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Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition Solution Manual

Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition Solution Manual is your guide to textbook mastery, offering detailed solutions to every chapter's exercises.

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    1 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Chapter 1 Research Principles Solutions to All Exercises Exercise Page 1. 1 ..................... 2 1. 2 ..................... 3 1. 3 ..................... 4 1. 4 ..................... 5 1. 5 ..................... 6 1. 6 ..................... 7 1. 7 ..................... 8 1. 8 ..................... 9 1. 9 ................... 10 1. 10 ................. 11

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    2 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. NOTE: It is not expected that your answers will match the solutions below verbatim or that your methods will be identical , but they should concur conceptually. Exercise 1. 1 (a) Will 30 minutes of square dancing, 5 days a week, help reduce pediatric weight? (b) This would be a two - group study: The control group would have recess as usual with no structured activit ies; the kids can do whatever they want (except participate in the square dancing). The treatment group would participate in the square dancing. (c) The briefing sheet that would be distributed to teachers would instruct each teacher to go through their r oll list, and flip a coin one time for each student: Heads assigns the student to the square dancing, tails assigns the student to have regular recess. (d) H 0 : Aerobic square dancing 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week , facilitates no weight loss among elemen tary school students. H 1 : Aerobic square dancing 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week , facilitates weight loss among elementary school students. (e) At the conclusion of the study, the school nurse will weigh each student. The statistician will compare the wei ghts of those who participated in the aerobic square dancing against those who had regular recess. If there is no statistically significant difference between the weights of these two groups, then we would accept H 0 , otherwise, we would reject H 0 in favor of H 1 .

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    3 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 2 (a) Does pet therapy for 30 minutes per day with certified therapy dogs help reduce depression among nursing home residents? (b) This nursing home has the hours of 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. daily designated as open time. Those who are i n the treatment group will be taken to the patio from 2:30 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. to participate in the pet therapy program. Those in the control group will be free to utilize that 2 - hour block of time any way they choose (except for pet therapy). (c) I would assign residents who were born on an even date to the control group , and those born on an odd date would be assigned to the treatment (pet therapy) group. (d) H 0 : Pet therapy for 30 minutes per day has no impact on nursing home residents’ level of depress ion . H 1 : Pet therapy for 30 minutes per day reduces nursing home resident s ’ level of depression . (e) After pet therapy, our team will ask each resident in both groups to rate their mood (1 = feeling very depressed , 10 = feeling very happy). We will proces s the scores; if there is no statistically significant difference between the scores of the two groups, then I would not reject H 0 and reject H 1 . If the treatment group has a statistically significantly lower score than the control group, then I would reje ct H 0 and not reject H 1 .

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    4 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 3 (a) Will placing a security camera on cashiers reduce cash shortages? (b) This will be a two - group study: The control group will have no cameras installed. The treatment group will have a camera installed focused o n each cashier, and all cashiers in the treatment group will be notified that their actions are now being recorded. (c) The name of each of the 10 stores will be written on a chip and placed into a bag. The bag will be sealed, shaken, and then opened; a s taff member will reach into the bag and without looking, withdraw five chips. The stores indicated on these five chips will constitute the treatment group; the other five stores will constitute the control group. NOTE: Since this is a two - group design, on e could have simply used the coin - flip method; the chip selection is one potential alternative to consider when there are more than two groups, as will be the case in Chapter 6 (“ ANOVA and Kruskal - Wallis Test ”) . (d) H 0 : Video recording will have no effect on cashier balances. H 1 : Video recording will reduce cashier losses. (e) The statistician will gather data from all 10 stores and compare cash register losses from the stores with no cameras to the stores with cameras. If there is no statistically signif icant difference between the cash losses of these two groups, then we would accept H 0 , otherwise, we would reject H 0 in favor of H 1 .

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    5 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 4 (a) Will implementing a neighborhood watch program reduce vandalism in Anytown? (b) Anytown consists of 2 0 demographically equivalent square blocks. The town will be split in half (north side and south side). The neighborhood watch program will be implemented on one side of town, which will constitute the treatment group. The other side of town will get no neig hborhood watch program — there’ll be no “Neighborhood Watch” signs posted. (c) A coin flip will be used: Heads will assign the north side of the town to the treatment group; tails will assign the south side of town to the treatment group. (d) H 0 : Neighborh ood watch program does not significantly reduce the number of vandalisms in Anytown. H 1 : Neighborhood watch program significantly reduces the number of vandalisms in Anytown. ( e) After 30 days, we would contact the police department and ask them to provid e us with the number of reported vandalisms for the month along with their addresses. We would then compare the number of vandalisms committed on the north side of town to the south side of town. If there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups, then I would not reject H 0 , but would reject H 1 . If there were statistically significantly fewer vandalisms in the zone where the neighborhood watch was implemented, then I would reject H 0 , and not reject H 1 .

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    6 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 5 (a) Will enteri ng on - time employees in a weekly “ get out of Friday free ” lottery reduce morning lateness? (b) Two of the four buildings should participate in the “ get out of Friday free ” lottery, these sites will serve as the treatment groups, and two should continue bu siness as usual, serving as the control groups. (c) A staff member writes the name or address of each of the four buildings on four identical cards, and places them in a box. Without looking, the staff member draws two cards out of the box, one at a time. These two cards will constitute the treatment groups; the other two will serve as the control groups. (d) H 0 : Rewarding on - time arrivals with the chance to win a free day off will have no effect on lateness. H 1 : Rewarding on - time arrivals with the chance to win a free day off will reduce lateness. (e) After running this lottery program for a month, the statistician will gather and analyze the time cards from each of the four buildings and compare the minutes late from those in the two buildings that had no day - off lottery (in the control groups), to those who did participate in the day - off lottery (in the treatment group). If there is no significant difference in the minutes late, comparing the employees in the control group to those in the treatment grou p, then we would accept H 0 , otherwise we would reject H 0 , in favor of H 1 .

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    7 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 6 (a) Does drinking Acme Herbal Tea actually help people relax? (b) The members of the control group would get a regular cup of generic herbal tea; those in the treatme nt group would get the Acme Herbal Tea. (c) As each participant shows up at their appointed time, I would flip a coin and let heads assign the participant to the control group and tails would assign the participant to the treatment group. (d) H 0 : Herbal t ea has no effect in terms of relaxation level. H 1 : Acme Herbal Tea makes people more relaxed than generic herbal tea. (e) We will measure relaxation by pulse rate (lower pulse rates suggests more relaxed). If there is no statistically significant differe nce in the pulse rates of the two groups, then we would not reject H 0 and reject H 1 . If the pulse rate of the treatment group is significantly lower than those in the control group, then I would reject H 0 and not reject H 1 .

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    8 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 7 (a) Does singing 1 hour a day improve memory? (b) Members in the control group will sit quietly for an hour, and then take a memory test. Those in the treatment group will sing well known songs for 1 hour (karaoke style) and then take the memory test. (c) Professor Madr igal will recruit 6 0 participants for this experiment. Prior to the arrival of the first participant, the professor flipped a coin (heads for control group, tails for treatment group) — the coin flip rendered tails, hence, the first participant who shows up will be assigned to the treatment group. Each remaining subject would be assigned to the control/ treatment group on an alternating basis, upon arrival, thereby keeping the groups balanced. (d) H 0 : Singing has no effect on memory. H 1 : Singing enhances memo ry. (e) Upon the departure of the last subject, the professor compares the memory test scores of those in the control group to those in the treatment group. If there is no statistically significant difference in the scores, then this supports H 0 , otherwis e, the professor would reject H 0 in that the data supports H 1 .

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    9 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 8 ( a) Does providing various colored pens to students help them write longer essays? (b) The control group will write with a black ink pen. The treatment group will be issued a pe n equipped with multiple colors. (c) The instructor will stand at the classroom door — upon entry, each student will be handed a black pen or a multicolored pen on an alternating basis and instructed not to exchange with anyone. (d) H 0 : Students equipped w ith the multicolor pens do not write longer essays than those who use single color pens. H 1 : Students equipped with the multicolor pens write statistically significantly longer essays than those who use single color pens. (e) After the class, the teaching assistant would gather the essays and count the words of each. If there is no statistically significant difference in essay length between the control group and the treatment group, then I would accept H 0 and reject H 1 . If students wrote statistically sig nificantly longer essays with the multicolored pens, compare d to those who wrote with the black pens, then I would reject H 0 and not reject H 1 .

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    10 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 9 (a) Do flash cards help students memorize the multiplication table? (b) Members in the treatment group will each be issued a set of 100 flash cards (1 x 1 through 10 x 10), and will be instructed to work with them for 30 minutes a day for 1 month. Members in the control group will use the usual multiplication teaching method ( no flash cards ). Members of both groups will be tested once a week; they will be given 10 minutes to answer 100 multiplication problems (1 x 1 = ___ through 10 x 10 = ___). (c) Ms. Fractal calls each student to the front of the room one at a time; she holds up a coin and asks th e student to guess heads or tails . She then flips a coin; if the student guessed correctly, then that student is assigned to the treatment group, and given a set of multiplication flash cards , otherwise the student is assigned to the control group, and rec eives no flash cards . (d) H 0 : Flashcards do not help students learn the multiplication table . H 1 : Flashcards help students learn the multiplication table. (e) Ms. Fractal will grade the tests. If the treatment group’s overall score is statistically signi ficantly higher than the control group’s score, then she would reject the null hypothesis (H 0 ), in favor of the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ), otherwise, the findings suggest support for the null hypothesis (H 0 ).

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    11 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Secon d Edition. Exercise 1. 10 (a) Will running a classic mo vie on a big screen with the sound muted help increase the number of calls processed per hour at the Acme Call Center? (b) The Acme Call Center consists of two rooms with 40 staff members assigned to each room. One room will be equipped to play movies at the front of the room — this will be the treatment group, the other room will not — this will be the control group. (c) A coin flip will be used to select which room ( Room A or Room B) will get the movie — heads for Room A, tails for Room B. (d) H 0 : Showing a movie with the sound muted will have no effect on the number of calls processed. H 1 : Showing a movie with the sound muted will increase the number of calls processed. (e) If there is no statistically significant difference in calls processed between Room A and Room B, then I would not reject H 0 and would reject H 1 . If the movie room processed more calls than the nonmovie room, then I would reject H 0 and not reject H 1 .

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    1 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition. Chapter 2 Sampling Solutions to All Exercises Exercise Page 2. 1 ..................... 2 2. 2 ..................... 3 2. 3 ..................... 4 2. 4 ..................... 5 2. 5 ..................... 6 2. 6 ..................... 7 2. 7 ..................... 8 2. 8 ..................... 9 2. 9 ................... 10 2. 10 ................. 11

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    2 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition. NOTE: It is not expected that your answers will match the solutions below verbatim or that your methods will be identical , but they should concur conceptually. Exercise 2. 1 (a) In terms of time, gathering a sample of an entire population could take weeks, months, or possibly years depending on the size of the population, geographical area involved, and the complexity of the data to be gathered. The point of research is to get the answer to a meaningful question, presumably, to solve a problem or improve a situation. Such answers can be expedited by sampling, as opposed to gathering data on the entire population. Attempting to sample the entire population would be so time - consuming that by the time you had acquired your full d ata s et, the nature of the initial problem may have changed substantially, thereby making your findings virtually irrelevant. (b) No matter what method o f gathering data one uses (e.g., in - person surveys, phone surveys, postal/ e - mail contact, tests), costs are involved. When it comes to data collection, subject participation fees are customary, data collection teams need to be paid, additionally, there are administrative costs involved (photocopying, office space, equipment, office supplies, etc.). Considering the volume of individuals that would be involved in studying an entire population, the costs would be prohibitive. (c) Beyond the lengthy time and e xorbitant costs that would be involved in studying an entire population, it is seldom feasible to gather data on so many people. The population may span a broad geographical region, requiring lengthy travel among the research staff. Within a population, on e would likely encounter a variety of languages; it may not be possible to translate verbal/written instructions to engage everyone in the population. Additionally, some studies may involve experiments that can only be administered at a special facility; i t would be impossible to arrange to round - trip - commute every member of a population to that facility to participate. (d) Extrapolation involves working diligently to gather a representative sample in sufficient quantities to facilitate stable statistical processing. If the data gathered constitute a representative sample, then one could confidently extrapolate the findings, in order to (better) comprehend the overall population that it was drawn from; this is also known as external validity.

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    3 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition. Exercise 2. 2 (a) The population is the largest possible realm of sampling. For example, if we are studying instructors in the school district, the population would be the full list of every single instructor in the school district. (b) The sample frame is the availab le list of the population that could potentially be sampled. For example, the sample frame of instructors would consist of only those included on this list, but the list may not consist of the entire population — there may be omissions (e.g., does not includ e substitutes, does not include those who opt not to be on the list, does not include instructors who recently joined the school district or those who are suspended or on sabbatical ). (c) The sample is the portion of instructors that will be selected from the sample frame. For example, you may decide to randomly select 100 instructors or some percentage of the instructors to study. (d) A representative sample is a sample that is proportionally equivalent to the larger population that it was drawn from. Fo r example, if there are 40% men and 60% women in the population, then the sample should consist of those same proportions. Also, the sample shouldn ’ t all be drawn from any single school — the sample should be evenly drawn from across the school district.

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    4 Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition. E xercise 2. 3 (a) The population is the entire student body currently enrolled (e.g., 22,000 students). (b) The sample frame is the available list of students currently enrolled (e.g., 16,000 students). (c) Fortunately, the list of participants in the sam ple frame were already numbered from 1 to 16,000. I would want to gather data on 2% of the sample frame (16,000 x .02 = 320); I would use SPSS to generate 320 random numbers between 1 and 16,000 — this list would indicate which students on the sample frame t o recruit. Actually, I would probably generate more than 320 random numbers just in case SPSS produces some duplicates. (d) I would build (and test) an online s urvey. Next, I would send an e - mail to each of the 320 students in the sample set; the e - mail w ould concisely explain the nature of the study, and courteously request that they voluntarily click on the link to the online survey.

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