Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,Essentials Second EditionChapter 1–Answers toAll Exercises1.Once our research question, the hypothesis, and the study variables have been selected, we move onto the next stage of the research process–measuring and collecting the data. The choice of a particulardata collection method or instrument depends to our study objective. After our data have beencollected, we have to find a systematic way to organize and analyze our data and set up some set ofprocedures to decide what we mean.2.a.Females have less education than males; males retire at a greater age than females.b.Whites have greater incomes than any other race. Hispanics have incomes greater than blacks butless than whites.c.As the number of police in a city increases, the crime rate will decrease.d.Life satisfaction may vary with marital status, with satisfaction higher among married personsthan those not married.e.As military expenditures as a percentage of GNP increase, the overall level of security maydecrease, as witnessed by many Third World countries, or in the troubled Middle East. In fact,military expenditures (except during the Cold War) often increasebecauseof rising conflict, butthose expenditures may or may not guarantee more security.f.Minorities are more likely to care for their elderly parents than non-minorities.3.a. Interval ratiob. Nominalc. Interval ratiod. Ordinale. Nominalf. Interval ratiog. Interval ratioh. Nominal4.a. Discretec. Continuousf.Discreteg. Continuous5.There are many possible variables from which to choose. Some of the most common selections bystudents will probably be: type of occupation or industry, work experience, and educational trainingor expertise. Students should first address the relationship between these variables and gender. Forexample, Men have more years of work experience than women in the same occupation. Student mayalso consider measuring structural bias or discrimination.6.a.Unemployment records could be used to determine the actual number of unemployed; adescriptive statistic based upon the population.b.A survey is taken to estimate student opinions about the quality of food; inferential statistic.c.National health records can be used to determine the incidence rate of breast cancer among allAsian women, so this would be a descriptive statistic.d.The ratings will be gathered from a survey, so this is inferential.Preview Mode
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