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Essentials Of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach, 8th Edition Test Bank

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    Test Bank Contents Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective 1 Chapter 2: Culture 23 Chapter 3: Socialization 45 Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction 67 Chapter 5: Social Groups and Formal Organizations 91 Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control 113 Chapter 7: Global Stratification 139 Chapter 8: Social Class in the United States 161 Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity 183 Chapter 10: Inequalities of Gender and Age 207 Chapter 11: Politics and the Economy 233 Chapter 12: Marriage and Family 259 Chapter 13: Education and Religion 283 Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization 307 Chapter 15: Social Change and the Environment 331

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    Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple Choice Questions 1) What sociological phrase is used to describe "opening a window onto unfamiliar worlds" and "offering a fresh look at familiar worlds"? A) the sociological perspective B) the social imperative C) social integration D) social location Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual 2) To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualities a group of people must share? A) a common language and a common religion B) a common culture and a territory C) a territory and a common political ideology D) ethnicity and a common language Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Applied 3) What term do sociologists use to describe the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society? A) the sociological perspective B) the social imperative C) social location D) the sociological framework Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual 4) Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specific experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken? A) social determinism B) the sociological imagination C) the social imperative D) positivism Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Applied 5) What are the two components C. Wright Mills identified as being fundamental to understanding the sociological imagination? A) political systems and economic systems B) race and ethnicity C) the means of production and ownership of resources D) history and biography Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 1

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    6) What two events most inspired people to rethink social life that led to an uprooting of what had been traditional social arrangements and the development of sociology as a science? A) World War I and the Great Depression B) the discovery of the new world and Renaissance C) the American Revolution and the French Revolution D) the Insurrection and Enlightenment Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Factual 7) Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism? A) Maximilien Robespierre B) Auguste Comte C) Emile Durkheim D) Herbert Spencer Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Factual 8) What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in a process he called social Darwinism? A) Charles Darwin B) Auguste Comte C) Herbert Spencer D) Emile Durkheim Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual 9) Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to describe this process? A) the survival of the fittest B) positivism C) social egalitarianism D) the social imperative Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual 10) Based on the original writings of Karl Marx, how would social change be accomplished? A) Society would naturally evolve from a barbaric to more civilized form. B) The education of the masses would lead to social change and innovation. C) The application of the scientific method would improve social conditions. D) Workers would unite and overthrow the capitalists through revolution. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 2

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    11) According to the Wall Street Journal , who were the "three greatest modern thinkers"? A) Thomas Edison; Herbert Spencer; Emile Durkheim B) Ralph Waldo Emerson; Thomas Edison; Louis Pasteur C) Karl Marx; Albert Einstein; Sigmund Freud D) Albert Einstein; Thomas Edison; Auguste Comte Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual 12) Based on the theories formulated by Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of the proletariat? A) The proletariat sought to establish a democratic society and independence. B) The proletariat wanted to develop a society with a strong middle class. C) The proletariat sought to develop a classless society free of exploitation. D) The proletariat wanted to establish capitalism and a higher standard of living for all. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual 13) Who is credited with being "the world's first professor of sociology"? A) Auguste Comte B) Max Weber C) Herbert Spencer D) Emile Durkheim Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual 14) Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest suicide risk? A) Janine, a married mother of two who belongs to the Catholic church. B) Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city. C) Milton, a devout Jew who is married with seven children. D) Alice, a single parent supporting her daughter. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Conceptual 15) What did Max Weber believe was the central force in social change? A) economics B) politics C) family D) religion Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual 16) What was the "sign" Calvinists believed God would send them to indicate they were in divine favor and destined for salvation? A) family happiness B) satisfaction in their worship C) a long life D) financial success Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applied Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 3

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    17) How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions? A) Weber failed to recognize class differences in society. B) Marx was a theoretical sociologist and Weber strictly an applied sociologist. C) Weber addressed social structure which Marx totally ignored. D) Marx believed economics was the central force of social change and Weber claimed it was religion. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applied 18) Who was the first woman to hold a Presidential cabinet post (Secretary of Labor)? A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton B) Frances Perkins C) Jane Addams D) Janet Reno Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 19) In 1890, where did the discipline of sociology first take root in the United States? A) Harvard University B) The University of Kansas C) The University of California at Berkeley D) Princeton University Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 20) Who was the pioneering sociologist at the University of Chicago who developed the symbolic interactionist perspective? A) Albion Small B) Talcott Parsons C) George Herbert Mead D) Charles Horton Cooley Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 21) Who was the first sociologist to win the Nobel Prize for Peace? A) Margaret Sanger B) Harriet Martineau C) Jane Addams D) Betty Freidan Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual 22) Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University? A) Booker T. Washington B) George Washington Carver C) Benjamin Anthony Quarles D) W. E. B. DuBois Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 4

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    23) What was the name of the journal edited by W.E. B. DuBois that he used to advance race relations and social reform? A) Sociological Viewpoints B) The Reformer C) The American Sociologist D) Crisis Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual 24) In the 1940s who was the influential sociologist who developed abstract models of society to explain how the parts of society work together harmoniously? A) C. Wright Mills B) Erving Goffman C) Talcott Parsons D) Michael Burawoy Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following social scientists serves as the best example of an applied sociologist? A) W. E. B. DuBois B) Herbert Spencer C) Talcott Parsons D) Auguste Comte Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applied 26) What term describes the use of sociology to solve social problems in business, the workplace, and other aspects of society? A) applied sociology B) pure sociology C) theoretical sociology D) existential sociology Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual 27) What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work? A) a theory B) a concept C) a correlation D) an operational definition Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied 28) What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism? A) It measures how society uses sanctions to control behavior. B) It states that behavior is controlled by factors beyond one's control. C) It explains how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others. D) It is based on the premise that a history of man is a history of class conflict. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 5

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    29) People may change their opinions about an issue such as divorce based on a restructuring of that image, the issues involved, and what they mean. This is an example of which sociological perspective? A) structural functionalism B) the conflict perspective C) symbolic interactionism D) the neo-conflict perspective Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied 30) Many African Americans feel the flag for the Confederate States of America, "the stars and bars," is a sign of racial hatred. State rights advocates view the same flag as being "heritage, not hatred." Such a difference of opinion over the exact same material object is an illustration of which sociological perspective? A) symbolic interactionism B) functional analysis C) structural analysis D) conflict theory Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied 31) Which sociological perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously? A) symbolic interactionism B) functional analysis C) the conflict perspective D) the neo-conflict perspective Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applied 32) Which two theorists viewed society as a type of living organism and are identified as being among the earliest structural functionalists? A) George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley B) Karl Marx and Lewis Coser C) Ernest Burgess and Robert Park D) Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual 33) Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essence of functionalism using the terms functions and dysfunctions to describe the consequences of people's actions? A) Talcott Parsons B) C. Wright Mills C) Robert Merton D) Erving Goffman Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17 Skill: Factual Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 6

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    34) What term did Robert Merton use to describe human actions that hurt a system (society) that are usually unintended? A) manifest functions B) latent functions C) latent dysfunctions D) manifest dysfunctions Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Applied 35) How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s? A) The benefits were latent functions. B) The benefits would be classified as manifest dysfunctions. C) The benefits would be classified as manifest functions. D) The benefits were latent dysfunctions. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Conceptual 36) Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources? A) conflict theory B) structural functionalism C) functional analysis D) symbolic interactionism Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Applied 37) What was the underlying assumption sociologist Lewis Coser made regarding the conflict perspective? A) Coser believed conflict was a reflection of society's inability to cope with normlessness. B) Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships. C) Coser compared conflict in society to a stage in which participants compete for roles and awards. D) Coser saw conflict as being functional for society and providing certain benefits. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Conceptual 38) Which theoretical perspective in sociology is most aligned with micro-level analysis? A) symbolic interactionism B) feminist theory C) conflict theory D) structural functionalism Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Conceptual Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 7

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    39) Cordell has done an extensive study of the increase in divorce rates in the United States since 1950. He has come to the conclusion that the transformation of American society has resulted in a redefinition of love, marriage, children, and the rate of divorce. In view of this, with which sociological perspective would Cordell's conclusion be most aligned? A) symbolic interactionism B) the conflict perspective C) structural functionalism D) feminist theory Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Conceptual 40) Elizabeth is developing a research proposal addressing the effects of juvenile delinquency on the economic development of a community. She is using her state's crime code manual to determine what constitutes a "juvenile" and what behavior qualifies as "delinquent." Which phrase best describes what Elizabeth is doing to provide a precise way to measure the concepts of "juvenile" and "delinquency"? A) Elizabeth is developing a correlation between juvenile delinquency and economic development. B) Elizabeth is selecting the proper research method to use in her proposal. C) Elizabeth is engaged in multivariate analysis by formulating a hypothesis. D) Elizabeth is developing operational definitions on which to base her research. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applied 41) When IQ tests were first developed in the early 1900s they had a tendency to measure cultural traits more than intellectual capability. In view of this, which of the following statements best applies to the early IQ tests? A) They were highly valid but lacked reliability. B) They would be considered as being qualitative but not quantitative. C) They were culturally relative and ethnocentric. D) They lacked validity which also compromised their reliability. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Applied 42) Jimmy and Alex are doing a survey on the opinion undergraduate students have regarding academic services at their university. There are 12,000 undergraduate students at their university but they plan to only survey 2,000 of them. In view of this , the 12,000 students would be considered as the ________ and the 2,000 students surveyed would be the ________. A) universe; population B) population; sample C) sample; respondents D) design; population Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-25 Skill: Applied 43) Which of the following phrases best describes a random sample? A) Everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study. B) Participants in the study are picked at the convenience of the researcher. C) There is no consistent method of choosing the participants in the study. D) The participants in the study are picked from volunteers. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 8

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    44) Cathy has developed a survey to administer to patrons of the SPCA. Items on the survey include "Name the first five breeds of dogs that come to your mind" and "What is it about owning a dog that you enjoy the most?" After each item the respondents have a space to write their response in their own words. These two items in Cathy's surveys are examples of what type of question? A) close-ended questions B) rhetorical questions C) open-ended questions D) biased questions Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual 45) When a researcher asks a respondent general, non-sensitive questions to gain a feeling of trust before asking questions of a more sensitive and personal nature, they are seeking to accomplish which of the following objectives? A) They are trying to develop rapport with the subjects under study. B) They are trying to increase the reliability of their study. C) They are emphasizing the validity of their study. D) They are practicing randomization so the respondents are unaware of the true purpose of the survey. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied 46) What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ? A) fieldwork B) survey research C) secondary analysis D) experimentation Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual 47) Anthony is conducting experimental research on the effects of an educational therapy program and the conflict handling skills of inmates. He has established two groups. Group A will receive a special conflict handling therapy program. Group B will go about their routine without receiving the therapy or a therapy substitute. What is the name of Group B in experimental research such as this? A) the control group B) the treatment group C) the placebo group D) the reference group Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied 48) Jose is conducting research on organized crime. Rather than interviewing criminals or going undercover, he is examining data that someone else has collected. In view of this, what research method is Jose using? A) participant observation B) secondary analysis C) fieldwork D) experimentation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 9

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    49) After submitting her completed dissertation to the committee, Becky was accused of plagiarism by the chair of the department. In view of this, what was the allegation the chair was making of Becky's work? A) The chair believed Becky falsified the results of her data. B) Becky failed to submit her dissertation in the appropriate form. C) Becky copied major parts of her dissertation from someone else's work. D) Becky violated the confidentiality and trust of the sample used in her research. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied 50) Who conducted the sociological research that included "tearooms," "watch queens," accusations of "sociological snooping," and a violation of research ethics as he completed his dissertation? A) Mario Brajuha B) Talcott Parsons C) Laud Humphreys D) Erving Goffman Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 1) The corners of life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society, such as their sex, occupation, and age, refers to social location. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 4 2) Subjectivity is a vital component of the scientific method due to the need to be spontaneous, creative, and analytical. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 5 3) The concept of "survival of the fittest" was coined by Herbert Spencer, the father of the philosophical view called social Darwinism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 6 4) Marxism and communism are identical political ideologies with both leading to a classless society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7 5) Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life as the Protestant ethic. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 8 6) Sociology first took root as an academic discipline in the United States at the University of California at Berkeley. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 9 7) As a part of his studies in sociology, W. E. B. DuBois attended lectures by Max Weber at the University of Berlin. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 10 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 10

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    8) Talcott Parsons is credited with being one of the major social reformers and social activists of the 1940s which led to a widespread acceptance of sociology as a social science in America. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 12 9) Pure, basic, and applied sociology are all terms that mean virtually the same thing which is the application of the scientific method to the social world. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 12 10) W. E. B. DuBois and Jane Addams are two early sociologists who would be most appropriately classified as applied sociologists. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 12 11) Research aimed at learning more about some behavior is called basic sociology. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 14 12) In functional analysis how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole refers to function. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 16 13) Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim were both advocates of the concept of structural functionalism that views society as being composed of many interrelated parts. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 16-17 14) Individuals becoming homeless because of welfare reform legislation that cuts all payments to non-working Americans after two years would be classified as a latent dysfunction of the legislation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 17 15) Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism are both theoretical perspectives relying on macro level analysis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19 16) Common sense is the most logical guide on which to base sociological research. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 20 17) In a large series of scores, the mode is the most representative measure of the average score. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 24 18) Although sociological research should be value free, undesirable results should be discarded when they are contrary to the hypothesis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 26 19) When using unobtrusive measures the researcher observes the behavior of people without the subjects' knowledge they are being studied. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 29 Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 11

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    20) Repeating a study by other researchers to compare results is referred to as replication. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 Short Answer Questions 1) What is the scientific method? Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observations to test theories. Page Ref: 5 2) What is positivism? Answer: Positivism is the idea of applying the scientific method to the social world. Page Ref: 5 3) What is social Darwinism? Answer: Social Darwinism is an off shoot of the "survival of the fittest" concept applied to societies. It postulates if charity, handouts, and other welfare programs were eliminated the less fit of society will die off. This will produce a stronger gene pool and more advanced society by the surviving, stronger and more fit members of society. Page Ref: 6 4) What conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach following his research on suicide rates in European countries? Answer: Social factors underlie suicide rates more so than individual factors which accounts for a group's consistent suicide rates year after year. Page Ref: 7 5) How did Max Weber and Karl Marx both agree and disagree on what is the central force of social change? Answer: Marx claimed economics was the central force in social change. Weber disagreed and claimed it was religion. The agreement is in the application of Weber's claim. According to Weber, people did not know if they were saved until Judgement Day. This inspired them to invest money for the sake of making more money (the spirit of capitalism) which in the final analysis is social change based on economics. Page Ref: 8 6) What was the major contribution Harriet Martineau made to the English-speaking world as it relates to the study of sociology? Answer: Harriet Martineau translated August Comte's works from French to English. Page Ref: 9 7) Who were the three members of the sociology department at the University of Chicago whose ideas greatly influenced the discipline? Answer: Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, George Herbert Mead Page Ref: 9 8) Who were the two applied sociologists who developed Hull-House in 1889 and eventually won a Nobel Prize for their efforts? Answer: Jane Addams and Ellen G. Starr Page Ref: 10 9) What did W. E. B. DuBois mean when he referred to "the Veil"? Answer: "The Veil" was shorthand for the Veil of Race, referring to how race colors all human relations. Page Ref: 11 10) What organization did W. E. B. DuBois help found to encourage social action to fight the exploitation of African Americans? Answer: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Page Ref: 12 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 12

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    11) What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term the power elite? Answer: The power elite is the top leaders of business, politics, and the military who control much of the activity in society and also pose a threat to freedom. Page Ref: 12 12) What is the difference between basic sociology and applied sociology? Answer: Basic sociology consists of constructing theory and testing hypotheses, analyzing some aspect of society and publishing findings in sociological journals. Applied sociology is using sociology to investigate and solve problems and implementing solutions to social problems based on theory. Page Ref: 12 13) What are the three major sociological perspectives? Answer: Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory Page Ref: 14 14) What is the common quality that manifest and latent functions share that distinguishes them from dysfunctions? Answer: Manifest and latent functions are both beneficial to a system. Dysfunctions harm a system. Page Ref: 17 15) What is nonverbal interaction? Answer: Nonverbal interaction is the use of space, gestures, silence, and other forms of communication that do not utilize spoken words but convey meaning. Page Ref: 19 16) In research, what is a hypothesis? Answer: In research, a hypothesis is a statement of what one expects to find according to the prediction made based on theory. Page Ref: 20 17) What is the difference between validity and reliability? Answer: Validity means the operational definitions measure what is intended to be measured. Reliability refers to the consistency of findings that occur when another researcher uses the same operational definitions and receives similar, if not identical, responses. Page Ref: 21 18) What are the two basic software programs that many sociologists and undergraduate students use to record and analyze data? Answer: Microcase and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Page Ref: 22 19) In experimental research, what is the purpose of the control group? Answer: The control group does not receive exposure to the independent variable. In the control group the second measure of the dependent variable should be the same or similar to the first measure. Page Ref: 28 20) What are unobtrusive measures? Answer: Unobtrusive measures are methods of research where people under study are unaware their behavior is being studied. Page Ref: 29 Test Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e 13

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    In-depth Essay Questions 1) How did sociology begin as a true science? Answer: Although people of the ancient world studied human behavior and social problems, their study emphasized tradition, superstition, myth, and the position of the stars. Another quality that disqualified the study of society and social problems by members of the ancient world was a lack of empirical testing of their assumptions and conclusions. As people became more literate they became more inquisitive and challenging. Increased observations of social conditions led to the use of the scientific method to test conclusions. Social upheaval of previously accepted traditions led to political revolutions in the American colonies and France. The Industrial Revolution created an impetus for mass migration to the cities which created a need to further understand social life and group behavior. Horrible working conditions, miserable pay, long hours, and exhausting work helped deteriorate family function . Out of the turmoil, chaos, and change the new "science of man" was developed by Auguste Comte. The new science applied the scientific method to the social world, a process known as positivism. The science grew in Europe with the translation of Comte's works into English and was eventually brought to America at the turn of the 20th century. Page Ref: 5-6 2) Trace the historical development of sociology from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to its growth as an academic discipline in the U.S. Include in your explanation the factors contributing to the emergence of sociology and how European sociology differed from sociology as it was practiced in America. Answer: Sociology emerged in the early 19th century as the result of a number of factors. New ideas about society and the conviction that individuals possess inalienable rights led to successful political revolutions in France and America. Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created a society much different from the traditional agrarian society that had been dominant for the previous several thousand years. The rise in urbanization created a need for drastic revisions in social policy and the manner in which people, especially groups, related to one another. All of this set the stage for the creation of the new science of man developed by Auguste Comte in France. After his initial work Positive Philosophy was translated into English by Martineau, the new science spread to English speaking countries and by the late 19th century it spread to the United States. In America, sociology developed for the same reasons it developed in Europe, primarily due to the industrialization of American society. This was accompanied by the immigration of people from the rural areas to the cities and urbanization. The first academic sociological programs developed at the University of Kansas, the University of Chicago, and Atlanta University in the 1890s. Of these, the program at the University of Chicago was one of the most influential in developing the discipline, stressing symbolic interactionism. Early American sociologists were more aligned with the practice of applied sociology and using sociological principles for the purpose of social reform. European sociologists were more aligned with pure or theoretical sociology and the development of sociological theory. Page Ref: 5-6; 9-10 3) Identify the five major social thinkers who developed the basis of sociological theory in Europe. Include with each theorist their major contribution to the discipline. Answer: The five major social thinkers to develop sociology in Europe were Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Comte is credited with being the father of sociology. He was the first person to apply the scientific method to the social world, a concept known as positivism. Herbert Spencer, sometimes called the "second father of sociology" was the first major English-speaking sociologist. He is credited with developing the concept of social Darwinism that encouraged a "survival of the fittest" approach to society. As a sociologist, Spencer developed a wide following of other social scientists in England and America. Karl Marx, although not actually a sociologist, had a profound influence on developing the conflict perspective. Using economics and political science, Marx developed a model of society that pitted the owners of the means of production against the exploited class of workers. Emile Durkheim was instrumental in having sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline. Durkheim concentrated on understanding the importance of social interaction and social integration, stressing that human behavior could not be understood in individualistic terms. Max Weber challenged the conclusions of Marx that economics was the central force of social change. Weber believed that role belonged to religion. Weber also did extensive work on how religious doctrine affected the development of capitalism in Europe. Page Ref: 5-8 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 14

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