Introductory Statistics Using SPSS , Second Edition Solution Manual

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1Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Chapter1Research PrinciplesSolutions to All ExercisesExercisePage1.1.....................21.2.....................31.3.....................41.4.....................51.5.....................61.6.....................71.7.....................81.8.....................91.9...................101.10.................11

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2Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.NOTE:It is not expected that your answers will match the solutions below verbatim orthat yourmethods will beidentical, but they should concur conceptually.Exercise1.1(a)Will 30 minutes of square dancing, 5 days a week, help reduce pediatric weight?(b)This would be a two-group study:The control group would have recess as usual with nostructured activities; the kids can do whatever they want (except participate in thesquare dancing).Thetreatmentgroup would participate in the square dancing.(c)The briefing sheet that would be distributed to teachers would instruct each teacher togo through their roll list, and flip a coin one time for each student:Heads assigns thestudent to the square dancing,tailsassigns the student to have regular recess.(d)H0:Aerobic square dancing 30 minutes a day,5days a week,facilitates no weight lossamong elementary school students.H1:Aerobic square dancing 30 minutes a day,5days a week,facilitates weight lossamong elementary school students.(e)At the conclusion of the study, the school nurse will weigh each student.The statisticianwill compare the weights of those who participated in the aerobic square dancingagainst those who had regular recess.If there is no statistically significant differencebetween the weights of these two groups, then we would accept H0, otherwise, wewould reject H0in favorof H1.

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3Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.2(a)Does pet therapy for 30 minutes per day with certified therapy dogs help reducedepression among nursing home residents?(b)This nursinghomehas the hours of 2:00p.m.to4:00p.m.daily designated as opentime.Those who are in thetreatmentgroup will be taken to the patio from 2:30p.m.to3:00p.m.to participate in the pet therapy program.Those in the control group will befree to utilize that2-hour block of time any way they choose (except for pet therapy).(c)I wouldassign residents who were born on an even date to the control group,and thoseborn on an odd date would be assigned to thetreatment(pet therapy) group.(d)H0:Pet therapy for 30 minutes per day has no impact on nursing homeresidents’levelof depression.H1:Pet therapy for 30 minutes per day reduces nursing home residents’ level ofdepression.(e)After pet therapy, our team will ask each residentin both groupsto rate their mood (1 =feeling very depressed,10 = feeling very happy).We will process the scores; if there isno statisticallysignificant difference between the scores of the two groups, thenIwouldnot reject H0and reject H1.If thetreatmentgroup has a statistically significantly lowerscore than the control group, then I would reject H0and not reject H1.

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4Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.3(a)Will placing a security camera on cashiers reduce cash shortages?(b)This will be a two-group study:The control group will have no cameras installed.Thetreatmentgroup will have a camera installed focused on each cashier, and all cashiersin the treatment groupwill be notified that their actions are now being recorded.(c)The name of each of the 10 stores will be written on a chip and placed into a bag.Thebag will be sealed, shaken, and then opened; a staff member will reach into the bag andwithout looking, withdraw five chips.The stores indicated on these five chips willconstitute thetreatmentgroup; the other five stores will constitute the control group.NOTE:Since this is a two-group design, one could have simply used the coin-flipmethod; the chip selection is one potential alternative to consider when there aremore than two groups, as will bethe case in Chapter 6(“ANOVA andKruskal-Wallis Test”).(d)H0:Video recording will have no effecton cashier balances.H1:Video recording will reduce cashier losses.(e)The statistician will gather data from all 10 stores and compare cash register lossesfrom the stores with no cameras to the stores with cameras.If there is no statisticallysignificant difference between the cash losses of these two groups, then we wouldaccept H0, otherwise, we would reject H0in favor of H1.

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5Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.4(a)Will implementing a neighborhood watch program reduce vandalism in Anytown?(b)Anytown consists of20demographically equivalent square blocks.The town will be splitin half (north side and south side).The neighborhood watch program will beimplemented on one side of town, which will constitute thetreatmentgroup.The otherside of town will get no neighborhood watch program—there’ll be no “NeighborhoodWatch” signs posted.(c)A coin flip will be used:Heads will assign the north side of the town to thetreatmentgroup; tails will assign the south side of town to thetreatmentgroup.(d)H0:Neighborhood watch program does not significantly reduce the number ofvandalisms in Anytown.H1:Neighborhood watch program significantly reduces the number of vandalisms inAnytown.(e)After 30 days, we would contact the police department and ask them to provide us withthe number of reported vandalisms for the month along with their addresses.We wouldthen compare the number of vandalisms committed on the north side of town to thesouth side of town.If there is no statistically significant difference betweenthe twogroups, then I would not reject H0, but would reject H1.If there were statisticallysignificantly fewer vandalisms inthe zone where the neighborhood watch wasimplemented, then I would reject H0, and not reject H1.

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6Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.5(a)Will entering on-time employees in a weekly“get out of Friday free”lottery reducemorning lateness?(b)Two of the four buildings should participate in the“get out of Friday free”lottery, thesesites will serve as thetreatmentgroups, and two should continue business as usual,serving as the control groups.(c)A staff member writes the name or address of each of the four buildings on fouridentical cards, and places them in a box.Without looking, the staff member draws twocards out of the box, one at a time.These two cards will constitute thetreatmentgroups; the other two will serve as the control groups.(d)H0:Rewarding on-time arrivals with the chance to win a free day off will have no effecton lateness.H1:Rewarding on-time arrivals with the chanceto win a free day off will reducelateness.(e)After running this lottery program for a month, the statistician will gather and analyze thetime cards from each of the four buildings and compare the minutes late from those inthe two buildings that hadno day-off lottery (in the control groups), to those who didparticipate in the day-off lottery (in thetreatmentgroup).If there is no significantdifference in the minutes late, comparing the employees in the control group to those inthetreatmentgroup, then we would accept H0, otherwise we would reject H0, in favor ofH1.

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7Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.6(a)Does drinking Acme Herbal Tea actuallyhelppeople relax?(b)The members of the control group would get a regular cup of generic herbal tea; thosein thetreatmentgroup would get the Acme Herbal Tea.(c)As each participant shows up at their appointed time, I would flip a coin and let headsassign the participant to the control group and tails would assign the participant to thetreatmentgroup.(d)H0:Herbalteahas no effectin terms of relaxation level.H1:Acme Herbal Tea makes people more relaxed than generic herbal tea.(e)We will measure relaxation by pulse rate (lower pulse rates suggests more relaxed).Ifthere is no statistically significant difference in the pulse rates of the two groups, thenwe would not reject H0and reject H1.If the pulse rate of thetreatmentgroupissignificantly lower than those in the control group, then I would reject H0and not rejectH1.

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8Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.7(a)Does singing1hour a day improve memory?(b)Members in the control group will sit quietly for an hour, and then take a memory test.Those in thetreatmentgroup will sing well known songs for1hour (karaoke style) andthen take the memory test.(c)Professor Madrigal will recruit60 participants for this experiment.Prior to the arrival ofthe first participant, the professor flipped a coin (heads for control group, tails fortreatmentgroup)—the coin flip rendered tails, hence, the first participant who shows upwill be assigned to thetreatmentgroup.Each remaining subject would be assigned tothe control/treatmentgroup on an alternating basis, upon arrival, thereby keeping thegroups balanced.(d)H0:Singing has no effect on memory.H1:Singing enhances memory.(e)Upon the departure of the last subject, the professor compares the memory test scoresof those in the control group to those in thetreatmentgroup.If there is no statisticallysignificant difference in the scores, then this supports H0, otherwise, the professorwould reject H0in that the data supports H1.

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9Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.8(a)Does providing various colored pens to students help them write longer essays?(b)The control group will write with a black ink pen.Thetreatmentgroup will be issued apen equipped with multiple colors.(c)The instructor will stand at the classroom door—upon entry, each student will behanded a black pen or a multicolored pen on an alternating basis and instructed not toexchange with anyone.(d)H0:Students equipped with the multicolor pens do not write longer essays than thosewho use single color pens.H1:Students equipped with the multicolor pens write statistically significantly longeressays than those who use single color pens.(e)After the class, theteachingassistantwould gather the essays and count the words ofeach.If there is no statistically significant difference in essay length between the controlgroupand thetreatmentgroup, then I would accept H0and reject H1.If students wrotestatistically significantly longer essays with the multicolored pens, comparedto thosewho wrote with the black pens, then I would reject H0and not reject H1.

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10Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.9(a)Doflash cardshelp students memorize the multiplication table?(b)Members in thetreatmentgroup will each be issued a set of 100flash cards(1x1through10x10), and will be instructed to work with them for 30 minutes a day for1month.Members in the control group will use the usual multiplication teaching method(no flash cards).Membersof both groups will be tested once a week; they will be given10 minutes to answer 100 multiplication problems (1x1 = ___through10x10 = ___).(c)Ms. Fractal calls each student to the front of the room one at a time; she holds up a coinand asks the student to guessheadsortails.She then flips a coin; if the studentguessed correctly, then that student is assigned to thetreatmentgroup, and given a setof multiplicationflash cards, otherwise the student is assigned to the control group, andreceives noflash cards.(d)H0:Flashcards do not help students learnthemultiplicationtable.H1:Flashcards help students learnthemultiplication table.(e)Ms. Fractal will grade the tests.If thetreatmentgroup’s overall score is statisticallysignificantly higher than the control group’s score, then she would reject the nullhypothesis (H0), in favor of thealternativehypothesis (H1), otherwise, the findingssuggest support for the null hypothesis (H0).

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11Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise1.10(a)Will running a classic movie on a big screen with the sound muted help increase thenumberofcalls processed per hour attheAcme Call Center?(b)The Acme Call Center consists of two rooms with 40 staff members assigned to eachroom.One room will be equipped to play movies atthe front of the room—this will bethetreatmentgroup, the other room will not—this will be the control group.(c)A coin flip will be used to select which room (RoomA orRoomB) will get the movie—heads forRoomA, tails forRoomB.(d)H0:Showingamovie with the sound muted will have no effect on the number of callsprocessed.H1:Showinga movie with the sound muted will increase the number of calls processed.(e)If there is nostatisticallysignificant difference in calls processed betweenRoomA andRoomB, then I would not reject H0and would reject H1.If the movie room processedmore calls than the nonmovie room, then I would reject H0and not reject H1.

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1Knapp, Introductory StatisticsUsing SPSS,Second Edition.Chapter2SamplingSolutions to All ExercisesExercisePage2.1.....................22.2.....................32.3.....................42.4.....................52.5.....................62.6.....................72.7.....................82.8.....................92.9...................102.10.................11

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2Knapp, Introductory StatisticsUsing SPSS,Second Edition.NOTE:It is not expected that your answers will match the solutions below verbatim orthat yourmethods will be identical,but they should concur conceptually.Exercise2.1(a)In terms of time, gathering a sample of an entire population could take weeks, months,or possibly years depending on the size of the population, geographical area involved,and the complexity of thedata to be gathered.The point of research is to get theanswer to a meaningful question, presumably, to solve a problem or improve a situation.Such answers can be expedited by sampling, as opposed to gathering data on theentire population.Attempting tosample the entire population would be sotime-consumingthat by the time you had acquired your fulldataset, the nature of the initialproblem may have changed substantially, thereby making your findings virtuallyirrelevant.(b)No matter what method of gathering data one uses (e.g., in-person surveys, phonesurveys, postal/e-mailcontact, tests), costs are involved.When it comes to datacollection, subject participation fees are customary, data collection teams need to bepaid, additionally, there areadministrative costs involved (photocopying, office space,equipment, office supplies, etc.).Considering the volume of individuals that would beinvolved in studying an entire population, the costs would be prohibitive.(c)Beyond the lengthy time and exorbitant costs that would be involved in studying anentire population, it is seldom feasible to gather data on so many people.Thepopulation may span a broad geographical region, requiring lengthy travel among theresearch staff.Within a population, one would likely encounter a variety of languages; itmay not be possible to translate verbal/written instructions toengage everyone in thepopulation.Additionally, some studies may involve experiments that can only beadministered at a special facility; it would be impossible to arrange to round-trip-commute every member of a population to that facility to participate.(d)Extrapolation involves working diligently to gather a representative sample in sufficientquantities to facilitate stable statisticalprocessing.If the data gatheredconstitutearepresentative sample, then one could confidently extrapolate the findings, in order to(better) comprehend the overall population that it was drawn from; this is also known asexternal validity.

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3Knapp, Introductory StatisticsUsing SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise2.2(a)Thepopulationis the largest possible realm of sampling.For example, if we arestudying instructors in the school district, the population would be the full list of everysingle instructor in the school district.(b)Thesample frameis the available list of the population that could potentially besampled.For example, the sample frame of instructors would consist of only thoseincluded on this list, but the list may not consist of the entire population—there may beomissions (e.g., does not include substitutes, does not include those who opt not to beon the list, does not include instructors who recently joined the school districtor thosewho are suspended or on sabbatical).(c)Thesampleis the portion of instructors that will be selected fromthe sample frame.Forexample, you may decide to randomly select 100 instructors or some percentage oftheinstructors to study.(d)Arepresentative sampleis a sample that is proportionally equivalent to the largerpopulation that it was drawn from.For example, if there are 40%menand 60%womenin the population, then the sample should consist of those same proportions.Also, thesample shouldn’t all be drawn from any single school—the sample should be evenlydrawn from across the school district.

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4Knapp, Introductory StatisticsUsing SPSS,Second Edition.Exercise2.3(a)The population is the entire student body currently enrolled (e.g., 22,000 students).(b)The sample frame is the available list of students currently enrolled (e.g., 16,000students).(c)Fortunately, the list of participants in the sample frame were already numbered from 1to 16,000.I would want to gather data on 2% of the sample frame (16,000x.02 = 320);I would use SPSS to generate 320 random numbers between 1 and 16,000—this listwould indicate which students on the sample frame to recruit.Actually, I would probablygenerate more than 320 random numbers just in case SPSS produces some duplicates.(d)I would build (and test) anonlinesurvey.Next, I would send ane-mailto each of the320 students in the sample set; thee-mailwould concisely explain the nature of thestudy, and courteously request that they voluntarily click on the link to theonlinesurvey.

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