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Solution Manual for Data Analysis with SPSS: A First Course in Applied Statistics, 4th Edition

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    ’s Manual for Sweet and Grace-Martin Data Analysis with SPSS A First Course in Applied Statistics Fourth Edition SOLUTION MANUAL

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    iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research………………………………..1 Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data………………11 Chapter 3 – Univariate Analysis: Descriptive Statistics……………………………...17 Chapter 4 – Constructing Variables……………………………………………….….26 Chapter 5 – Assessing Association through Bivariate Analysis……………………...36 Chapter 6 – Comparing Group Means through Bivariate Analysis………………..…53 Chapter 7 – Modeling Relationships of Multiple Variables with Linear Regression…65 Chapter 8 – Logistic Regression…………………………….……………………..…72

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    Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research 1 Chapter 1 Exercises Name Date 1. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following research projects: A. A study seeks to find out if listening to rap music causes teenagers to become more violent than their peers who do not listen to rap music. Rap music Violence Independent Variable Dependent Variable B. A group of researchers is interested in examining the effects of long-term poverty. They do this by studying subjects’ physiological health and attachment to the workforce. Long-term poverty Health and attachment to workforce Independent Variable(s) Dependent Variable(s) C. A study finds that self-esteem increases as a consequence of receiving good grades on examinations. Grades Self-esteem Independent Variable Dependent Variable

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 2 2. Indicators are used to measure abstract concepts. List some indicators that might prove to be reliable and valid in measuring the following concepts. Note that sometimes social indicators can be drawn from observing people, but as we show in our examples, they can also be drawn by considering distributions of resources, organizations, or other sources of data. A. Economic Prosperity E.g., Gross National Product Incomes Home sales, Dow Jones, etc. Employment/unemployment B. Family Violence E.g., Admissions to Battered Women’s Shelters Hospital admissions Self reports of victimization Homicide reports C. Consumer Cultures E.g., New York Times Bestsellers List Product sales Television ads Magazine ads D. Mental Health E.g., Survey Reports of Happiness Hospital admissions Death reports (suicides) Alcohol drug consumption

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    Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research 3 3. Using Appendix 1, identify the variable labels and variable names from the STATES10 data that might be good indicators for the following concepts: A. Educational Attainment EDS127 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007 EDS128 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007 EDS129 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009 EDS130 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009 EDS131 Percent of Population Graduated from High School: 2008 EDS134 Public High School Drop Out Rate: 2007 EDS135 ACT Average Composite Score: 2009 EDS151 Enrollment Rate per 1,000 Aged 18-24 in Institutions of Higher Education: 2006 EDS154 Percent of Population With a Bachelors Degree or More: 2008 B. Health HTH100 Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006 HTH101 White Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006 HTH102 Black Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006 HTH165 Death Rate per 100,000 by Accidents: 2006 HTH168 Death Rate per 100,000 by Motor Vehicle Accidents: 2006 HTH171 Death Rate per 100,000 by Firearm Injury: 2006 HTH174 Death Rate per 100,000 by Homicide: 2006 HTH177 Death Rate per 100,000 by Suicide: 2006 HTH180 Death Rate per 100,000 by Alcohol-Induced Deaths: 2006 HTH186 Occupational Fatality Rate per 100,000: 2008 HTH398 Sexually Transmitted Disease Rate per 100,000: 2008 HTH405 Percent of Adults Who Have Asthma: 2008 HTH408 Percent of Adults Reporting Serious Psychological Distress: 2007 HTH503 Adult Per Capita Beer Consumption: 2007 HTH505 Adult Per Capita Wine Consumption: 2007 HTH507 Adult Per Capita Distilled Spirits Consumption: 2007 HTH508 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Drink Alcohol: 2008 HTH510 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008 HTH515 Percent of Population Who are Illicit Drug Users: 2007 HTH519 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Exercise: 2008 HTH520 Percent of Adults Who Exercise Vigorously: 2007 HTH522 Percent of Adults with High Blood Pressure: 2007 HTH524 Percent of Adults Who Have Visited a Dentist or Dental Clinic: 2008 HTH525 Percent of Adults 65 and Older Who Have Lost All Their Natural Teeth: 2008 HTH527 Percent of Adults Rating Their Health as Fair or Poor: 2008 HTS248 Tornadoes: 2009 HTS384 Percent of Private-Sector Establishments That Offer Health Insurance: 2008

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 4 HTS386 Percent of Population Not Covered by Health Insurance: 2008 HTS387 Percent of Population Lacking Access to Primary Care: 2010 HTS389 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Physicians: 2008 HTS390 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Registered Nurses: 2008 HTS391 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Dentists: 2007 HTS399 Percent of Mothers Receiving Late or No Prenatal Care: 2006 HTS401 Reported Legal Abortions per 1,000 Live Births: 2006 HTS403 Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006 HTS405 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop.: 2007 HTS406 Estimated Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Cancer: 2009 HTS409 Estimated Rate per 100,000 Pop. of New Cancer Cases: 2009 HTS411 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Accidents: 2006 HTS415 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Diseases of the Heart: 2006 HTS417 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Suicide: 2006 HTS418 Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by AIDS: 2006 HTS419 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by AIDS: 2006 HTS420 Adult Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: 2007 HTS421 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008 HTS422 Percent of Adults Overweight or Obese: 2008 HTS423 Percent of Children Aged 19 to 35 Months Fully Immunized: 2008 HTS573 Highway Fatality Rate per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled: 2008 HTS577 Safety Belt Usage Rate: 2008 C. Poverty PVS519 Poverty Rate: 2008 PVS521 Percent of Children Living in Poverty: 2008 PVS523 Percent of Female-Headed Families with Children Living in Poverty: 2008 PVS542 Percent of Population Receiving Public Aid: 2007 PVS546 Average Monthly TANF Assistance per family: 2007 PVS551 Percent of Population Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefits: 2009

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    Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research 5 4. Using Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, identify the variable labels and variable names from the GSS08 data that might be good indicators for the following concepts: A. Religious Commitment RELIG RS RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE DENOM SPECIFIC DENOMINATION FUND HOW FUNDAMENTALIST IS R CURRENTLY ATTEND HOW OFTEN R ATTENDS RELIGIOUS SERVICES RELITEN STRENGTH OF AFFILIATION POSTLIFE BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH PRAY HOW OFTEN DOES R PRAY REBORN HAS R EVER HAD A 'BORN AGAIN' EXPERIENCE RELEXP HAVE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE CHANGED LIFE B. Prejudice RACDIF2 DIFFERENCES DUE TO INBORN DISABILITY RACDIF4 DIFFERENCES DUE TO LACK OF WILL WORKWHTS HARD WORKING - LAZY WORKBLKS HARD WORKING - LAZY INTLWHTS UNINTELLIGENT -INTELLIGENT INTLBLKS UNINTELLIGENT - INTELLIGENT HOMOSEX HOMOSEXUAL SEX RELATIONS FEFAM BETTER FOR MAN TO WORK, WOMAN TEND HOME C. Sexual Activity XMOVIE SEEN X-RATED MOVIE IN LAST YEAR PARTNERS HOW MANY SEX PARTNERS R HAD IN LAST YEAR SEXFREQ FREQUENCY OF SEX DURING LAST YEAR NUMWOMEN NUMBER OF FEMALE SEX PARTNERS SINCE 18 NUMMEN NUMBER OF MALE SEX PARTNERS SINCE 18 SEXORNT SEXUAL ORIENTATION D. Family Structure MARITAL MARITAL STATUS CHILDS NUMBER OF CHILDREN HOMPOP NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD BABIES HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS LESS THAN 6 YRS OLD PRETEEN HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 6 THRU 12 YRS OLD TEENS HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 13 THRU 17 YRS OLD ADULTS HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 18 YRS AND OLDER UNRELAT NUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD NOT RELATED HHTYPE1 HOUSEHOLD TYPE (CONDENSED)

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 6 5. Researchers have found a consistent relationship between schools and crime. More crimes occur in neighborhoods surrounding high schools and junior high schools than in neighborhoods far away from schools. The researchers conclude that schools cause crime and believe that this relationship may have something to do with teachers not teaching students the appropriate lessons in the classroom. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Why or why not? If not, what could explain this relationship? A spurious factor is a third variable which influences two variables believed to be in relationship with one another. In this case, the spurious factor may be the concentration of teenagers and young adults. Teenagers and young adults are responsible for a disproportionate number of crimes, thus inflating the crime rate in areas where they are concentrated. Schools service teenagers and young adults. Therefore it isn’t really the school causing crime, but the fact that schools are places where many of the crime-inclined congregate.

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    Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research 7 6. The U.S. Department of Justice has found that of the children killed by their parents, 55% of the murders were performed by the child’s mother and 45% of the murders were performed by the child’s father. A researcher uses these data to support his contention that women are more violent than men. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Why or why not? If not, what could explain this relationship? The argument is not especially compelling because the difference in rates is probably due to the influence of a spurious factor. In this case, the spurious factor may be time spent with kids. Women assume a disproportionate share of the child rearing responsibilities. Being in contact with kids for longer periods of time may increase the likelihood of that parent engaging in violent acts against those kids.

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 8 7. A social commentator argues that the welfare programs which were introduced in the mid 1960s have caused an unprecedented expansion of poverty in the United States. Based on the following data from the Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009 , would you agree or disagree with this causal statement? Explain. Year Percent Below Poverty Level 1960 22% 1965 15% 1970 13% 1975 12% 1980 13% 1985 14% 1990 14% 1995 14% 2000 13% 2005 13% 2007 13% There are two ways to answer this question, outside of the remote possibility that welfare consumption does actually increase poverty in ways not indicated by these data: 1. Time order concerns and the direction of association: The change in the independent variable must precede the change in the dependent variable. In this case, we would expect to see an increase in poverty rates with the expansion of welfare programs. However, the expansion of welfare programs has produced a decrease in welfare rates. Therefore there is little support for this theoretical relationship between poverty and welfare. 2. Spurious relationship: Some students may argue that this table is misleading in that there may be a third variable that needs to be taken into account. Economic prosperity could conceivably account for some of the decline in poverty rates. Without accounting for the changing economy in the United States, it is not methodologically sound to conclude that welfare is the factor that either increases or decreases poverty rates. Therefore the table is not an effective rebuttal or support for the above theory.

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    Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research 9 8. What environmental conditions influence crime? A. List a few hypotheses, predictions of factors that influence crime. E.g. Ho 1 : Crime is caused by a lack of jobs Answers will vary. B. Use the STATES10 descriptions in Appendix 1 and list variables that might help test your hypotheses. Answers will vary. To help guide students, point them to the variables with the prefix CR (crime). C. While examining the Appendix 1, did you find any additional variables that may also influence crime? Answers will vary.

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 10 9. What characteristics of individuals are associated with happiness? A. List a few hypotheses, predictions that influence happiness. E.g. Ho 1 : The wealthier a person is, the happier they are. Answers will vary. B. Use the GSS08 descriptions in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3 and list variables that might help test your hypotheses. Answers will vary. C. While examining the Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, did you find any additional variables that may also influence happiness? Answers will vary.

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    Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data 11 Chapter 2 Exercises Name Date____________ 1. Create a new data set by polling 5 other people and asking the following questions: RESPOND. What are the last four digits of your phone number? EXER1. Do you exercise regularly? (Yes or No) EXER2. How many hours a week would you say you exercise? EXER3. Do you participate in team sports? (Yes or No) EXER4. What is your favorite sport to play? Create a new data set using these data and incorporating the following labels. Variable Name Type Label Value Labels Measure RESPOND String20 Respondent Name None Nominal EXER1 Numeric Exercise Regularly? 0=no 1=yes Nominal EXER2 Numeric Hours/Week of Exercise None Scale EXER3 Numeric Participate in Team Sports? 0=no 1=yes Nominal EXER4 String 20 Favorite Sport None Nominal Enter the responses and save the data as “EXERCISE.SAV”. Be sure to save it to a location that you have access to. Show that you have set up the file with the following command and follow your instructor’s request, such as print the output: File Display Data File Information Working File

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    ’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin, Data Analysis with SPSS , 4/e 12

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    Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data 13 2. Open the data STATES10.SAV. Examine the data set in the Variable View Window and locate some variables that measure the following concepts. Recall that the variable names begin with a 2-letter code for the general topic of the variable. (Double click within the box of variables and scroll up or down to view all of the variables.) A. Economic Prosperity ECS96 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product: 2008 ECS100 Per Capita Personal Income: 2008 ECS103 Median Household Income: 2008 ECS103 Median Household Income: 2008 ECS105 Personal Bankruptcy Rate per 100,000: 2009 ECS445 Homeownership Rate: 2008 B. Substance Abuse HTC254 Percent of High School Students Who Drink Alcohol: 2007 HTC255 Percent of High School Students Who Use Marijuana: 2007 HTH180 Death Rate per 100,000 by Alcohol-Induced Deaths: 2006 HTH503 Adult Per Capita Beer Consumption: 2007 HTH505 Adult Per Capita Wine Consumption: 2007 HTH507 Adult Per Capita Distilled Spirits Consumption: 2007 HTH508 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Drink Alcohol: 2008 HTH510 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008 HTH515 Percent of Population Who are Illicit Drug Users: 2007 HTS420 Adult Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: 2007 C. Educational Attainment EDS127 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007 EDS128 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007 EDS129 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009 EDS130 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009 EDS131 Percent of Population Graduated from High School: 2008 EDS134 Public High School Drop Out Rate: 2007 EDS135 ACT Average Composite Score: 2009 EDS151 Enrollment Rate per 1,000 Aged 18-24 in Institutions of Higher Education: 2006 EDS154 Percent of Population With a Bachelors Degree or More: 2008

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