Exploring NHST, Statistical Significance, and Research Methodologies

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NHST 1. What does p = .05 mean? What are some misconceptions about the meaning of p =.05? Why are they wrong? Should all research adhere to the p = .05 standard for significance? Why or why not? Answer: p = 0.05 means signifance level of the given sample size. P= 0.05 is a threshold given by fisher used t o check the significance or non - significance of a sample size. Fisher does not explain the 0.05 clearly like from where it came what are the concepts behind the value of p. So people will remain in confusion about the choice of the value of 0.05. But it was assumed that 0.05 is just an arbitrary number fisher assumed which is used to check the significance level. No it is not necessary to adhere all research to the value 0.05 as it is not proved its origin hence we can make some other arbitrary constant for the same with proper reasoning. 2. Compare and contrast the concepts of effect size and statistical significance. Answer: Effect size is a simple way of quantifying the difference between two groups that has many advantages over the use of tests of statistical significance alone. Effect size emphasizes the size of the difference rather than confounding this with sample size. If effect size comes under the purview of 0.05 then it is said to be significant and acceptable but it is goes beyond the purview of 0.05 then the effect size or th e sample size is said to be non - significant. 3. What is the difference between a statistically significant result and a clinically or “real world” significant result? Give examples of both.
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