Chapter 12: Marriage and Family259Chapter 13: Education and Religion283Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization307Chapter 15: Social Change and the Environment331

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Chapter 1: The Sociological PerspectiveMultiple Choice Questions1) What sociological phrase is used to describe "opening a window onto unfamiliar worlds" and "offering a freshlook at familiar worlds"?A) the sociological perspectiveB) the social imperativeC) social integrationD) social locationAnswer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 4Skill: Conceptual2) To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualities a group of people must share?A) a common language and a common religionB) a common culture and a territoryC) a territory and a common political ideologyD) ethnicity and a common languageAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 4Skill: Applied3) What term do sociologists use to describe the corners in life that people occupy because of where they arelocated in a society?A) the sociological perspectiveB) the social imperativeC) social locationD) the sociological frameworkAnswer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 4Skill: Factual4) Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specificexperiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken?A) social determinismB) the sociological imaginationC) the social imperativeD) positivismAnswer: BDiff: 3Page Ref: 4Skill: Applied5) What are the two components C. Wright Mills identified as being fundamental to understanding the sociologicalimagination?A) political systems and economic systemsB) race and ethnicityC) the means of production and ownership of resourcesD) history and biographyAnswer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 4Skill: FactualTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e1

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6) What two events most inspired people to rethink social life that led to an uprooting of what had been traditionalsocial arrangements and the development of sociology as a science?A) World War I and the Great DepressionB) the discovery of the new world and RenaissanceC) the American Revolution and the French RevolutionD) the Insurrection and EnlightenmentAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 5Skill: Factual7) Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known aspositivism?A) Maximilien RobespierreB) Auguste ComteC) Emile DurkheimD) Herbert SpencerAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 5Skill: Factual8) What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in aprocess he called social Darwinism?A) Charles DarwinB) Auguste ComteC) Herbert SpencerD) Emile DurkheimAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 6Skill: Factual9) Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the mostcapable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use todescribe this process?A) the survival of the fittestB) positivismC) social egalitarianismD) the social imperativeAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 6Skill: Conceptual10) Based on the original writings of Karl Marx, how would social change be accomplished?A) Society would naturally evolve from a barbaric to more civilized form.B) The education of the masses would lead to social change and innovation.C) The application of the scientific method would improve social conditions.D) Workers would unite and overthrow the capitalists through revolution.Answer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 6Skill: ConceptualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective2

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11) According to theWall Street Journal, who were the "three greatest modern thinkers"?A) Thomas Edison; Herbert Spencer; Emile DurkheimB) Ralph Waldo Emerson; Thomas Edison; Louis PasteurC) Karl Marx; Albert Einstein; Sigmund FreudD) Albert Einstein; Thomas Edison; Auguste ComteAnswer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 6Skill: Factual12) Based on the theories formulated by Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of the proletariat?A) The proletariat sought to establish a democratic society and independence.B) The proletariat wanted to develop a society with a strong middle class.C) The proletariat sought to develop a classless society free of exploitation.D) The proletariat wanted to establish capitalism and a higher standard of living for all.Answer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 6Skill: Conceptual13) Who is credited with being "the world's first professor of sociology"?A) Auguste ComteB) Max WeberC) Herbert SpencerD) Emile DurkheimAnswer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 7Skill: Factual14) Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatestsuicide risk?A) Janine, a married mother of two who belongs to the Catholic church.B) Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city.C) Milton, a devout Jew who is married with seven children.D) Alice, a single parent supporting her daughter.Answer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 7Skill: Conceptual15) What did Max Weber believe was the central force in social change?A) economicsB) politicsC) familyD) religionAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 8Skill: Factual16) What was the "sign" Calvinists believed God would send them to indicate they were in divine favor anddestined for salvation?A) family happinessB) satisfaction in their worshipC) a long lifeD) financial successAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 8Skill: AppliedTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e3

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17) How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions?A) Weber failed to recognize class differences in society.B) Marx was a theoretical sociologist and Weber strictly an applied sociologist.C) Weber addressed social structure which Marx totally ignored.D) Marx believed economics was the central force of social change and Weber claimed it was religion.Answer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 8Skill: Applied18) Who was the first woman to hold a Presidential cabinet post (Secretary of Labor)?A) Elizabeth Cady StantonB) Frances PerkinsC) Jane AddamsD) Janet RenoAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 9Skill: Factual19) In 1890, where did the discipline of sociology first take root in the United States?A) Harvard UniversityB) The University of KansasC) The University of California at BerkeleyD) Princeton UniversityAnswer: BDiff: 3Page Ref: 9Skill: Factual20) Who was the pioneering sociologist at the University of Chicago who developed the symbolic interactionistperspective?A) Albion SmallB) Talcott ParsonsC) George Herbert MeadD) Charles Horton CooleyAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 9Skill: Factual21) Who was the first sociologist to win the Nobel Prize for Peace?A) Margaret SangerB) Harriet MartineauC) Jane AddamsD) Betty FreidanAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 10Skill: Factual22) Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University?A) Booker T. WashingtonB) George Washington CarverC) Benjamin Anthony QuarlesD) W. E. B. DuBoisAnswer: DDiff: 1Page Ref: 10Skill: FactualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective4

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23) What was the name of the journal edited by W.E. B. DuBois that he used to advance race relations and socialreform?A)Sociological ViewpointsB)The ReformerC)The American SociologistD)CrisisAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 10Skill: Factual24) In the 1940s who was the influential sociologist who developed abstract models of society to explain how theparts of society work together harmoniously?A) C. Wright MillsB) Erving GoffmanC) Talcott ParsonsD) Michael BurawoyAnswer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 12Skill: Factual25) Which of the following social scientists serves as the best example of an applied sociologist?A) W. E. B. DuBoisB) Herbert SpencerC) Talcott ParsonsD) Auguste ComteAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 12Skill: Applied26) What term describes the use of sociology to solve social problems in business, the workplace, and other aspectsof society?A) applied sociologyB) pure sociologyC) theoretical sociologyD) existential sociologyAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 12Skill: Factual27) What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?A) a theoryB) a conceptC) a correlationD) an operational definitionAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 14Skill: Applied28) What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?A) It measures how society uses sanctions to control behavior.B) It states that behavior is controlled by factors beyond one's control.C) It explains how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.D) It is based on the premise that a history of man is a history of class conflict.Answer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 15Skill: ConceptualTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e5

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29) People may change their opinions about an issue such as divorce based on a restructuring of that image, theissues involved, and what they mean. This is an example of which sociological perspective?A) structural functionalismB) the conflict perspectiveC) symbolic interactionismD) the neo-conflict perspectiveAnswer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 15Skill: Applied30) Many African Americans feel the flag for the Confederate States of America, "the stars and bars," is a sign ofracial hatred. State rights advocates view the same flag as being "heritage, not hatred." Such a difference of opinionover the exact same material object is an illustration of which sociological perspective?A) symbolic interactionismB) functional analysisC) structural analysisD) conflict theoryAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 15Skill: Applied31) Which sociological perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that worktogether harmoniously?A) symbolic interactionismB) functional analysisC) the conflict perspectiveD) the neo-conflict perspectiveAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 16Skill: Applied32) Which two theorists viewed society as a type of living organism and are identified as being among the earlieststructural functionalists?A) George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton CooleyB) Karl Marx and Lewis CoserC) Ernest Burgess and Robert ParkD) Auguste Comte and Herbert SpencerAnswer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 16Skill: Factual33) Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essenceof functionalism using the termsfunctionsanddysfunctionsto describe the consequences of people's actions?A) Talcott ParsonsB) C. Wright MillsC) Robert MertonD) Erving GoffmanAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 16-17Skill: FactualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective6

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34) What term did Robert Merton use to describe human actions that hurt a system (society) that are usuallyunintended?A) manifest functionsB) latent functionsC) latent dysfunctionsD) manifest dysfunctionsAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 17Skill: Applied35) How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Dealprogram that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?A) The benefits were latent functions.B) The benefits would be classified as manifest dysfunctions.C) The benefits would be classified as manifest functions.D) The benefits were latent dysfunctions.Answer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 17Skill: Conceptual36) Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition forscarce resources?A) conflict theoryB) structural functionalismC) functional analysisD) symbolic interactionismAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 18Skill: Applied37) What was the underlying assumption sociologist Lewis Coser made regarding the conflict perspective?A) Coser believed conflict was a reflection of society's inability to cope with normlessness.B) Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships.C) Coser compared conflict in society to a stage in which participants compete for roles and awards.D) Coser saw conflict as being functional for society and providing certain benefits.Answer: BDiff: 3Page Ref: 18Skill: Conceptual38) Which theoretical perspective in sociology is most aligned with micro-level analysis?A) symbolic interactionismB) feminist theoryC) conflict theoryD) structural functionalismAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 19Skill: ConceptualTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e7

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39) Cordell has done an extensive study of the increase in divorce rates in the United States since 1950. He hascome to the conclusion that the transformation of American society has resulted in a redefinition of love, marriage,children, and the rate of divorce. In view of this, with which sociological perspective would Cordell's conclusion bemost aligned?A) symbolic interactionismB) the conflict perspectiveC) structural functionalismD) feminist theoryAnswer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 19Skill: Conceptual40) Elizabeth is developing a research proposal addressing the effects of juvenile delinquency on the economicdevelopment of a community. She is using her state's crime code manual to determine what constitutes a "juvenile"and what behavior qualifies as "delinquent." Which phrase best describes what Elizabeth is doing to provide aprecise way to measure the concepts of "juvenile" and "delinquency"?A) Elizabeth is developing a correlation between juvenile delinquency and economic development.B) Elizabeth is selecting the proper research method to use in her proposal.C) Elizabeth is engaged in multivariate analysis by formulating a hypothesis.D) Elizabeth is developing operational definitions on which to base her research.Answer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 20Skill: Applied41) When IQ tests were first developed in the early 1900s they had a tendency to measure cultural traits more thanintellectual capability. In view of this, which of the following statements best applies to the early IQ tests?A) They were highly valid but lacked reliability.B) They would be considered as being qualitative but not quantitative.C) They were culturally relative and ethnocentric.D) They lacked validity which also compromised their reliability.Answer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 21Skill: Applied42) Jimmy and Alex are doing a survey on the opinion undergraduate students have regarding academic services attheir university. There are 12,000 undergraduate students at their university but they plan to only survey 2,000 ofthem. In view of this , the 12,000 students would be considered as the ________ and the 2,000 students surveyedwould be the ________.A) universe; populationB) population; sampleC) sample; respondentsD) design; populationAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 24-25Skill: Applied43) Which of the following phrases best describes a random sample?A) Everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study.B) Participants in the study are picked at the convenience of the researcher.C) There is no consistent method of choosing the participants in the study.D) The participants in the study are picked from volunteers.Answer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 25Skill: AppliedChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective8

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44) Cathy has developed a survey to administer to patrons of the SPCA. Items on the survey include "Name the firstfive breeds of dogs that come to your mind" and "What is it about owning a dog that you enjoy the most?" Aftereach item the respondents have a space to write their response in their own words. These two items in Cathy'ssurveys are examples of what type of question?A) close-ended questionsB) rhetorical questionsC) open-ended questionsD) biased questionsAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 25Skill: Conceptual45) When a researcher asks a respondent general, non-sensitive questions to gain a feeling of trust before askingquestions of a more sensitive and personal nature, they are seeking to accomplish which of the following objectives?A) They are trying to develop rapport with the subjects under study.B) They are trying to increase the reliability of their study.C) They are emphasizing the validity of their study.D) They are practicing randomization so the respondents are unaware of the true purpose of the survey.Answer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 27Skill: Applied46) What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ?A) fieldworkB) survey researchC) secondary analysisD) experimentationAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 27Skill: Factual47) Anthony is conducting experimental research on the effects of an educational therapy program and the conflicthandling skills of inmates. He has established two groups. Group A will receive a special conflict handling therapyprogram. Group B will go about their routine without receiving the therapy or a therapy substitute. What is the nameof Group B in experimental research such as this?A) the control groupB) the treatment groupC) the placebo groupD) the reference groupAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 28Skill: Applied48) Jose is conducting research on organized crime. Rather than interviewing criminals or going undercover, he isexamining data that someone else has collected. In view of this, what research method is Jose using?A) participant observationB) secondary analysisC) fieldworkD) experimentationAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 28Skill: AppliedTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e9

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49) After submitting her completed dissertation to the committee, Becky was accused of plagiarism by the chair ofthe department. In view of this, what was the allegation the chair was making of Becky's work?A) The chair believed Becky falsified the results of her data.B) Becky failed to submit her dissertation in the appropriate form.C) Becky copied major parts of her dissertation from someone else's work.D) Becky violated the confidentiality and trust of the sample used in her research.Answer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 29Skill: Applied50) Who conducted the sociological research that included "tearooms," "watch queens," accusations of"sociological snooping," and a violation of research ethics as he completed his dissertation?A) Mario BrajuhaB) Talcott ParsonsC) Laud HumphreysD) Erving GoffmanAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 30Skill: FactualTrue/False Questions1) The corners of life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society, such as their sex,occupation, and age, refers to social location.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 42) Subjectivity is a vital component of the scientific method due to the need to be spontaneous, creative, andanalytical.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 53) The concept of "survival of the fittest" was coined by Herbert Spencer, the father of the philosophical view calledsocial Darwinism.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 64) Marxism and communism are identical political ideologies with both leading to a classless society.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 75) Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life as theProtestant ethic.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 86) Sociology first took root as an academic discipline in the United States at the University of California atBerkeley.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 97) As a part of his studies in sociology, W. E. B. DuBois attended lectures by Max Weber at the University ofBerlin.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 10Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective10

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8) Talcott Parsons is credited with being one of the major social reformers and social activists of the 1940s whichled to a widespread acceptance of sociology as a social science in America.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 129) Pure, basic, and applied sociology are all terms that mean virtually the same thing which is the application of thescientific method to the social world.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 1210) W. E. B. DuBois and Jane Addams are two early sociologists who would be most appropriately classified asapplied sociologists.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 1211) Research aimed at learning more about some behavior is called basic sociology.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 1412) In functional analysis how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole refers tofunction.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 1613) Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim were both advocates of the concept of structural functionalism that viewssociety as being composed of many interrelated parts.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 16-1714) Individuals becoming homeless because of welfare reform legislation that cuts all payments to non-workingAmericans after two years would be classified as a latent dysfunction of the legislation.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 1715) Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism are both theoretical perspectives relying on macro levelanalysis.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 1916) Common sense is the most logical guide on which to base sociological research.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 2017) In a large series of scores, the mode is the most representative measure of the average score.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 2418) Although sociological research should be value free, undesirable results should be discarded when they arecontrary to the hypothesis.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 2619) When using unobtrusive measures the researcher observes the behavior of people without the subjects'knowledge they are being studied.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 29Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e11

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20) Repeating a study by other researchers to compare results is referred to as replication.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 31Short Answer Questions1) What is the scientific method?Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observations to test theories.Page Ref: 52) What is positivism?Answer: Positivism is the idea of applying the scientific method to the social world.Page Ref: 53) What is social Darwinism?Answer: Social Darwinism is an off shoot of the "survival of the fittest" concept applied to societies. It postulates ifcharity, handouts, and other welfare programs were eliminated the less fit of society will die off. This will produce astronger gene pool and more advanced society by the surviving, stronger and more fit members of society.Page Ref: 64) What conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach following his research on suicide rates in European countries?Answer: Social factors underlie suicide rates more so than individual factors which accounts for a group's consistentsuicide rates year after year.Page Ref: 75) How did Max Weber and Karl Marx both agree and disagree on what is the central force of social change?Answer: Marx claimed economics was the central force in social change. Weber disagreed and claimed it wasreligion. The agreement is in the application of Weber's claim. According to Weber, people did not know if theywere saved until Judgement Day. This inspired them to invest money for the sake of making more money (the spiritof capitalism) which in the final analysis is social change based on economics.Page Ref: 86) What was the major contribution Harriet Martineau made to the English-speaking world as it relates to the studyof sociology?Answer: Harriet Martineau translated August Comte's works from French to English.Page Ref: 97) Who were the three members of the sociology department at the University of Chicago whose ideas greatlyinfluenced the discipline?Answer: Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, George Herbert MeadPage Ref: 98) Who were the two applied sociologists who developed Hull-House in 1889 and eventually won a Nobel Prize fortheir efforts?Answer: Jane Addams and Ellen G. StarrPage Ref: 109) What did W. E. B. DuBois mean when he referred to "the Veil"?Answer: "The Veil" was shorthand for the Veil of Race, referring to how race colors all human relations.Page Ref: 1110) What organization did W. E. B. DuBois help found to encourage social action to fight the exploitation ofAfrican Americans?Answer: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)Page Ref: 12Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective12

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11) What did C. Wright Mills mean by the termthe power elite?Answer: The power elite is the top leaders of business, politics, and the military who control much of the activity insociety and also pose a threat to freedom.Page Ref: 1212) What is the difference betweenbasicsociology andappliedsociology?Answer: Basic sociology consists of constructing theory and testing hypotheses, analyzing some aspect of societyand publishing findings in sociological journals. Applied sociology is using sociology to investigate and solveproblems and implementing solutions to social problems based on theory.Page Ref: 1213) What are the three major sociological perspectives?Answer: Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theoryPage Ref: 1414) What is the common quality that manifest and latent functions share that distinguishes them from dysfunctions?Answer: Manifest and latent functions are both beneficial to a system. Dysfunctions harm a system.Page Ref: 1715) What is nonverbal interaction?Answer: Nonverbal interaction is the use of space, gestures, silence, and other forms of communication that do notutilize spoken words but convey meaning.Page Ref: 1916) In research, what is a hypothesis?Answer: In research, a hypothesis is a statement of what one expects to find according to the prediction made basedon theory.Page Ref: 2017) What is the difference between validity and reliability?Answer: Validity means the operational definitions measure what is intended to be measured. Reliability refers tothe consistency of findings that occur when another researcher uses the same operational definitions and receivessimilar, if not identical, responses.Page Ref: 2118) What are the two basic software programs that many sociologists and undergraduate students use to record andanalyze data?Answer: Microcase and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)Page Ref: 2219) In experimental research, what is the purpose of the control group?Answer: The control group does not receive exposure to the independent variable. In the control group the secondmeasure of the dependent variable should be the same or similar to the first measure.Page Ref: 2820) What are unobtrusive measures?Answer: Unobtrusive measures are methods of research where people under study are unaware their behavior isbeing studied.Page Ref: 29Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e13

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In-depth Essay Questions1) How did sociology begin as a true science?Answer: Although people of the ancient world studied human behavior and social problems, their study emphasizedtradition, superstition, myth, and the position of the stars. Another quality that disqualified the study of society andsocial problems by members of the ancient world was a lack of empirical testing of their assumptions andconclusions.As people became more literate they became more inquisitive and challenging. Increased observations of socialconditions led to the use of the scientific method to test conclusions. Social upheaval of previously acceptedtraditions led to political revolutions in the American colonies and France. The Industrial Revolution created animpetus for mass migration to the cities which created a need to further understand social life and group behavior.Horrible working conditions, miserable pay, long hours, and exhausting work helped deteriorate family function .Out of the turmoil, chaos, and change the new "science of man" was developed by Auguste Comte. The new scienceapplied the scientific method to the social world, a process known as positivism. The science grew in Europe withthe translation of Comte's works into English and was eventually brought to America at the turn of the 20th century.Page Ref: 5-62) Trace the historical development of sociology from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to its growth as anacademic discipline in the U.S. Include in your explanation the factors contributing to the emergence of sociologyand how European sociology differed from sociology as it was practiced in America.Answer: Sociology emerged in the early 19th century as the result of a number of factors. New ideas about societyand the conviction that individuals possess inalienable rights led to successful political revolutions in France andAmerica. Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created a society much different from the traditionalagrarian society that had been dominant for the previous several thousand years. The rise in urbanization created aneed for drastic revisions in social policy and the manner in which people, especially groups, related to one another.All of this set the stage for the creation of the new science of man developed by Auguste Comte in France. After hisinitial workPositive Philosophywas translated into English by Martineau, the new science spread to Englishspeaking countries and by the late 19th century it spread to the United States. In America, sociology developed forthe same reasons it developed in Europe, primarily due to the industrialization of American society. This wasaccompanied by the immigration of people from the rural areas to the cities and urbanization. The first academicsociological programs developed at the University of Kansas, the University of Chicago, and Atlanta University inthe 1890s. Of these, the program at the University of Chicago was one of the most influential in developing thediscipline, stressing symbolic interactionism. Early American sociologists were more aligned with the practice ofapplied sociology and using sociological principles for the purpose of social reform. European sociologists weremore aligned with pure or theoretical sociology and the development of sociological theory.Page Ref: 5-6; 9-103) Identify the five major social thinkers who developed the basis of sociological theory in Europe. Include witheach theorist their major contribution to the discipline.Answer: The five major social thinkers to develop sociology in Europe were Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, KarlMarx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Comte is credited with being the father of sociology. He was the firstperson to apply the scientific method to the social world, a concept known as positivism. Herbert Spencer,sometimes called the "second father of sociology" was the first major English-speaking sociologist. He is creditedwith developing the concept ofsocial Darwinismthat encouraged a "survival of the fittest" approach to society. As asociologist, Spencer developed a wide following of other social scientists in England and America. Karl Marx,although not actually a sociologist, had a profound influence on developing the conflict perspective. Usingeconomics and political science, Marx developed a model of society that pitted the owners of the means ofproduction against the exploited class of workers. Emile Durkheim was instrumental in having sociology recognizedas a separate academic discipline. Durkheim concentrated on understanding the importance of social interaction andsocial integration, stressing that human behavior could not be understood in individualistic terms. Max Weberchallenged the conclusions of Marx that economics was the central force of social change. Weber believed that rolebelonged to religion. Weber also did extensive work on how religious doctrine affected the development ofcapitalism in Europe.Page Ref: 5-8Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective14

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