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Test Bank for Statistics For The Behavioral And Social Sciences, 6th Edition

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    Test Bank For Statistics for the Behavioral and Social Sciences A Brief Course Sixth Edition Arthur Aron State University of New York at Stony Brook Elliot J. Coups Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Elaine N. Aron State University of New York at Stony Brook Prepared by Theodore Whitley East Carolina University

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    iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers Using Tables and Graphs 1 Chapter 2 The Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Z Scores 17 Chapter 3 Correlation and Prediction 31 Chapter 4 Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: The Normal Curve, Sample versus Population, and Probability 54 Chapter 5 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 67 Chapter 6 Hypothesis Tests with Means of Samples 86 Chapter 7 Making Sense of Statistical Significance: Effect Size and Statistical Power 102 Chapter 8 Introduction to the t Test: Single Sample and Dependent Means 117 Chapter 9 The t Test for Independent Means 142 Chapter 10 Introduction to the Analysis of Variance 164 Chapter 11 Chi-Square Tests and Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal 195 Chapter 12 A Closer Look at Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles 223 Chapter 13 Applying Statistical Methods in Your Own Research Project 235

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    1 Chapter 1 Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers Using Tables and Graphs MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) A team of investigators collects data on the number of students who are on scholarship at various local colleges. If the team then makes a frequency table to summarize the data, they are using a(n) A) measure of central tendency. B) descriptive statistical method. C) intuitive statistical method. D) inferential statistical method. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 2) A student theorizes that performance on a statistics exam will be related to the number of hours she spent studying. This student will be required to test her theory using A) common sense. B) reasoning by analogy. C) inferential statistics. D) intuition. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Understanding 3) The two main branches of statistical methods are A) theoretical and inferential. B) intuitive and observational. C) descriptive and intuitive. D) descriptive and inferential. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 4) The value of putting numbers into a frequency table is that A) it makes the pattern of numbers clear at a glance. B) it enables one to draw inferences from the table. C) frequency tables are required by many journals. D) frequency tables are easily constructed. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Understanding 5) A psychologist is interested in studying aggressive tendencies in people and develops a measure of this personality characteristic. In this study, aggression is a(n) A) abstract concept. B) variable.

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    2 C) value. D) invariable construct. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 6) Several employees of a major corporation are rated for their degree of job satisfaction. If a particular employee’s job satisfaction is rated 8 on a 20-point scale, 8 represents that employee’s A) frequency. B) variable. C) score. D) percentile. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 7) An intelligence test includes 15 items. Thus, a person’s score could lie between 0 and 15. Each of these potential numbers of correct responses (0–15) that a person could possibly obtain is called a A) value. B) variable. C) frequency. D) mean. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 8) If the difference between scores of 3 and 4 is approximately the same as the difference between scores of 15 and 16, the variable is A) an equal interval variable. B) a nominal variable. C) a ratio variable. D) a rank-order variable. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 9) Numeric variables are also called A) nominal variables. B) categorical variables. C) quantitative variables. D) irrelevant variables. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 10) All of the following are examples of rank-order variables EXCEPT A) a student’s rank in his or her graduating class. B) a tennis player’s standing compared to other athletes in the region. C) a runner’s place finished in a race. D) a student’s level of stress just before an exam. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Analyzing

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    3 11) All of the following are examples of a nominal variable EXCEPT A) hair color. B) religious affiliation. C) Social Security number. D) score on an IQ test. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Understanding 12) Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable? A) Grade point average (3.2, 2.7, etc.) B) Number of friends a person has (0, 1, etc.) C) Birth position in a family (first, second, etc.) D) Nationality of the car a person owns (American, Japanese, etc.) Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Understanding 13) Which of the following is an example of an equal-interval variable? A) Marital status of a person (single, divorced, etc.) B) Number of friends a person has (2, 4, etc.) C) Results of a horse race (arrived 1st, 2nd, etc.) D) Numbers printed on the back of a basketball team’s jerseys (21, 43, etc.) Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Understanding 14) A researcher wishing to summarize all the scores for a variable in a study creates a frequency table, but finds that there are so many values that the table is too cumbersome to be useful. The next step would be to make a A) histogram. B) frequency polygon. C) grouped frequency table. D) pie chart. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 15) A researcher measures the eye movements of 100 participants as they read ambiguous words embedded within sentences. Because eye movements are measured in milliseconds, and there are likely to be many different times measured, the researcher might decide to use a __________ to help make sense of these data. A) frequency polygraph B) scatterplot C) grouped frequency table D) horizontal bar chart Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Evaluating

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    4 16) When making a frequency table for a numeric variable, the list down the left edge of the page should include A) all possible values, starting with the lowest and ending with the highest. B) only even-numbered values. C) only odd-numbered values. D) the cumulative frequencies and percentages for participants. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 17) When making a frequency table for a nominal variable, the values listed on the left- hand side of the frequency table should be A) the percentage of participants in each category. B) the number of interactions among participants. C) the categories of the variable. D) the appropriate interval groupings. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 18) A frequency table lists A) the times that variations occur in several variables. B) the number of scores at each value. C) the intensity of a variable over the participants studied. D) the average and median values of each variable. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 19) A frequency table includes columns for all of the following EXCEPT A) the number of ratings for each value on a scale. B) the frequency of scores at each value. C) the percentage of scores for each value. D) the standard deviation of the measurement scale. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 20) The word “frequency” in a frequency table refers to A) the number of participant categories. B) the number of scores at each value of a variable. C) the times per unit change of each score. D) the cumulative percentage for any given value. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 21) Consider the scores 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8. Which of the following would be the correct top line of a frequency table? A) 3, 2, 20% B) 10, 10, 100% C) 0, 2, 25%

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    5 D) 8, 1, 10% Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 22) Consider the scores 2, 6, 7, 1, 7, 8, 5, 4. Which of the following would be the correct second line of the frequency table? A) 2, 7, 20% B) 7, 2, 25% C) 6, 1, 6% D) 1, 1, 12% Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 23) A histogram looks most like A) a skyline of a city. B) a large wave. C) a silhouette of mountains. D) a pattern of iron filings. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Understanding 24) A histogram is most closely related to A) a pie chart. B) a line plot. C) a contour plot. D) a bar chart. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Understanding 25) In a histogram, the vertical dimension displays A) the possible values the variable can have. B) the intensity of the variable. C) the mean score. D) the frequency of scores. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 26) In a histogram, the horizontal dimension displays A) the range of possible values the variable can have. B) the percentile score for each individual. C) the mean score. D) the frequency of scores. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 27) When working with a nominal variable, the histogram is called a(n) A) bar graph. B) frequency polygon. C) area plot.

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    6 D) bubble plot. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 28) When making a histogram, it is easiest to begin by A) listing of all the scores in order. B) creating a frequency table. C) listing all the percentages in order. D) referring to the normal curve table. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Applying 29) An important difference between a histogram and a frequency polygon is that the frequency polygon A) is used for grouped values. B) begins and ends with a frequency of 10 (i.e., at the vertical axis). C) covers the full range of values (i.e., 0–100). D) begins and ends with a frequency of zero (i.e., at the horizontal axis). Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Understanding 30) A frequency polygon looks most like A) a skyline of a city. B) a large wave. C) a silhouette of mountains. D) a series of intersecting shapes. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Understanding 31) Place the five steps for making a frequency polygon into the correct order. 1. Along the left side of the page ( y -axis), make a scale of frequencies that ranges from 0 at the bottom to the highest frequency for any value. 2. Connect the points with lines. 3. Make a frequency table. 4. Mark a point above each value with a height for the frequency of that value. 5. Put the values along the bottom of the page ( x -axis). A) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 B) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 C) 5, 3, 1, 2, 3 D) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Applying 32) Social scientists use frequency tables, histograms, or frequency polygons to show A) the relation between two variables. B) the reasoning behind experiments. C) specific hypotheses and test their validity.

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    7 D) how the data they collect are distributed. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 33) Why might a frequency polygon include an extra value at the beginning and end of the horizontal axis? A) To illustrate the bimodal distribution of the data B) To highlight the value with the largest frequency C) To make a closed figure (i.e., polygon) D) To construct a rectangular distribution Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 34) The distribution of scores in a research study in the behavioral and social sciences is usually A) unimodal. B) bimodal. C) multimodal. D) rectangular. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 35) A social psychologist rates participants’ empathic responses to the distress of strangers on a scale of 1 to 10. Most participants were rated either 3 or 7. How would this distribution be described? A) Bimodal B) Unimodal C) Rectangular D) Normal Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 36) If the distribution of scores in a study includes four scores of 3, 5, and 7, and none of the other scores occurs more than twice, the distribution is A) unimodal. B) bimodal. C) multimodal. D) rectangular. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 37) If all the values in a distribution have about the same frequency, it is called a(n) A) multimodal distribution. B) rectangular distribution. C) bimodal distribution. D) equalized distribution. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering

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    8 38) On the first exam in an introductory statistics class, most students did very well and only a few did poorly. How would you describe the distribution of test scores? A) Symmetrical B) Skewed to the left C) Having a floor effect D) Skewed to the right Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 39) When a distribution is skewed to the right, it means that A) there are more scores piled up at the high end of the range. B) the scores are evenly distributed. C) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range. D) there is a ceiling effect. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 40) On an exam in a cognitive psychology class, most students attained a perfect score. This is an example of A) a symmetrical distribution. B) a bimodal distribution. C) a ceiling effect. D) a floor effect. Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Remembering 41) When a distribution is skewed to the left, it means that A) there are more scores piled up at the high end of the range. B) the scores are evenly distributed. C) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range. D) there is a ceiling effect. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 42) When a distribution is skewed to the left, it is likely that A) there is a floor effect. B) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range. C) the distribution is approximately normal and symmetrical. D) there is a ceiling effect. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering 43) In some cases, researchers describe a distribution in terms of whether its tails have many or few scores in them. This aspect of the shape of a distribution is known as A) symmetry. B) kurtosis. C) z -transformation.

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    9 D) queue. Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Remembering 44) When a distribution is heavy-tailed it A) has a flat appearance with many scores at the extremes (tails). B) is skewed to the right. C) is skewed to the left. D) has a pinched appearance with few scores at the extremes (tails). Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 45) A frequency table is most likely to be included in a research article when A) nominal variables are involved. B) there are a very small number of scores. C) a correlation is being reported. D) there are only two values for the variable. Answer: A Bloom’s Category: Remembering 46) Which of the following is supported by research cited in your text? A) Women generally do worse in statistics classes because they have lower expectations for themselves. B) Women tend to do worse in statistics because others have lower expectations of them. C) Women tend to do worse in statistics because instructors generally call on them less often. D) Women generally do as well as men in statistics classes. Answer: D Bloom’s Category: Remembering Questions 47 and 48 refer to the table below. 47) According to the table, what are the most common types of cognitive problem faced by Alzheimer’s disease patients? A) Motor problems B) Language problems C) Memory problems D) Attentional problems Answer: C Bloom’s Category: Understanding Incidence of Memory, Language, and Motors Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients ( N = 200) Cognitive Symptom N % Memory Problems Language Problems Motor Problems 180 64 40 90% 32% 20%

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    10 48) According to the table, what is the total number of patients in this sample who suffer from motor problems? A) 20/200 B) 40 C) 40/ N D) 64 Answer: B Bloom’s Category: Understanding SENTENCE COMPLETION/TRUE-FALSE 49) Social scientists who want to summarize and make understandable a group of numbers collected in a research study would use ______________ statistics. Answer: descriptive Bloom’s Category: Remembering 50) Investigators who want to draw statistical conclusions that go beyond the numbers actually collected in the research would use ____________ statistics. Answer: inferential Bloom’s Category: Remembering 51) A listing that shows how many times each value of a variable occurs among a particular group of scores is called a(n) ________________. Answer: frequency table Bloom’s Category: Remembering 52) If a professor has an 81 on a test of social skills that is administered to all professors at a local college, 81 is the professor’s ________. Answer: score Bloom’s Category: Remembering 53) In a study of hospitalized psychiatric patients, nurses rate the patients’ ability to take care of their rooms on a scale of 0 to 7. Therefore, ability to take care of one’s room is a _________. Answer: variable Bloom’s Category: Understanding 54) On a measure of social skills, the difference between scores of 6 and 7 has the same meaning as a difference between scores of 25 and 26. This measure is considered a(n) __________ variable. Answer: equal-interval Bloom’s Category: Remembering 55) Another name for an ordinal variable is a(n) __________ variable. Answer: rank-order Bloom’s Category: Remembering 56) Equal-interval and rank-order variables are both __________ variables. Answer: numeric, quantitative Bloom’s Category: Remembering 57) The type of transportation a person uses to get to work (e.g., car, bus) is an example of a(n) __________ variable. Answer: nominal, categorical Bloom’s Category: Remembering

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    11 58) When making a frequency table, the first column lists the values and the second column contains the __________ of each value. Answer: frequency Bloom’s Category: Remembering 59) The third column of a frequency table usually contains __________. Answer: percentages, % Bloom’s Category: Remembering 60) A table that lists the number of employees in a company at each level of earnings, from $80,000–99,999 down to $20,000–29,999, is a ________________ table. Answer: grouped frequency Bloom’s Category: Remembering 61) A way to simplify a frequency table when a large number of values are possible is to group the scores into __________. Answer: intervals Bloom’s Category: Remembering 62) A frequency table, histogram, or frequency polygon describes a(n) _________. Answer: frequency distribution, distribution of scores Bloom’s Category: Remembering 63) A drawback associated with the use of grouped frequency tables is that you lose information about the breakdown of frequencies within each interval. (True or False) Answer: TRUE 64) Frequency tables can be used for numerical, but not nominal, variables. (True or False) Answer: FALSE 65) If a histogram has one bar that is higher than all the others, the distribution is _____________. Answer: unimodal Bloom’s Category: Remembering 66) In a study of exercise behavior, if a researcher found that one large group of people did not exercise at all, while another large group all exercised approximately 15 hours per week, the shape of the distribution would be __________. Answer: bimodal Bloom’s Category: Remembering 67) When the pattern of frequencies on the left and right side of a distribution are mirror images of each other, the distribution is said to be _______________. Answer: symmetrical Bloom’s Category: Remembering 68) A distribution in which the scores pile up on one end and are spread out on the other end is an example of a(n) __________ distribution. Answer: skewed Bloom’s Category: Remembering 69) If scores on a particular test of reading ability (on which high scores mean high reading ability) indicate that most adults have good reading ability, but a small number of people are nearly illiterate, the distribution will be skewed to the _____. Answer: left Bloom’s Category: Remembering

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    12 70) The distribution of data collected in behavioral and social science research studies often approximates a(n) ____________. Answer: normal curve Bloom’s Category: Remembering 71) A rectangular distribution, in addition to being symmetrical, would be an example of a(n) __________. Answer: heavy-tailed distribution Bloom’s Category: Understanding SHORT ANSWER/CONCEPT APPLICATION 72) Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Bloom’s Category: Understanding 73) Provide an example of how descriptive and inferential methods might be used in a study examining the effects of a behavioral intervention for children with autism. Bloom’s Category: Creating 74) Why is a grouped frequency table sometimes more useful than an ordinary frequency table for categorizing and displaying a group of numbers? Bloom’s Category: Understanding 75) You are asked to develop a new measure of leadership ability to be used in a study of adolescent behavior (with male and female students in Grades 6–8). (a) What is the variable of interest in this study? Bloom’s Category: Remembering (b) Is your variable equal-interval, rank-ordered, or nominal? Bloom’s Category: Remembering (c) Describe the nature of your measure and its range of values. Bloom’s Category: Understanding (d) Do you anticipate a normal distribution of scores on your variable? If not, what do you expect to find with regard to the shape of your distribution? Bloom’s Category: Understanding 76) Explain what it means to have a ceiling effect in a distribution of scores and provide an example. Bloom’s Category: Understanding 77) Sketch the following: (a) a normal distribution, (b) a bimodal distribution, (c) a positively skewed distribution, and (d) a heavy-tailed distribution. Bloom’s Category: Remembering 78) Describe a study that would produce a bimodal distribution. Bloom’s Category: Creating 79) Describe a study that would produce a rectangular distribution. Bloom’s Category: Creating

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