Solution Manual for Chemistry For Changing Times, 14th Edition

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Solution ManualtoChemical Investigationsfor Changing TimesFourteenth EditionAlton HassellBaylor UniversityPaula MarshallBaylor University

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iiTable of ContentsGeneral CommentsivCoordination with Hill and Kolb TextvRequired Times for the InvestigationsviCommon Safety RegulationsviiiLaboratory InstructionsxiiEquipment SuppliersxiiiBasic Equipment ListxvNotes for Individual Investigations#1 Alchemy2#2 Density Layers7#3 Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes12#4 Separation of a Mixture14#5 Conservation of Mass17#6 Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions20#7 Periodicity24#8 Atoms and Light27#9 Flame Tests and Analysis30#10 Ionic versus Covalent33#11 Iron(II) and Iron(III) Ions36#12 Chemical Reactions39#13 Double Replacement Reactions43#14 Mole Relationships46#15 Molar Volume of a Gas48#16 Hydrated Compounds52#17 Solubility56#18 Viscosity59#19 Gas Laws64#20 Diffusion and Graham’s Law67#21 Acid Neutralization by Antacid70#22 Nature’s Indicators74#23 pH and Flammability of Household Products77#24 Buffers81#25 Oxidation – Reduction84#26 Single Replacement Reactions87#27 Silver Tarnish Removal91#28 Organic Qual Scheme93#29 Synthesis of Esters97#30 Polymers100#31 Polymer Properties103#32 Nuclear Radiation105#33 Radioactive Half Life108

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iii#34 Salt on Ice111#35 Copper Cycle114#36 O2and CO2in Breath and Air118#37 Solids in Smoke121#38 Clarification of Water124#39 Freezing Water128#40 Freezing Point Depression131#41 Heat Capacity134#42 Heat of Reaction137#43 Rates of Chemical Reactions140#44 Canned Fuel and Evaporation143#45 Batteries147#46 Test for Vitamin C150#47 Proteins153#48 Enzymes157#49 Forensic Chemistry160#50 Protein in Milk and Other Foods163#51 Production of Carbon Dioxide166#52 Paper Chromatography of Food Colors170#53 Testing for Opiates173#54 Testing for Caffeine175#55 Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test178#56 Fats and Iodine Number181#57 Carbohydrates184#58 Analysis of Fertilizer187#59 Soil Chemistry190#60 Saponification193#61 Soap in Hard Water196#62 Personal Products199#63 Hair Chemistry202#64 Testing Sunscreens205#65 Lead Detection208#66 Parts per Million211Appendix A – Reagent List (all investigations)214Appendix B – Common Materials (all investigations)221Appendix C – Laboratory Equipment (all investigations)227

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ivGeneral CommentsThe safety rules and laboratory instructions can be modified, copied, and supplied to students onthe first day of lab.Equipment listed in the “basic equipment list” will be listed again in the individual lab notes, aswill the extra lab equipment necessary to an investigation. An alphabetical list of equipment used ineach lab is included after the materials list.Where 500-mL beakers are called for, 600-mL beakers will do.It is assumed that lab will be equipped with distilled water and scales, or balances accurate to+ 0.1 gm. Where more accurate measurements are necessary, more sophisticated equipment will benoted.Instructions for preparing specific reagents are given in the lab notes where needed.The investigations are designed for students to work in pairs.The notes for each lab give specific instructions about disposal methods for toxic substances. Ingeneral, it should be noted that concentrated acids and bases can be harmful to plumbing if they arenot diluted or neutralized. In addition, it is not a good practice to put metal ions down the drain.The investigations are planned to fit into either a two-hour or a three-hour lab period. Theinstructor may need to adjust the timing with pre-lab lectures or solutions prepared ahead of time.Some of the investigations may be combined into one lab period, especially for three-hour periods.In the fourteenth edition, hot plates have replaced laboratory burners in all but a fewinvestigations where either very high temperatures or an open flame are necessary.We encourage the use of field trips as integral parts of investigations. Chemistry is so much moremeaningful to the student who sees it first hand in a sewage treatment, water treatment, or industrialplant. also In addition, computer simulation programs are useful to elucidate certain concepts. TheSeraphim Project and the ACS are good sources for computer programs.A source of information for the disposal of chemicals isThe Science Instructor’s Safer Sourcefrom Flinn Scientific Inc., P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510.We would be interested in hearing about any problems you find or about any improvements youcan suggest for the investigations presented in this manual.

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vCoordination withChemistry for Changing Times, 14th Ed.Hill and KolbThe investigations are arranged to show the principles of the chapters inChemistry forChanging Times, 14th Ed., Hill and Kolb. Some of the investigations will also illustrate the principlesof other chapters; these are listed in the last column.TEXTAPPLICABLEALSOCHAPTERINVESTIGATIONSAPPLICABLE1.Chemistry1, 2, 3, 4182.Atoms5, 6, 7143.Atomic Structure8, 9-4.Chemical Bonds10, 11, 12, 133, 6, 16, 26, 635.Chemical Accounting14, 15, 165, 20, 35, 516.Gases, Liquids, Solids17, 18, 19, 202, 15, 397.Acids and Bases21, 22, 23, 2462, 638.Oxidation and Reduction25, 26, 27459.Organic Chemistry28, 2953, 54, 55, 6010.Polymers30, 31-11.Nuclear Chemistry32, 33-12.Chemistry of Earth34, 3538, 5913.Air36, 37-14.Water38, 39, 40, 413415.Energy42, 43, 44, 453, 12, 41, 6416.Biochemistry46, 47, 48, 4936, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 6317.Food50, 51, 5229, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 5718.Drugs53, 545519.Fitness and Health55, 56, 5737, 46, 47, 50, 53, 5420.Chemistry Down on the Farm58, 59-21.Household Chemicals60, 61, 62, 63, 6423, 3122.Poisons65, 66-

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viRequired Times for the InvestigationsNote: The noted times are for a single person who is working in a lab as the sole user of balances andall other equipment, and who is experienced in the laboratory setting. Allow extra time for studentsin this course.1Alchemy45 minutes2Density Layers40 minutes3Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes1 hour4Separation of a Mixture1 hour5Conservation of Mass45 minutes6Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions2 hours7Periodicity45 minutes8Atoms and Light1 hour9Flame Tests and Analysis45 minutes10Ionic versus Covalent1 hour11Iron(II) and Iron(III)1 hour12Chemical Reactions1 hour 5 minutes13Double Replacement Reactions45 minutes14Mole Relationships1 hour15Molar Volume of a Gas1 hour16Hydrated Compounds1 hour 30 minutes17Solubility30 minutes18Viscosity1 hour 45 minutes19Gas Laws2 hours20Diffusion and Graham’s Law1 hour 15 minutes21Acid Neutralization by Antacid1 hour 40 minutes22Nature’s Indicators1 hour23pH and Flammability of Household Products55 minutes24Buffers45 minutes25Oxidation and Reduction30 minutes26Single Replacement Reactions2 hours27Silver Tarnish Removal35 minutes28Organic Qual Scheme1 hour 30 minutes29Synthesis of Esters45 minutes30Polymers1 hour 30 minutes31Polymer Properties2 hours32Nuclear Radiation3 hours33Radioactive Half-life45 minutes34Salt on Ice1 hour 30 minutes35A Copper Cycle3 hours36O2and CO2in Breath and Air1 hour 30 minutes37Solids in Smoke1 hour 30 minutes38Clarification of Water45 minutes39Freezing Water45 minutes40Freezing Point Depression1 hour 30 minutes41Heat Capacity1 hour 15 minutes

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vii42Heat of Reaction1 hour43Rates of Chemical Reactions1 hour44Canned Fuel and Evaporation45 minutes45Batteries45 minutes46Test for Vitamin C1 hour 15 minutes47Proteins1 hour 15 minutes48Enzymes1 hour 30 minutes49Forensic Chemistry45 minutes50Protein in Milk and Other Foods1 hour 15 minutes51Production of Carbon Dioxide1 hour 30 minutes52Paper Chromatography of Food Colors2 hours53Testing for Opiates45 minutes54Testing for Caffeine1 hour 40 minutes55Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test1 hour 30 minutes56Fats and Iodine Number55 minutes57Carbohydrates1 hour without disposal58Analysis of Fertilizer1 hour 50 minutes59Soil Chemistry1 hour 30 minutes60Saponification50 minutes61Soap in Hard Water1 hour 45 minutes62Personal Products40 minutes63Hair Chemistry1 hour 45 minutes64Testing of Sunscreens30 minutes65Lead Detection1 hour 45 minutes without disposal66Parts Per Million35 minutes

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viiiCommon Safety RegulationsUnder OSHA Hazard Communication regulations, a specific set of safety rules must be developedand communicated clearly to all employees. The Department of Chemistry has developed safetyregulations that comply with the University’s Hazard Communication Program.Althoughnonemployee students are not covered by these regulations, each student should attest bysignature that he or she has read and understands the safety rules.These rules must berigorously and impartially enforced. Willful noncompliance should result in dismissal or suspensionfrom the laboratory.Safety inAcademic Chemistry Laboratories,published by the American Chemical Society, is anexcellent reference book. It can be obtained by calling the American Chemical Society ReferralService at 1-800-227-5558, option 6. Another source of information is the Chemical ManufacturersAssociation Referral Center at 1-800-262-8200 (24 hours).General Safety RegulationsThe Chemistry Department strives to provide safe working conditions in all of its laboratories.The responsibility for safe working conditions rests witheveryone, including students, faculty,teaching assistants, and staff. In order to do your part in maintaining safe working conditions, youmust obey the General Safety Regulations listed below and report any violations of these regulationsthat you observe. Such reports should be made to the teaching assistant or to the professor in chargeof the laboratory.1. Eye protection is required at all times in the laboratory and where chemicals are stored andhandled. For most laboratory workers, safety glasses with clear side shields are adequate as long assafety showers or eye-wash fountains are near at hand.2. Long hair and loose clothing must be contained while in the laboratory. Sturdy closed-toeshoes that cover the entire foot and clothing that covers the body constitute proper laboratory attire.You will not be permitted to work in the laboratory if you are barefoot or wearing flip-flops orsandals, including sandals with socks. You will not be permitted in the laboratory if you are wearingshorts, short skirts (mini-shorts), halter tops, spaghetti strap blouses, or tank tops. Lab coats or apronsare suggested.3. Work only with materialsafteryou know their flammability, reactivity, corrosiveness, andtoxicity. This information is readily available through your laboratory instructor and Material SafetyData Sheets. Read your laboratory instructions carefullybeforebeginning any laboratoryexperiment. When in doubt about any part of the procedure, consult your laboratory instructor beforeinitiating the experiment.4. Unauthorized experiments, including unapproved variations in experiments and changes inquantities of reagents, are forbidden.5. Mouth suction should never be used to fill pipettes, to start siphons, or for any other purpose.6. Don’t force glass tubing through rubber stoppers. (Protect your hands with a towel wheninserting tubing into stoppers and use water or glycerin as a lubricant.)

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ix7. Wash hands with soap or detergent upon leaving the laboratory.8. Smoking in any part of the laboratory is absolutely forbidden.9. Experiments in progress are not to be left unattended without consent of the laboratoryinstructor.10. Horseplay, pranks, or other acts of mischief are especially dangerous in the laboratories andare absolutely forbidden. Sitting on bench tops is not allowed.11. No eating or drinking is permitted in the laboratory.12. Students are not permitted to work in the laboratoryunless a teaching assistant orinstructor is present.13. All accidents, no matter how trivial, must be reported. If you have an accident or see anaccident, it must be reported to the teaching assistant immediately. Never allow an injured person toleave the laboratory for assistance without notifying the teaching assistant. A formal written reportmust be made of all accidents to the Department Safety Officer. The report will include any injuriesor damage incurred, the cause, the effect, and any recommendations for prevention of recurrence.14. In case of an accident, treat all open wounds as potential sources of bloodborne pathogens.15. If an accident appears to be beyond your control (i.e., a large chemical spill or fire), actuatethe fire alarm and vacate the area. If possible, call the University Department of Public Safety andgive them the details of the problem, (i.e., location, chemicals involved).16. Visitors to the laboratories must obey the same safety regulations as the laboratory workers.This includes the wearing of safety glasses.17. Chemical laboratories and storage areas constitute a special hazard for small children. Forthis reason,the Department does not permit the presence of small children in these areas underany circumstances. Children are not to be allowed elsewhere in the Chemistry Department exceptunder close adult supervision. The responsibility for the safety of such children must be assumed bythe supervising adult.Under no circumstances should children be left unattended, even for shortperiods of time, nor should they be brought into areas of risk.Chemical Labeling1. All chemical labels must contain the following information:•chemical identity•appropriate hazard warnings•responsible company and address2. OSHA standard labels must be used. These labels are available in the stockroom.3. Proper labels must be on or attached to each hazardous material container.

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x4. Immediate-use, small-transfer containers are exempted from these regulations.5. No labels may be removed or defaced without replacements.6. Labels must be legible, prominent, and in English.The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) hazard identification coding system is used inthe Chemistry Department to readily identify chemical hazards. A copy of this labeling systemfollows.NFPA Hazard Code RatingsThe National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ratings provide information relating to theseverity of health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) under emergency conditions suchas spills, leaks, and fires. Each section displays a numerical severity rating from 4 (most severe) to 0(least severe). The fourth section, as stipulated by NFPA, is left blank (white) and is reserved forindicating any unusual reactivity with water or oxidizing properties. The numerical ratings and theirassociated descriptions are given on the next page.

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xiHEALTHREACTIVITY(Blue)(Yellow)4Material that on very short exposure could4Material that in itself is readily capable ofcause death or major residual injury.detonation, or of explosive decomposition,or reaction at normal temperatures and3Material that on short exposure could causepressures.serious temporary or residual injury.3Material that in itself is capable of2Material that on intense or continued, butdetonation or explosive reaction but does notchronic, exposure could cause temporaryrequire a strong initiating source; orincapacitation or possible residual injury.that must be heated under confinementbefore initiation; or may react1Material that on exposure would causeexplosively with water.irritation but only minor residual injury.2Material that is unstable and readily0Material that on exposure under fireundergoes violent chemical change atconditions would offer no hazard beyondelevated temperatures and pressures, orthat of ordinary combustible material.that reacts violently with wateror may form explosive mixtures withFLAMMABILITYwater.(Red)1Material that in itself is normally stable4Material that will rapidly or completelybut can become unstable at elevated vaporize atatmospheric pressure and normal ambienttemperatures and pressures.temperature, or is readily dispersed in airand will burn readily.0Material that in itself is normally stable,even under fire exposure conditions,3A liquid or solid that can be ignited underand is not reactive with water.almost all ambient temperature conditions.SPECIAL WARNINGS2Material that must be moderately heated or(White)exposed to relatively high ambienttemperatures before ignition can occur.OXOxidizing material.1Material that must be preheated beforeWMaterial that is hazardous when inignition can occur.contact with moisture or water.0Material that will not burn.

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xiiLaboratory Instructions1.Avoid wasting gas, water (both tap and deionized), filter paper, and materials of any kind. Do notreturn excess quantities to reagent bottles. Do not remove reagent bottles from their proper place.2.Do not use your medicine dropper to take reagents from the classroom stock bottles. Instead, pourout a small quantity into your own clean beaker and use your medicine dropper in that beaker. If adropper bottle is provided with the reagent, hold that dropper near the top of your test tube or othercontainer when dispensing that reagent.3.Do not remove acids or alkalis from their metal trays; take what you need at the tray. If acids oralkalis are spilled on the desk or floor, notify the instructor. The clean-up procedure is to wash thedesk or floor at once with plenty of water, then wash the desk with sufficient boric acid solution inthe case of spilled acids. This procedure will serve to neutralize the acids or alkalis that havepenetrated into the wood. Then wash the desk once more with plenty of water. Commercialsorbents and neutralizers are also available and should be used if provided.4.When leaving the laboratory, make certain that the gas and water are turned off and that your deskis clean and neat.5.Maintain an orderly arrangement of the apparatus and materials in your desk.

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xiiiEquipment SuppliersACE Glass Inc., P.O. Box 688, 1430 Northwest Boulevard, Vineland, NJ 08361-0688800-223-4524, www.aceglass.com, sales@aceglass.com.Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., 1001 West St. Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233800-325-3010, sigma-aldrich.com/orderAllied Electronics, 800-433-5700, www.alliedelec.comAtomeric Chemetals Corp., 222 Sherwood Avenue, Farmingdale, NY 11235-1718516-694-9000, www.nuclearstreet.com, BABL28A@prodigy.comCarolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215-3398800-334-5551, www.carolina.comCentral Scientific Co., 3300 CENCO Parkway, Franklin Park, IL 60131-1364708-451-0150Edmund Scientific Co., 60 Pearce Avenue, Tonawanda, NY 14150800-728-6999, www.scientificsonline.comFisher Science Education, 4500 Turnberry Drive, Hanover Park, IL 60133info@fisheredu.comFisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-9919800-766-7000, www.fishersci.comFlinn Scientific, P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510800-452-1261, www.flinnsci.com, flinn@flinnsci.comFrey Scientific Co., 905 Hickory Lane, P.O. Box 8101, Mansfield, OH 44901-8101Toll Free: 800-225-FREY, www.freyscientific.comHach Chemical Co., P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 80539-0389800-227-4224, www.hach.comHilton Davis Company, 2235 Langdon Farm Road, Cincinnatti, OH 45237-4712513-841-4000J.T. Baker Chemical Co., 800-JTBAKER,,www.jtbaker.comLab Safety Supply, P.O. Box 1368, Janesville, WI 53547-1368800-356-0783, www.labsafety.com

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xivLaMotte Chemical Products Co., Box 329, Chesterton, MD 21620Toll Free: 800-344-3100NCI Chemical Carcinogen Reference Standard Repository, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO64110-2289,816-753-7600,Fax: 816-753-3664Pfaltz and Bauer, Inc., 800-CALL-1-PB, www.pfaltzandbauer.comSargent-Welch, 800-727-4368, www.sargent-welch.comSigma Aldrich Chemical Co., 800-325-3010, www.sigma-aldrich.comSpectrum Chemical and Laboratory Products, 800-772-8786, www.spectrumchemical.comTCI America Inc., 800-423-8616, www.tciamerica.comThomas Scientific, 800-345-2100, www.thomassci.comVWR Scientific, 800-932-5000, www.vwr.comWako Chemicals USA, Inc., 1600 Bellwood Road, Richmond, VA 23237-1326877-714-1920, www.wakousa.comWarner Jenkinson Co., 2526 Baldwin Street, St. Louis, MO 63178-053806Toll Free: 800-325-8110,314-889-7600A good source of information on companies that supply specific chemicals (listed by chemical name) isCSU: Chem Sources U.S.A, a publication available at many library reference desks.

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xvBasic Equipment List(per pair of students)evaporating dishringstand2 watch glassesringglass-stirring rod with policemanwire and “asbestos” pad1 suction apparatus (Buchner funnel and filter flask)Bunsen burner2 glass funnelsflint striker or matchesbeakers:2 50-mL2 clamp holders2 150-mL2 clamps1 250-mLassorted rubber hoses1 600-mLglass tubes for holed stoppers1 1000-mLforcepsgraduated cylinders: 1 10-mLtongs1 100-mLtest-tube holderErlenmeyer flasks: 1 125-mLtest-tube brush2 250-mL2 squeeze (wash) bottles1 500-mLpowdered cleansertest tubes: 6 small (about 10 cm long)hot plate4 large (about 15 cm long)2 extra large (about 25 mm x 200 mm)stoppers: 1 hole to fit x-large test tube1 hole to fit large test tubesolid to fit small test tubesolid to fit large test tube2 hole to fit 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask1 hole to fit 10-mL graduated cylinder1 hole to fit 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask1 hole to fit 100-mL graduated cylinderspatulaeyedropperthermometer

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