Skip to content
Textbook Guides

Solution Manual for Chemistry For Changing Times, 14th Edition

Simplify your textbook learning with Solution Manual for Chemistry For Changing Times, 14th Edition, providing step-by-step solutions to every chapter.

Preview 16 of 245 pages

See the first 16 pages exactly as they appear in the document.

  1. Page 1
    Read page 1 as text

    Solution Manual to Chemical Investigations for Changing Times Fourteenth Edition Alton Hassell Baylor University Paula Marshall Baylor University

  2. Page 2
  3. Page 3
    Read page 3 as text

    ii Table of Contents General Comments iv Coordination with Hill and Kolb Text v Required Times for the Investigations vi Common Safety Regulations viii Laboratory Instructions xii Equipment Suppliers xiii Basic Equipment List xv Notes for Individual Investigations #1 Alchemy 2 #2 Density Layers 7 #3 Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes 12 #4 Separation of a Mixture 14 #5 Conservation of Mass 17 #6 Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 20 #7 Periodicity 24 #8 Atoms and Light 27 #9 Flame Tests and Analysis 30 #10 Ionic versus Covalent 33 #11 Iron(II) and Iron(III) Ions 36 #12 Chemical Reactions 39 #13 Double Replacement Reactions 43 #14 Mole Relationships 46 #15 Molar Volume of a Gas 48 #16 Hydrated Compounds 52 #17 Solubility 56 #18 Viscosity 59 #19 Gas Laws 64 #20 Diffusion and Graham’s Law 67 #21 Acid Neutralization by Antacid 70 #22 Nature’s Indicators 74 #23 pH and Flammability of Household Products 77 #24 Buffers 81 #25 Oxidation – Reduction 84 #26 Single Replacement Reactions 87 #27 Silver Tarnish Removal 91 #28 Organic Qual Scheme 93 #29 Synthesis of Esters 97 #30 Polymers 100 #31 Polymer Properties 103 #32 Nuclear Radiation 105 #33 Radioactive Half Life 108

  4. Page 4
    Read page 4 as text

    iii #34 Salt on Ice 111 #35 Copper Cycle 114 #36 O 2 and CO 2 in Breath and Air 118 #37 Solids in Smoke 121 #38 Clarification of Water 124 #39 Freezing Water 128 #40 Freezing Point Depression 131 #41 Heat Capacity 134 #42 Heat of Reaction 137 #43 Rates of Chemical Reactions 140 #44 Canned Fuel and Evaporation 143 #45 Batteries 147 #46 Test for Vitamin C 150 #47 Proteins 153 #48 Enzymes 157 #49 Forensic Chemistry 160 #50 Protein in Milk and Other Foods 163 #51 Production of Carbon Dioxide 166 #52 Paper Chromatography of Food Colors 170 #53 Testing for Opiates 173 #54 Testing for Caffeine 175 #55 Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test 178 #56 Fats and Iodine Number 181 #57 Carbohydrates 184 #58 Analysis of Fertilizer 187 #59 Soil Chemistry 190 #60 Saponification 193 #61 Soap in Hard Water 196 #62 Personal Products 199 #63 Hair Chemistry 202 #64 Testing Sunscreens 205 #65 Lead Detection 208 #66 Parts per Million 211 Appendix A – Reagent List (all investigations) 214 Appendix B – Common Materials (all investigations) 221 Appendix C – Laboratory Equipment (all investigations) 227

  5. Page 5
    Read page 5 as text

    iv General Comments The safety rules and laboratory instructions can be modified, copied, and supplied to students on the first day of lab. Equipment listed in the “basic equipment list” will be listed again in the individual lab notes, as will the extra lab equipment necessary to an investigation. An alphabetical list of equipment used in each lab is included after the materials list. Where 500-mL beakers are called for, 600-mL beakers will do. It is assumed that lab will be equipped with distilled water and scales, or balances accurate to + 0.1 gm. Where more accurate measurements are necessary, more sophisticated equipment will be noted. Instructions for preparing specific reagents are given in the lab notes where needed. The investigations are designed for students to work in pairs. The notes for each lab give specific instructions about disposal methods for toxic substances. In general, it should be noted that concentrated acids and bases can be harmful to plumbing if they are not diluted or neutralized. In addition, it is not a good practice to put metal ions down the drain. The investigations are planned to fit into either a two-hour or a three-hour lab period. The instructor may need to adjust the timing with pre-lab lectures or solutions prepared ahead of time. Some of the investigations may be combined into one lab period, especially for three-hour periods. In the fourteenth edition, hot plates have replaced laboratory burners in all but a few investigations where either very high temperatures or an open flame are necessary. We encourage the use of field trips as integral parts of investigations. Chemistry is so much more meaningful to the student who sees it first hand in a sewage treatment, water treatment, or industrial plant. also In addition, computer simulation programs are useful to elucidate certain concepts. The Seraphim Project and the ACS are good sources for computer programs. A source of information for the disposal of chemicals is The Science Instructor’s Safer Source from Flinn Scientific Inc., P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510. We would be interested in hearing about any problems you find or about any improvements you can suggest for the investigations presented in this manual.

  6. Page 6
    Read page 6 as text

    v Coordination with Chemistry for Changing Times, 14th Ed. Hill and Kolb The investigations are arranged to show the principles of the chapters in Chemistry for Changing Times, 14th Ed. , Hill and Kolb. Some of the investigations will also illustrate the principles of other chapters; these are listed in the last column. TEXT APPLICABLE ALSO CHAPTER INVESTIGATIONS APPLICABLE 1. Chemistry 1, 2, 3, 4 18 2. Atoms 5, 6, 7 14 3. Atomic Structure 8, 9 - 4. Chemical Bonds 10, 11, 12, 13 3, 6, 16, 26, 63 5. Chemical Accounting 14, 15, 16 5, 20, 35, 51 6. Gases, Liquids, Solids 17, 18, 19, 20 2, 15, 39 7. Acids and Bases 21, 22, 23, 24 62, 63 8. Oxidation and Reduction 25, 26, 27 45 9. Organic Chemistry 28, 29 53, 54, 55, 60 10. Polymers 30, 31 - 11. Nuclear Chemistry 32, 33 - 12. Chemistry of Earth 34, 35 38, 59 13. Air 36, 37 - 14. Water 38, 39, 40, 41 34 15. Energy 42, 43, 44, 45 3, 12, 41, 64 16. Biochemistry 46, 47, 48, 49 36, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 63 17. Food 50, 51, 52 29, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57 18. Drugs 53, 54 55 19. Fitness and Health 55, 56, 57 37, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54 20. Chemistry Down on the Farm 58, 59 - 21. Household Chemicals 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 23, 31 22. Poisons 65, 66 -

  7. Page 7
    Read page 7 as text

    vi Required Times for the Investigations Note: The noted times are for a single person who is working in a lab as the sole user of balances and all other equipment, and who is experienced in the laboratory setting. Allow extra time for students in this course. 1 Alchemy 45 minutes 2 Density Layers 40 minutes 3 Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes 1 hour 4 Separation of a Mixture 1 hour 5 Conservation of Mass 45 minutes 6 Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 2 hours 7 Periodicity 45 minutes 8 Atoms and Light 1 hour 9 Flame Tests and Analysis 45 minutes 10 Ionic versus Covalent 1 hour 11 Iron(II) and Iron(III) 1 hour 12 Chemical Reactions 1 hour 5 minutes 13 Double Replacement Reactions 45 minutes 14 Mole Relationships 1 hour 15 Molar Volume of a Gas 1 hour 16 Hydrated Compounds 1 hour 30 minutes 17 Solubility 30 minutes 18 Viscosity 1 hour 45 minutes 19 Gas Laws 2 hours 20 Diffusion and Graham’s Law 1 hour 15 minutes 21 Acid Neutralization by Antacid 1 hour 40 minutes 22 Nature’s Indicators 1 hour 23 pH and Flammability of Household Products 55 minutes 24 Buffers 45 minutes 25 Oxidation and Reduction 30 minutes 26 Single Replacement Reactions 2 hours 27 Silver Tarnish Removal 35 minutes 28 Organic Qual Scheme 1 hour 30 minutes 29 Synthesis of Esters 45 minutes 30 Polymers 1 hour 30 minutes 31 Polymer Properties 2 hours 32 Nuclear Radiation 3 hours 33 Radioactive Half-life 45 minutes 34 Salt on Ice 1 hour 30 minutes 35 A Copper Cycle 3 hours 36 O 2 and CO 2 in Breath and Air 1 hour 30 minutes 37 Solids in Smoke 1 hour 30 minutes 38 Clarification of Water 45 minutes 39 Freezing Water 45 minutes 40 Freezing Point Depression 1 hour 30 minutes 41 Heat Capacity 1 hour 15 minutes

  8. Page 8
    Read page 8 as text

    vii 42 Heat of Reaction 1 hour 43 Rates of Chemical Reactions 1 hour 44 Canned Fuel and Evaporation 45 minutes 45 Batteries 45 minutes 46 Test for Vitamin C 1 hour 15 minutes 47 Proteins 1 hour 15 minutes 48 Enzymes 1 hour 30 minutes 49 Forensic Chemistry 45 minutes 50 Protein in Milk and Other Foods 1 hour 15 minutes 51 Production of Carbon Dioxide 1 hour 30 minutes 52 Paper Chromatography of Food Colors 2 hours 53 Testing for Opiates 45 minutes 54 Testing for Caffeine 1 hour 40 minutes 55 Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test 1 hour 30 minutes 56 Fats and Iodine Number 55 minutes 57 Carbohydrates 1 hour without disposal 58 Analysis of Fertilizer 1 hour 50 minutes 59 Soil Chemistry 1 hour 30 minutes 60 Saponification 50 minutes 61 Soap in Hard Water 1 hour 45 minutes 62 Personal Products 40 minutes 63 Hair Chemistry 1 hour 45 minutes 64 Testing of Sunscreens 30 minutes 65 Lead Detection 1 hour 45 minutes without disposal 66 Parts Per Million 35 minutes

  9. Page 9
    Read page 9 as text

    viii Common Safety Regulations Under OSHA Hazard Communication regulations, a specific set of safety rules must be developed and communicated clearly to all employees. The Department of Chemistry has developed safety regulations that comply with the University’s Hazard Communication Program. Although nonemployee students are not covered by these regulations, each student should attest by signature that he or she has read and understands the safety rules. These rules must be rigorously and impartially enforced. Willful noncompliance should result in dismissal or suspension from the laboratory. Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, published by the American Chemical Society, is an excellent reference book. It can be obtained by calling the American Chemical Society Referral Service at 1-800-227-5558, option 6. Another source of information is the Chemical Manufacturers Association Referral Center at 1-800-262-8200 (24 hours). General Safety Regulations The Chemistry Department strives to provide safe working conditions in all of its laboratories. The responsibility for safe working conditions rests with everyone , including students, faculty, teaching assistants, and staff. In order to do your part in maintaining safe working conditions, you must obey the General Safety Regulations listed below and report any violations of these regulations that you observe. Such reports should be made to the teaching assistant or to the professor in charge of the laboratory. 1. Eye protection is required at all times in the laboratory and where chemicals are stored and handled. For most laboratory workers, safety glasses with clear side shields are adequate as long as safety showers or eye-wash fountains are near at hand. 2. Long hair and loose clothing must be contained while in the laboratory. Sturdy closed-toe shoes that cover the entire foot and clothing that covers the body constitute proper laboratory attire. You will not be permitted to work in the laboratory if you are barefoot or wearing flip-flops or sandals, including sandals with socks. You will not be permitted in the laboratory if you are wearing shorts, short skirts (mini-shorts), halter tops, spaghetti strap blouses, or tank tops. Lab coats or aprons are suggested. 3. Work only with materials after you know their flammability, reactivity, corrosiveness, and toxicity. This information is readily available through your laboratory instructor and Material Safety Data Sheets. Read your laboratory instructions carefully before beginning any laboratory experiment. When in doubt about any part of the procedure, consult your laboratory instructor before initiating the experiment. 4. Unauthorized experiments, including unapproved variations in experiments and changes in quantities of reagents, are forbidden. 5. Mouth suction should never be used to fill pipettes, to start siphons, or for any other purpose. 6. Don’t force glass tubing through rubber stoppers. (Protect your hands with a towel when inserting tubing into stoppers and use water or glycerin as a lubricant.)

  10. Page 10
    Read page 10 as text

    ix 7. Wash hands with soap or detergent upon leaving the laboratory. 8. Smoking in any part of the laboratory is absolutely forbidden. 9. Experiments in progress are not to be left unattended without consent of the laboratory instructor. 10. Horseplay, pranks, or other acts of mischief are especially dangerous in the laboratories and are absolutely forbidden. Sitting on bench tops is not allowed. 11. No eating or drinking is permitted in the laboratory. 12. Students are not permitted to work in the laboratory unless a teaching assistant or instructor is present . 13. All accidents, no matter how trivial, must be reported. If you have an accident or see an accident, it must be reported to the teaching assistant immediately. Never allow an injured person to leave the laboratory for assistance without notifying the teaching assistant. A formal written report must be made of all accidents to the Department Safety Officer. The report will include any injuries or damage incurred, the cause, the effect, and any recommendations for prevention of recurrence. 14. In case of an accident, treat all open wounds as potential sources of bloodborne pathogens. 15. If an accident appears to be beyond your control (i.e., a large chemical spill or fire), actuate the fire alarm and vacate the area. If possible, call the University Department of Public Safety and give them the details of the problem, (i.e., location, chemicals involved). 16. Visitors to the laboratories must obey the same safety regulations as the laboratory workers. This includes the wearing of safety glasses . 17. Chemical laboratories and storage areas constitute a special hazard for small children. For this reason, the Department does not permit the presence of small children in these areas under any circumstances . Children are not to be allowed elsewhere in the Chemistry Department except under close adult supervision. The responsibility for the safety of such children must be assumed by the supervising adult. Under no circumstances should children be left unattended, even for short periods of time, nor should they be brought into areas of risk . Chemical Labeling 1. All chemical labels must contain the following information: • chemical identity • appropriate hazard warnings • responsible company and address 2. OSHA standard labels must be used. These labels are available in the stockroom. 3. Proper labels must be on or attached to each hazardous material container.

  11. Page 11
    Read page 11 as text

    x 4. Immediate-use, small-transfer containers are exempted from these regulations. 5. No labels may be removed or defaced without replacements. 6. Labels must be legible, prominent, and in English. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) hazard identification coding system is used in the Chemistry Department to readily identify chemical hazards. A copy of this labeling system follows. NFPA Hazard Code Ratings The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ratings provide information relating to the severity of health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) under emergency conditions such as spills, leaks, and fires. Each section displays a numerical severity rating from 4 (most severe) to 0 (least severe). The fourth section, as stipulated by NFPA, is left blank (white) and is reserved for indicating any unusual reactivity with water or oxidizing properties. The numerical ratings and their associated descriptions are given on the next page.

  12. Page 12
    Read page 12 as text

    xi HEALTH REACTIVITY (Blue) (Yellow) 4 Material that on very short exposure could 4 Material that in itself is readily capable of cause death or major residual injury. detonation, or of explosive decomposition, or reaction at normal temperatures and 3 Material that on short exposure could cause pressures. serious temporary or residual injury. 3 Material that in itself is capable of 2 Material that on intense or continued, but detonation or explosive reaction but does not chronic, exposure could cause temporary require a strong initiating source; or incapacitation or possible residual injury. that must be heated under confinement before initiation; or may react 1 Material that on exposure would cause explosively with water. irritation but only minor residual injury. 2 Material that is unstable and readily 0 Material that on exposure under fire undergoes violent chemical change at conditions would offer no hazard beyond elevated temperatures and pressures, or that of ordinary combustible material. that reacts violently with water or may form explosive mixtures with FLAMMABILITY water. (Red) 1 Material that in itself is normally stable 4 Material that will rapidly or completely but can become unstable at elevated vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures and pressures. temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. 0 Material that in itself is normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, 3 A liquid or solid that can be ignited under and is not reactive with water. almost all ambient temperature conditions. SPECIAL WARNINGS 2 Material that must be moderately heated or ( White) exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. OX Oxidizing material. 1 Material that must be preheated before W Material that is hazardous when in ignition can occur. contact with moisture or water. 0 Material that will not burn.

  13. Page 13
    Read page 13 as text

    xii Laboratory Instructions 1. Avoid wasting gas, water (both tap and deionized), filter paper, and materials of any kind. Do not return excess quantities to reagent bottles. Do not remove reagent bottles from their proper place. 2. Do not use your medicine dropper to take reagents from the classroom stock bottles. Instead, pour out a small quantity into your own clean beaker and use your medicine dropper in that beaker. If a dropper bottle is provided with the reagent, hold that dropper near the top of your test tube or other container when dispensing that reagent. 3. Do not remove acids or alkalis from their metal trays; take what you need at the tray. If acids or alkalis are spilled on the desk or floor, notify the instructor. The clean-up procedure is to wash the desk or floor at once with plenty of water, then wash the desk with sufficient boric acid solution in the case of spilled acids. This procedure will serve to neutralize the acids or alkalis that have penetrated into the wood. Then wash the desk once more with plenty of water. Commercial sorbents and neutralizers are also available and should be used if provided. 4. When leaving the laboratory, make certain that the gas and water are turned off and that your desk is clean and neat. 5. Maintain an orderly arrangement of the apparatus and materials in your desk.

  14. Page 14
    Read page 14 as text

    xiii Equipment Suppliers ACE Glass Inc., P.O. Box 688, 1430 Northwest Boulevard, Vineland, NJ 08361-0688 800-223-4524, www.aceglass.com, sales@aceglass.com. Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., 1001 West St. Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233 800-325-3010, sigma-aldrich.com/order Allied Electronics, 800-433-5700, www.alliedelec.com Atomeric Chemetals Corp., 222 Sherwood Avenue, Farmingdale, NY 11235-1718 516-694-9000, www.nuclearstreet.com, BABL28A@prodigy.com Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215-3398 800-334-5551, www.carolina.com Central Scientific Co., 3300 CENCO Parkway, Franklin Park, IL 60131-1364 708-451-0150 Edmund Scientific Co., 60 Pearce Avenue, Tonawanda, NY 14150 800-728-6999, www.scientificsonline.com Fisher Science Education, 4500 Turnberry Drive, Hanover Park, IL 60133 info@fisheredu.com Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-9919 800-766-7000, www.fishersci.com Flinn Scientific, P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510 800-452-1261, www.flinnsci.com, flinn@flinnsci.com Frey Scientific Co., 905 Hickory Lane, P.O. Box 8101, Mansfield, OH 44901-8101 Toll Free: 800-225-FREY, www.freyscientific.com Hach Chemical Co., P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 80539-0389 800-227-4224, www.hach.com Hilton Davis Company, 2235 Langdon Farm Road, Cincinnatti, OH 45237-4712 513-841-4000 J.T. Baker Chemical Co., 800-JTBAKER,,www.jtbaker.com Lab Safety Supply, P.O. Box 1368, Janesville, WI 53547-1368 800-356-0783, www.labsafety.com

  15. Page 15
    Read page 15 as text

    xiv LaMotte Chemical Products Co., Box 329, Chesterton, MD 21620 Toll Free: 800-344-3100 NCI Chemical Carcinogen Reference Standard Repository, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110-2289, 816-753-7600, Fax: 816-753-3664 Pfaltz and Bauer, Inc., 800-CALL-1-PB, www.pfaltzandbauer.com Sargent-Welch, 800-727-4368, www.sargent-welch.com Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., 800-325-3010, www.sigma-aldrich.com Spectrum Chemical and Laboratory Products, 800-772-8786, www.spectrumchemical.com TCI America Inc., 800-423-8616, www.tciamerica.com Thomas Scientific, 800-345-2100, www.thomassci.com VWR Scientific, 800-932-5000, www.vwr.com Wako Chemicals USA, Inc., 1600 Bellwood Road, Richmond, VA 23237-1326 877-714-1920, www.wakousa.com Warner Jenkinson Co., 2526 Baldwin Street, St. Louis, MO 63178-053806 Toll Free: 800-325-8110, 314-889-7600 A good source of information on companies that supply specific chemicals (listed by chemical name) is CSU: Chem Sources U.S.A , a publication available at many library reference desks.

  16. Page 16
    Read page 16 as text

    xv Basic Equipment List (per pair of students) evaporating dish ringstand 2 watch glasses ring glass-stirring rod with policeman wire and “asbestos” pad 1 suction apparatus (Buchner funnel and filter flask) Bunsen burner 2 glass funnels flint striker or matches beakers: 2 50-mL 2 clamp holders 2 150-mL 2 clamps 1 250-mL assorted rubber hoses 1 600-mL glass tubes for holed stoppers 1 1000-mL forceps graduated cylinders: 1 10-mL tongs 1 100-mL test-tube holder Erlenmeyer flasks: 1 125-mL test-tube brush 2 250-mL 2 squeeze (wash) bottles 1 500-mL powdered cleanser test tubes: 6 small (about 10 cm long) hot plate 4 large (about 15 cm long) 2 extra large (about 25 mm x 200 mm) stoppers: 1 hole to fit x-large test tube 1 hole to fit large test tube solid to fit small test tube solid to fit large test tube 2 hole to fit 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask 1 hole to fit 10-mL graduated cylinder 1 hole to fit 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask 1 hole to fit 100-mL graduated cylinder spatula eyedropper thermometer

229 more pages in the full document

Unlock it once and it stays in your library, ready to chat with or turn into flashcards.

Unlock the full document

More Chemistry study materials

See all

Study this document with CramX

Once it is in your library, every tool can work from it.