Test Bank for The Cosmic Perspective, 7th Edition

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1The Cosmic Perspective, 9e(Bennett et al.)Chapter 1 A Modern View of the UniverseSection 1.11) About where is our solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy?A) at the center of the galaxyB)about 10 percent of the way from the center of thegalaxy to the edge of the galactic diskC) about halfway from the center of the galaxy to the edge of the galactic diskD) near the far edge of the galactic diskE) in the halo of the galaxy above the galactic diskAnswer: C2) When we speak of the entire universe (as opposed to theobservableuniverse), we meanA) all the stars and galaxies that we can see with telescopes.B) all material located within about 14 billion light-years of Earth.C) the sum total of all matter and energy.D) all the matter ingalaxies, but not the spaces between the galaxies.Answer: C3) Which of the following is the smallest distance?A) diameter of a typical planetB) 1 light-secondC) 1 AUD) diameter of a typical starAnswer: A4) Which of the following is the largestdistance?A) diameter of a typical galaxyB) diameter of Pluto's orbitC) distance to the nearest star (other than our Sun)D) 1 light-yearAnswer: A5)Which of the following statements doesnotuse the termlight-yearin an appropriate way?A) It's about 4 light-years from here to Alpha Centauri.B) It will take me light-years to complete this homework assignment.C) A light-year is about 10 trillion kilometers.D) It will take the Voyager spacecraft about 20,000 years to travel just 1 light-year.E) The Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 light-years in diameter.Answer: B

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26) Onelight-minuteis the distance that light travels in one minute. How far is this, in kilometers?(Recall that the speed of light is 300,000 km/s.)A) 300,000 kmB) 18 million kmC) 100 million kmD) 1.08 billion kmE) 9.46 trillion kmAnswer: B7) One light-year is approximatelyA) the distance from the Sun to Earth.B) the speedat which Earth orbits the Sun.C) 10 trillion kilometers.D) the same as one regular year.Answer:C8) Light takes approximately one second to travel from Earth to the Moon. This means that theMoon is approximatelyA)1 astronomical unit from Earth.B) 1 light-year from Earth.C) 3000 kilometers from Earth.D) 300,000 kilometers from Earth.E) nearthe top of Earth's atmosphere.Answer: D9) Sunlight takes about 8.4 minutes to travel from the Sun to Earth. When NASA'sNewHorizonsSpacecraft passed Pluto in 2015, it was about 32 AU from Earth. About how long did ittake for transmitted images of Pluto to travel from the spacecraft to Earth?A) one Plutonian yearB) 4-1/2 hoursC) 2-1/4 daysD) 3 weeksE) They arrivedalmost instantaneously.Answer: C10) TheVoyager 2Spacecraft is currently on its way out of our solar system at a speed of about50,000 kilometers per hour. It will reach the distance of the nearest star system (beyond our solarsystem) in about ________ years.A) 100B) 1000C) 10,000D) 100,000E) 1,000,000Answer: D

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311) Suppose we look at a photograph of many galaxies. Assuming that all galaxies formed atabout the same time, which galaxy in the picture is the youngest?A) the one that is farthest awayB) the one that is reddest in colorC) the one that is bluest in colorD) the one that is closest to usE) the one that appears smallest in sizeAnswer: A12)The farthest galaxies visible in Hubble Space Telescope photos are about ________ light-years away.A) 1 millionB) 12 millionC) 1 billionD) 12 billionE) 12 trillionAnswer: D13) Suppose we imagine the Sun to beabout the size of a grapefruit. Whichof the following bestdescribes the size and distance of Earth on the same scale?A) Earth is the size of a tip of a ballpoint pen about 1 meter from the Sun.B) Earth is the size of a golf ball about 1 meter from theSun.C) Earth is the size of a tip ofa ballpoint pen about 15 meters from the Sun.D) Earth is the size of a golf ball about 15 meters from the Sun.E) Earth is the size of a marble about 25 miles from the Sun.Answer: C14) Suppose we imagine the Sunto be about the size of a grapefruit. How big an area would theorbits of the eight planets of the solar system cover?A) the size of a typical dorm roomB) the size of a typical campus buildingC) the size of a typical campusD) the size of a small cityE) the size of a western state (e.g., Colorado)Answer: C15) Which of the following best describes the Milky Way Galaxy?A) a spiral galaxy with a disk about 100,000 light-years in diameterB) a spiral galaxy with a disk about 1 billion kilometers in diameterC)a spiral galaxy with a disk about 1000 light-years in diameterD) a spherically shaped galaxy that is about 4 light-years in diameterE) a spherically shaped galaxy that is about 100,000 light-years in diameterAnswer: A

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416) If we use 1 millimeter to represent 1 light-year, about how large in diameter is the MilkyWay Galaxy?A) 100 millimetersB) 100 metersC) 1 kilometerD) 100 kilometersE) 1 million millimetersAnswer: B17) How long would it take to count all the stars in the Milky WayGalaxy at arate of one starper second?A) several daysB) several weeksC) several yearsD) several thousand yearsE) hundreds of thousands of yearsAnswer: D18) About how many galaxies are there in the observable universe?A) roughly (within about afactor of 10) the same as the number of stars in our galaxyB) a few dozenC) a few thousandD) about as many as the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on EarthE) an infinite numberAnswer: A19)If you represented each star by a grain of sand, about how much sand would it take torepresent all the stars in the observable universe?A) all the sand in a typical playground sandlotB) all the sand on Miami BeachC) all the sand on the beaches of CaliforniaD) one cubic meter of sandE) all the sand on all the beaches on EarthAnswer: E20) Suppose we look at two distant galaxies: Galaxy 1 is twice as far away as Galaxy 2. In thatcaseA) we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at an earlier time in thehistory of the universe thanGalaxy 2.B) we can't say anything about these galaxies except for their distances.C) we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at a later time in the history of the universe than Galaxy 2.Answer: A

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521) The distance of Mars fromthe Sun is about 1.5 AU. How far is this in kilometers? (You donot need a calculator to answer this question. You do need to know what an AU is, within afactor of 1000.)A) 1.5 150,000,000 kmB) 1.5 150,000 kmC) 150,000,000,000 / 1.5 kmD) 150,000,000 /1.5 kmE) 1.5 150,000,000,000 kmAnswer: ASection 1.21) Shortly after the Big Bang, the chemical composition of the universe wasA) almost entirely hydrogen and helium.B) hydrogen only.C) about equal amounts of all the elements.D) about the same as it is today.Answer: A2) About what percentage of the original hydrogen and helium of the universe had beenconverted into heavier elements by the time our solar system was born?A) 20%B) 10%C) 50%D) 2%Answer: D3) What isnuclear fusion?A) an explosion caused by putting together two volatile chemicalsB) the process of splitting nuclei to produce energyC) the process of turning matter into pure energyD) the process of combining lightweight nuclei to make heavier nucleiE) a process that only occurs in bombsAnswer: D4) Earth is made mostly of metals and rocks. Where didmost of the elements that make up thesematerials (carbon, silicon, iron, etc.) form?A) They were produced by the Big Bang.B) They were produced by chemical reactions in interstellar gas clouds.C) They were producedby stars.D) They were produced in our Sun.E) They were produced by nuclear fission of uranium and other radioactive materials in space.Answer: C

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65) Why did Carl Sagan say that we arestar stuff?A) The composition of most stars (mostly hydrogen and helium) is about the same as thecomposition of our bodies.B) Cosmic rays reaching Earth from distant astronomical sources may be one source ofmutations that help evolution along.C) Nearly every atom from which we are made once (before the solar system formed) was insideof a star.D)Nearly every atom from which we are made was once inside our star, the Sun.E) Sagan thought that all of us have the potential to be movie (or TV) stars like he was.Answer: C6) The Sun is made primarily ofA) hydrogen and oxygen.B) hydrogen and helium.C) carbon and nitrogen.D) oxygen and carbon.E) nearly equal portions of all the elements.Answer: B7) Our Sun formed ________ our galaxy formed.A) beforeB) at the same time thatC) billions of years afterD) withinabout 10 million years afterAnswer: C8) In what sense are galaxies cosmic recycling plants?A) Every time one star dies, a new one of exactly the same size and mass is born.B) As a galaxy rotates, its stars cycle around the galaxy center again andagain, each timereturning to exactly where they started.C) New stars in galaxies form from gas that has been ejected by previous generations of stars.D) New galaxies are continuously being formed from the remains of older galaxies.Answer: C9) On thescale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed to 1year, when did the Sun and Earth form?A) JanuaryB) DecemberC) SeptemberD) FebruaryAnswer: C

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710)On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of theuniverse is compressed to 1year, how long has human civilization (i.e., since ancient Egypt) existed?A) about half the yearB) about a monthC) a few hoursD) a few secondsE) less than a millionth of a secondAnswer: D11) On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed into 1year, when did the dinosaurs become extinct?A) in late DecemberB) in late NovemberC) in late OctoberD) in late SeptemberE) in late AugustAnswer: A12) On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed into 1year, when did Kepler and Galileo first discover that we live on a planet in a solar system?A) 1 second agoB) 1 day agoC) 1week agoD) December 25E) December 30Answer: A13) On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed into 1year, how long is the average human life span?A) 0.2 millisecondB) 0.2 secondC) 2 secondsD)2 minutesE) 2 hoursAnswer: B14) Your textbook discusses the cosmic calendar, a model of the history of the universe scaled toa single year. The length of time represented by one month on this cosmic calendar is thereforeclosest toA) 1 billion years.B) 1 1000 years.C) 10 million years.D) 10 billion years.E) 1 millionyears.Answer: A

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815) What made most of the oxygen nuclei in the solar system?A) starsB) Nothing makes elements–oxygen has always been present in the universe.C) the Big BangD)our SunE) high energy collisions of dust and cosmic raysAnswer: ASection 1.31) Approximately how fast is a person located at the Earth's equator moving around Earth's axisdue to the rotation of the Earth?A) 17,000 km/hrB) 1700 km/hrC) 170 km/hrD) 17 km/hrE) not moving at allAnswer: B2) Earth's rotation causes aperson at the North Pole to ________ relative to the center of theEarth.A) move at a speed of about 1670 km/hrB) spin in place once each yearC) remain completely stationaryD) spin in place once each dayAnswer: D3) Theecliptic planeisA) the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun.B) the plane of the Moon's orbit around Earth.C) the plane of our solar system's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy.D) a flat disk of material that lies between the Sun and Earth.E) the plane defined by Earth's equator.Answer: B4) We say that Earth has an axis tilt of 23-1/2° because this is the angle between Earth'sA) rotation axis and a line perpendicular (vertical) to the ecliptic plane.B) rotation axis and the star Polaris.C) equator and rotation axis.D) rotation axis and north pole.E) rotation axis and magnetic axis.Answer: A

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95) Patterns of stars in constellations hardly change in appearance over times of even a fewthousand years.Why?A) Stars are fixed and never move.B) Stars move, but they move very slowly–only a few kilometers in a thousand years.C)Although most stars move through the sky, the brightest stars do not, and these are the onesthat trace the patterns we see in the constellations.D) The stars in our sky actually move rapidly relative to us–thousands of kilometers per hour–but are so faraway that it takes a long time for this motion to make a noticeable change in thepatterns in the sky.E) Stars within a constellation move together as a group, which tends to hide their actual motionand prevent the pattern from changing.Answer: D6) About how long does it take our solar system to complete one orbit around the center of theMilky Way Galaxy?A) 10,000 yearsB) 1 million yearsC) 230 million yearsD) 4-1/2 billion yearsE) 14 billion yearsAnswer: C

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107) Which of the following correctlylists the described speeds from slowest to fastest?A) Earth's orbital speed about the SunEarth's speed of rotation on its axisEarth's orbital speed about the Suntypical speeds of stars in the local solar neighborhood relative to usthe speed of our solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way Galaxythe speeds of very distant galaxies relative to usB) typical speeds of stars in the local solar neighborhood relative to usEarth's speed ofrotation on its axisEarth's orbital speed about the Sunthe speed of our solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way Galaxythe speeds of very distant galaxies relative to usC) Earth's speed of rotation on its axisEarth's orbital speed about the Sunthe speed of our solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way Galaxythe speeds of very distant galaxies relative to ustypical speeds of stars in the local solar neighborhood relative to usD) Earth's orbital speed about the Sunthe speeds of verydistant galaxies relative to usEarth's speed of rotation on its axistypical speeds of stars in the local solar neighborhood relative to usthe speed of our solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way GalaxyE) typical speeds of stars in the localsolar neighborhood relative to usthe speed of our solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way GalaxyEarth's orbital speed about the Sunthe speeds of very distant galaxies relative to usEarth's speed of rotation on its axisAnswer: A8) What evidence leads astronomers to conclude that most of the Milky Way's mass consists of amysteriousdark matter?A) We observe many dark clouds of gas that block the light of stars behind them.B) The galaxy's rotation indicates that it mustcontain much morematter than we can observewith our telescopes.C) Observations indicate that most stars are dimmer than the Sun, so we say they are "dark."D) Stars are separated from one another by vast distances, and therefore most places in thegalaxy would be dark to our eyes.Answer: B9) Most of the mass in the Milky Way Galaxy is locatedA) in the halo (above/below the disk).B) within the disk.C) in the stars in the spiral arms.D) in the gas and dust.E) in the central bulge of the galaxy.Answer: A

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1110) Theamount and distribution of matter in the Milky Way Galaxy is determined byA) counting the number of stars in the galaxy.B) determining the amount of gas and dust in the galaxy.C)studying where stars are located in the Milky Way.D) studying the rotation of the galaxy.E) adding together the mass of the galaxy's stars and gas.Answer: D11) What evidence leads astronomers to conclude that the universe contains a mysteriousdarkenergy?A) The expansion of the universe is accelerating with time.B) Thegravity of distant galaxies is stronger than that of galaxies nearby.C) Studies of galactic motion indicate that there is more matter in the universe than we canaccount for with stars and gas.D) Stars shine much more brightly than we would expect fromnuclear fusion.E) The existence of such dark energy is the only way to account for evil in the universe.Answer: A12) From the fact that virtually every galaxy is moving away from us and more distant galaxiesare moving away from us at a faster ratethan closer ones, we conclude thatA) the Milky Way Galaxy is expanding.B) we are located at the center of the universe.C) even nearby galaxies will eventually be moving faster thanthe speed of light.D) the universe is expanding.E) the universe is shrinking.Answer: D13) What do astronomers mean when they say the universe is expanding?A) Everything in the universe is gradually growing in size.B) Average distances are increasing between most galaxies.C) Average distances are increasing between most stars.D) The universe is expanding from a single point.Answer: B14) By studying distant galaxies in the 1920s, Hubble made the following important discoverythat led us to conclude that the universe is expanding.A) All galaxies contain billions ofstars, and all galaxies have spiral shapes.B) All galaxies were born at the same time, and all will die at the same time.C) All galaxies outside the Local Group are moving away from us, and the farther away they are,the faster they're going.D) All galaxies outside the Local Group are orbiting the Local Group.E) Galaxies are in motion throughout the universe, with about equal numbers moving toward usand away from us.Answer: C

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1215) Imagine that we put a raisin cake into the oven, with each raisin separated from the others by1 cm. An hour later, we take it out and the distancesbetween raisins are 3 cm. If you lived in oneof the raisins and watched the other raisins as the cake expanded, which of the following wouldyou observe?A) All raisins wouldbe moving away from you at the same speed.B) More distant raisins would be moving away from you faster.C) More distant raisins would be moving away from you more slowly.D) It depends: If you lived in a raisin near the edge of the cake, you'd see other raisins movingaway from you, but they'd be coming toward you if you lived in a raisin near the center of thecake.E) The raisins would be expanding too, so you'd never notice any changes in the cake.Answer: B16) Recall the raisin cake model of the universe and its analogy to our expanding universe.Suppose you measure the recession velocity (the speed at which any object is moving away fromus) of Galaxy A to be 2000 km/s and the recession velocity of Galaxy B to be 6000 km/s. Whatcan you conclude about the relative distances of these two galaxies?A) Galaxy A is 3 times as far from us as Galaxy B.B) Galaxy B is 3 times as far from us as Galaxy A.C) Galaxy A is 6 times as far from us as Galaxy B.D) Galaxy B is 6 times as far from us as Galaxy A.E)The relative distances cannot be determined from the information in this problem.Answer: B17) The reason that we observe more distant galaxies to be moving away from us at higherspeeds than nearby galaxies is thatA) the more distant galaxies were flung outward faster by the Big Bang.B) the more distant galaxies are smaller andless massive, so they can move faster.C) the nearby galaxies are slowed by our own galaxy's gravitational pull.D) there is more space to expand between us and the distant galaxies.Answer: D18)How do scientists estimate the age of the universe?A) They look up the answer in a book or they Google it.B) They measure the abundances of radioactive elements in meteorites, and use their half-lives tocalculate the age of themeteorites, which are theoldest solids in the solar system.C) They measure the speeds and distances of galaxies, andcalculate the time it took for them totravel that distance (away from us).D) They make a guess: no one really knows how old the universe is.E) They measure howfast the Sun is losing energy, and how much energy it has left to lose.Answer: C

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1319) According to astronomers, approximately how old is the universe?A) 14 billion yearsB) 14 trillion yearsC) infiniteD) 14 million yearsAnswer: A20) According tocurrent scientific estimates, when did the Big Bang occur?A) about 4.5 billion years agoB) about 20 billion years agoC) about 65 million years agoD) about 14 billion years agoE) about 10 billion years agoAnswer: D21) We observe that most galaxiesare moving away from us. If we could (somehow)communicate with an observer in a distant galaxy, what would that observer say about what itsees?A) Most galaxies are moving away from me, except for yours.B)Most galaxies are moving away from me, including yours.C) Most galaxies are moving away from you, and about half are moving towards me.Answer: BSection 1.41) Which scientists played a major role in overturning the ancient idea of an Earth-centereduniverse, and about when?A) Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo; about 400 years agoB) Aristotle and Copernicus; about 400 years agoC) Newton and Einstein; about 100 years agoD) Huygens and Newton; about 300 years agoE) Aristotle and Plato; about 2000 years agoAnswer: AGeneral Chapter Questions1) One light-year is the distance light travels in one year. The speed of light is about 300,000km/s (3 × 105km/s). How far is 1 light-year?A) 3 × 105kmB) 1.8 × 107kmC) 1.08 × 109kmD) 9.46 × 1012kmAnswer: D

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142) Light travels at a speed of 300,000 km/s. About how far is a light-year?A) 10 million metersB) 10 billion kmC) 300,000 kmD) 10 million kmE) 10 trillion kmAnswer: E3)Consider how the Moon moves through the Solar System and complete the followingsentence.The Moon orbitsthe SunA) once a month.B) once a year.C) once a day.Answer: B4) Suppose you know the speed of a spacecraft in kilometers per second. How wouldyoucalculate its speed in kilometers per hour?A) Multiply by 60 and then multiply by 60 again.B) Divide by 60 and then divide by 60 again.C) Multiply by 24.D) Divide by 24.Answer: B5) How many seconds are in one year? (Calculate this, do not lookit up.)A) about 380 million (380,000,000, or 3.8 × 108)B) about 30 million (30,000,000, or 3 × 107)C) about 86 thousand (86,000, or 8.6 × 105)D) about 3600 (3.6 × 103)Answer: B6) One light-hour is the distance light travels in one hour. The speedof light is about 300,000km/s (3 × 105km/s). If Jupiter is 0.72 light hours from the Sun, how far is this?A) 216 thousand km (2.16 × 105km)B) 13 million km (1.3 × 107km)C) 778 million km (7.78 × 108km)D) 1.5 billion km (1.5 × 109km)Answer: C7) The planet Mars is, on average, about 228 million km from the Sun. How long does it takelight from the Sun to reach Mars? (Recall that the speed of light is about 300,000 km/s.)A) about 8.4 minutesB) about 12.7 minutesC) about 1.52 light secondsD)about 1.52 hoursAnswer: B

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158) The Earth has a radius of about 6000 km. How long would ittake for an object traveling at thespeed of light to circle the Earth? (Recall that the speed of light is 300,000 km/s.)A) 1/300,000 of a second (0.0000033 s)B) 1/6000 of a second (0.000017 s)C) 1/8 of a second (0.0125 s)D) 1/2 of a second (0.5 s)Answer: C9) Our solar system is located about 27,000 light-years from the galactic center. About how fardoes our solar system travel in one orbit?A) 54,000 light-yearsB) 85,000 light-yearsC) 100,000 light-yearsD) 170,000 light-yearsAnswer: D10) Astronomer Alan says the universe is expanding at one rate and Astronomer Wendy says it isexpanding at a faster rate. All other things being equal, which astronomer would say that theuniverse isolder?A) WendyB) AlanC) neitherAnswer: B11) Astronomers have used observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to measure the rate atwhich the universe is expanding, and have estimated the age of the universe from thatmeasuredrate. Suppose the expansion turns out to befasterthan current measurements indicate. In thatcase, our new estimate for the age of the universe would beA) unaffected.B) younger (less time between now and the Big Bang).C)older (more time between now and the Big Bang).Answer: B12) You observe two distant galaxies (well outsideour Local Group of galaxies). You find thatGalaxy W is moving away from us at a speed of 35,000 km/s and Galaxy X is moving awayfrom us at a speed of 70,000 km/s. What can you say about the distances to those galaxies?A) Galaxy W is four times as far as Galaxy X.B) Galaxy W is twice as far as Galaxy X.C) She can't say anything about the distances to Galaxy W or X.D) Galaxy X is four times asfar as Galaxy W.E) Galaxy X is twice as far as Galaxy W.Answer: B

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